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三步搞定托福阅读

◆第一步：阅读题干与选项，记忆关键词句信息。建议你在正式作答之前先快速浏览题目及选项，对题干和选项中的关键词大体有个印象，这是为了迅速知晓需要找寻什么答案。划关键词这个方法对于其他几个科目的题目分析也非常有用。

◆第二步：快速浏览段首(尾)、文首(尾)，了解全文思路。时间紧任务重，考场阅读不需精读，而需要考生具有快速阅读的能力。技巧无他，唯有多练。同时，不要陷入“读*一定要读完”的误区，考场阅读的目的是找到问题的答案。书面英语表达的习惯是重要的观点大多出现在段首、文首(当然也可能是作为总结句或总结