考研英语语法十天速成超详细笔记

考研英语语法10天速成

一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法

情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ought等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的

1.表示已经发生的情况。

1)must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为“(昨天)一定……”。如:

My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

(答案为C)

2)can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如:

Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received

[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received

(答案为A)

3)may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为“也许……”。如:

At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2.表示虚拟语气。

1) needn’t have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如:You needn’t have come over yourself.

As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.

[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)

2)should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为“本应该……”sho uld not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为“本不应该……”。如:

I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。

3) ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为“该……”,与should 的完成式含义类似。如:

The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .

4) could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

5) may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为“(那样)也许会……”。如:

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

二.几个情态动词常考的句型:

1).may/might (just) as well “不妨,最好”,与had better相近;

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。

2) .cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如:

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

3) .usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。

4).should 除了“应该”一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。

三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法

1. want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。

Your hair wants cutting

The book is worth reading

The floor requires washing.

2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,两种形式都表达被动的意义

The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

一.形容词的修饰与位置

一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀”ly”往往是副词,但有的以“ly’结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:

1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:

costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的

2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语:

afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的,惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的

asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的

3 只作前置定语的形容词

earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的

silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅,只不过 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的

4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:

remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级

1.考比较级时,考生应把握:

1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.

[A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as

在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:

The n umber of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half .

[A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s

[C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s

(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”,而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D。

Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.

3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置

原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词

+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即“as+原级+again+as”.如:

Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.

[A] seven more times [B] seven times more

[C] over seven times [D] seven times

(答案为B)

“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” [A] twice so much [B] twice as much

[C] as much twice [D] so much twice

(答案为B)

My uncle is as old again as I am

4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:

inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如:

Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.

[A] superior [B] advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial

(答案为A)

Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. (1986年考研题)

5)“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:

Things are getting worse and worse.

As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

Her health was becoming daily worse

The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

6)比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示“更加”的意思。如

Today it is even colder than yesterday

I have yet more exciting news for you

7) 有关比较级的特殊句型:

A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说……

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

[A] and [B] as [C]but [D] or

人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B

B) no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……

The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

[A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more

(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D)

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink. [A] much more than [B] no more than

[C] no less than [D] any more than

(答案为D)

C)no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反

She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮

D)just as… so… 正如……,……也……(用倒装结构)

Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.

[A] as it is [B] the same is [C] so is [D] and so is

(答案为C)

2.最高级形式应注意的问题:

1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。

in, (all) over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China, all over the world.

of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.

注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来

如:

all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

[A] Among [B] Of [C]For [D]To 答案为[B]

2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:

any other +单数名词

the other +复数名词

the others

anyone/anything else

上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。

3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意与“the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:

He spoke in the warmest of voices

They have been most kind to me

Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

Chinese is the most difficult of language

Chinese is a most difficult language

三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:

1)表示颜色的有:white, black

2)表示形态的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level

3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy

4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike

5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final

6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite

7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.

四.平行结构与比较级

平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:

The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than 有的是同类对比:and ;but;or;both… and…;either…or…; neither…nor…..

平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:

1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:

It is better to die one’s feet than .

[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees

[C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees

(答案为D)

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。

1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.

[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

答案为A

For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say

(答案为B)

2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

一.代词的指代

1.that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of。如Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2.one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

答案为[C]

3.do的替代作用。

do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.

二.代词指代一致问题

代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 这里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

这里me必须用宾格形式。

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律:

1.邻近和靠近原则

由ei ther … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2.当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如:Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each 位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如:

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family

4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数

如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:

语法一致原则

意义一致原则

就近一致原则

很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下:

一.谓语动词用单数的情况

1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数。如:

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

(1987年考研题)

To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。

Two weeks was too long

Five times five makes twenty five

3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数:law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水

a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉

the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试,不断摸索

horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月

bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰,潮涨潮落

如: If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

A. is

B. are

C. was d. were

答案:A。

4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式

Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数

The chaos was stopped by the police

The news is a great encouragement to us

A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

6.用and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式

Bread and butter is our daily food

Time and tide waits for no man

二.谓语用复数情况

1.由and, both …and, 连接的并列主语,和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

2.集体名词police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词

The Chinese people are brave and hardworking

The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式

The Japanese were once very aggressive

4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数

The rich are not always selfish

5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数

Three million tons of coal were exported that year

三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况

1.就近一致原则

这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能:

1)由连词either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语

Neither money nor fame has influence on me

Not only you but also he is wrong

2) 在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致

Blocking the open-sided porch, framed by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman.

Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facili

2.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语

保持一致

Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. (1981年考研题)

3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致。如:

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. (1996年考研题)

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

(1990年考研题)

4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。

这些短语包括:a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten, twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等

Two-thirds of people present are women

Lots of damage was caused by the fire

5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的

个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等

The family is the basic unit of our society

The family were watching the TV

The audience was enormous

The audience were greatly moved at the words

6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数:

第一组:

a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

a number of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

the majority of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

第二组;

the number of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

each/every + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

neither/either of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

one and a half + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

第三组;

more than one + 可数名词单数谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数

第四组;

the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of

谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致

第五组;

(n)either…(n)or…. not only….. but also ……not …..but ……

谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分)一致.

注意比较:

More students than one have been referred to

More than one student is going to buy this book

倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。

一.用全部倒装的情况

全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面:

1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out, down, in ,up, away, on。如:

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

Up went the plane

2)出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如:

Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

Here is a ticket for you

There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work

注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装

“ where is the cup?” “Here it is!”

Here you are.

There he comes.

3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如:

Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.

二.采用部分倒装情况

部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前

1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装:

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如:

Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. (1985年考研题)

注:1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如:

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

(1983年考研题)

2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。如:

Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.

2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:

only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如:

Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.

[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如:So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

[A]became the children [B]become the children

[C]had the children become [D]do the children become

(2001年考研题,答案为D)

4.比较从句的倒装:

as, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。如:

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.

Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装

1)肯定重复倒装用:so

They have got up, and so has jack

2) 否定重复倒装用:nor, neither, no more

If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they

6.“not only..but also”结构时,如果not only 放在句首,则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.

三.特殊的倒装结构

特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能:

1.让步从句的倒装。

1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如:

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight

2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,come what may中。如:

While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a pro fitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was (答案为B)

3) no matter how(who…);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如:

No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting

However cold it is , he always goes swimming.

语法测试

said that she __ much progress since she came here.

A. makes

B. made

C. have made D had made

2. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad." “Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I my friends back home."

A. just thought

B. have just been thinking

C. was just thinking

D. have just thought

3. She on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.

A. will be working

B. worked

C. has been working

D. will have worked

4. The committee will not make the decision until it the matter.

A. has investigated C. will have investigated D. investigated

5. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until 9:30.

A. must have looked after

B. would have to look after

C. had to look after

D. should have looked after

6. four years since John left school.

A. They have been

B. It is

C. It was

D. Those are

car at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.

A. has gone

B. has not gone C will be going D. has been going

8. By the time you arrive in London, we __ in Europe for two weeks.

A. shall stay

B. have stayed

C. will have stayed

D. have been staying

9. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed .

A. had produced

B. have been produced

C. would have produced

D. had been produced

10. The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night, so the vice-president is going to instead. A. is to meet B. was to meet C. has been to meet D. was to have met ?

语法测题答案与详解

1.(D) 根据时态一致的原则,间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致。该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完成时态,故应用过去完成时态。2.(C) 通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故(C)是正确答案。

3.(C) 根据句意和时间状语for twenty minutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以(C)是正确答案。

4.(A) 句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是(A)。

5.(C) 从上下文的逻辑意义看,(C)项是唯一的正确答案。Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子。而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断:(A)作“准是看孩子了”讲;(D)作“本应该看孩子”讲,都不对,而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有(C)正确。

6.(B)这是一个固定结构(或句型)。本句也可说在"Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1.’’

7.(C) until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此,正确答案是(C)。 ?

8.(C) by the time引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时;若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时。这样,本道题目的正确答案是(C)。

9.(D) 有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时。

10.(B) 由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是B)。

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2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(并列句)(总5页) --本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可-- --内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--

一、What is 并列句 二、连词 (一)平行 (二)转折 (三)选择 (四)递进 (五)因果 三、逻辑关系词 (一)平行 (二)转折 (三)选择 (四)递进 (五)因果 四、分析 (一)长难句分析: (二)分析长难句步骤

一、What is 并列句 用连词连接两个句子I love you, you love that dog. →I love you. you love th at dog. →I loving you, you love that dog. →I love you, but you love that dog. →Although?I love you, you love that dog. 二、连词 (一)平行 and, not only...but also (二)转折 but, yet, while, whereas (三)选择 or (四)递进 then (五)因果 for, so 三、逻辑关系词 逻辑关系词:连词、副词、介词、介词短语 试译: 有朋自远方来不亦乐乎 There exist a train of companies coming from the distance so I become more than delighted. →There exist a train of companies coming from the distance. as a consequence, I become more than delighted. →There exist a train of companies coming from the distance, and as a consequence, I become more than delighted. 连词和其它逻辑关系词的区别在于,连词的前面要么用逗号要么没有标点符号;而其他的逻辑关系词前面要么用句号要么加连词and

英语语法详细笔记

超棒的英语语法详细笔记 一、名词 ●名词分类 ●专有名词 ●人名 eg:JACK,地名 eg:Beijing,机构名 eg:FBI(美国联邦调查局)等 ●专有名词实词(名词,动词,adj ,adv )首字母要大写补充:虚词(冠词, 介词和连词) ●专有名词含有普通名词要加定冠词the eg:the gread wall wall是普通名 词而gread wall意为长城是专有名词所以要加the ●定冠词+姓氏s :表示该姓氏一家人 eg: the Greens 格林一家人 ●普通名词(人或事物的名称)eg:battle战斗 contradiction矛盾 transcript成绩单 controversy争论 ●可数名词和不可数名词 ●可数名词:可以用数词计数 eg:book advertisement建议 apartment公寓 ●不可数名词:不可以用数词计数 eg:news money agony生气,愤怒 milk water break meat ● ●名词的数 ●变化规则(可数) ●直:在单词词尾直接加s eg:horse signal信号 file文件 virtue美德,优点 pose orange(若意为“水果”--可数,“果汁”--不可数) ●双:以“s o(注:大部分以o结尾+s;特殊词以o 结尾+es) x sh ch"单变复结尾的加es ●变 ●以元音a/e/i/o/u+y直接加es eg: boy ●以辅音+y将y变i加es eg:family ●以f/ fe结尾的名词单数变复数,变f/fe为ves eg:wife ●不:不加(单复数同形) eg:sheep绵阳 chinese japanese ●特殊用法(可数) eg:man-->men woman-->women (men、women+名词复数) child-->children goose-->geese tooth-->teeth foot-->feet ●不可数名词的变化:不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关 计量名词eg:a piece of paper----tow pieces of paper a bottle of milk----tow bottles of milk a piece of advice----tow pieces of advice ●名词所有格 ●’s名词所有格

刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记整理

一、what is 简单句? 二、简单句得分类 (一)主谓结构 (二)主谓宾 (三)主谓表 (四)主谓双宾 (五)主谓宾宾补 三、句子得成分(词性得问题) (一)谓语 (二)主语 (三)宾语 (四)表语 一、what is 简单句? 英语必须具备主谓结构,并且主语一定就是谓语动作得发出者,如果有宾语,宾语一定就是谓语动作得承受者。 试译: 我得英语说得很好 I speak English well、 我要去剪头 A barber will cut my hair、

二、简单句得分类 (一)主谓结构 he died; welaugh(ed) (二)主谓宾 谓语:实意动词 (三)主谓表 谓语:系动词 系动词: 1、be 2、感官动词:looksmell taste sound feel 3、变化:bee get 4、保持:keep stay remain (四)主谓双宾 (五)主谓宾宾补 I bought him a dog(双宾) It makeshim happy(宾补) 判断双宾还就是宾补:二者就是否有关系,无关双宾有关宾补;加is就是否通顺,通顺为宾补不通为双宾 三、句子得成分(词性得问题) (一)谓语 有时态得实意动词或系动词充当谓语

1、谓语得成分 谓语只能就是动词,动词只能做谓语,所以我们需要把一句话中所有不做谓语得动词变成不就是动词 (1)+ing主动 (2)+ed被动 (3)+to目得 2、动词能不能多? 绝对不能,一句话中只能有一个动词得存在,并且充当谓语,多余得动词全部变成非谓语动词,所以英语中有了独立主格与分词作状语 Beat you is my fault、 →Beating you is my fault、 I enjoy watch TV、 →I enjoywatching TV、 My dream is watch TV、 →My dream is watching TV、 My dream is bee a teacher、 →My dream is being a teacher、 试译: 她拍了拍我得肩膀,一句话都没说就离开了 Hebeat my shoulder, saying nothing, departed、 我爱您,您爱我 I loving you,you loveme、 (独立主格)

必备英语语法笔记整理

必备英语语法笔记整理

好长好长的思维导图,真的值得一看,弄这个可是很累的呢。 1.简单句 简单句是长难句的基础,只表达了一件事的句子(当然,有的时候存在会加很多修饰,从而使句子看着有些复杂)。 书中主要是从其核心与扩展两方面对简单句进行讲解。 1.1核心

核心又分为构成与变化。 1.1.1构成 构成中主要是归纳了简单句的五种核心构成(如导图,不累赘。)其中,主要根据动词的词义分为实义动词与非实义动词。 实义是指,该动词有实际意义,如:swim、play、eat…… 其中,实义动词又分为及物动词与非及物动词两类。 及物动词(vt.)与非及物动词(vi.)的区别在于该动作主语是否可以独立完成。若可以,则为不及物动词。若需要加上对象,则为及物动词。 非实义,自然是指无实际意义的系动词。总结如下:

注: 1.简化句子:找到不及物动词,就可以判断出后面不需要接宾语, 主谓结构的句子核心已完成,则其后无核心成分,可以忽略不看。 2.找到分裂结构:找到及物动词,就可以判断出需要后接宾语。在 长难句中,本该跟在及物动词后的宾语被移走,造成了动宾的分裂。 3.判断从句:找到及物动词或系动词,就可以判断后面的成分是宾 语或表语。若是接从句,也就可判断从句类型。 1.1.2变化 变化主要是指谓语动词的变化,以及指主语、宾语和表语等成分可以由名词、代词、doing、to do等表示。同时,讲到了多主语与宾语的并列。 时态= 时间+状态。考研中常考的是一般过去时(did)、一般现在时(do/does)、一般将来时(will do /am,is,are going to do)、一般过去将来时(would do /was,were going to do)、过去进行时(was,were doing)、现在进行时(am,is,are doing)、过去完成时(had done)、现在完成时(have done)。 情态动词用法两种:1.表达“情绪和态度”。2.表达“推测”。 常用的情态动词: must,can,could,will,would,should,may,might。情态动词+动词 原形,算作是一个整体。 语态就主动与被动之分,没什么好讲的。被动的时候是be+done。

英语语法基础知识大全笔记

英语语法基础知识大全笔记 (一)主语+谓语 (二)主语+谓语+宾语 1. 谓语是及物动词(vt)(动宾结构) 2. 谓语是不及物动词(vi) 1)不及物动词+介词+宾语(介宾结构) All of us work through problems Thinking about what you read(宾从) (三)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(补语,用来补充说明宾语的意义和状态) 1)形容词做宾补 Make cigarettes uncool让抽烟变得不再酷uncool就是cigarette的宾补 Made the problem worse 2)名词做宾补 由名词充当宾补,经常用来补充说明宾语的意义、身份、地位等。 The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality互联网正在使便利获得科研成果变成现实。 宾补动词make的宾语是access to scientific results,句尾的名词a reality就是补充说明宾语的宾补结构

3)动词做宾补 以动词原形、不带to的不定式和分词结构为主 Make the site seem objective 使网站看起来公正客观 宾补动词make后面的宾补为动词seem,这就是我们常说的make+某人/某物+动词原形,表示使某人/某物... He hesitanted make his discovery known将自己的发现公之于众犹豫不决 To see a woman driving 4)常见的宾补动词 A. 宾补常为形容词的动词:make,render,find,drive,get等+adj。 B. 宾补常为形容词的动词:make,appoint,elect,crown等+n 5)宾语后置 当宾语是一个较为复杂的动词不定式结构或者是一个从句时,为了保持句子平衡,习惯上会将宾语后置,会用it 来冲当形式宾语。 The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one 金融危机使得工作还是辞退不好的工作变得更容易接受

考研英语笔记

首先,这个文档不同于别的参考书,它是以一句话为单元,给您讲解单词,语法, 译文,适合基础薄弱的同学。 第二,请同学先用这个文档把里面的单词,语法和句子都弄明白了,再听这个视 频。这个视频只是讲解绿色标注的部分内容,还有详细讲解后面的选项。 黄伟英语原创 Section Ⅱ Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points) Text 1 第一段 e on –Everybody’s doing it. [译文] 赶快加入吧——大家都在这样做。 That whispered message, (half invitation and half forcing), is what most of us think of( when we hear the words peer pressure. ) 【词汇】 whisper v. 小声说 whispered message 耳语 think of 想起 forcing adj. 强迫的,施加压力的; n. 强制 peer pressure 同辈压力 黄伟英语原创 同辈压力(peer pressure)是指同辈人互相比较中产生的心理压力,一个 同辈人团体对个人施加影响,会促使个人改变其态度、价值观戒行为使其遵守团 体准则。 【语法】

最详细的英语语法笔记

实用英语语法笔记 第一部分词法 Chapter 1. 主谓一致 一、概念: 主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 二、相关知识点精讲 1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:Reading and writing are very important. 注:当主语由and连结时,如果表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。 2、主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如: There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。 2)当either…or…与neither…nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如: Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。 Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。 3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。 例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。 4、谓语需用单数的情况 1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如: Each of us has a tape-recorder. /There is something wrong with my watch. 2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如: Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. /Ten yuan is enough. 5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:His family are music lovers. 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗? 3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如: A number of +名词复数+复数动词:A number of books have lent out./ The majority of the students like English. The number of +名词复数+单数动词:The number of books is 53 . 6、与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况 1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如: Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。 Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。 2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。 A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。 3)如many a 或more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than…of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如: Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。 Chapter 2.动词的时态 一、概念: 英语的实义动词有以下五种形式: (1) 动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。

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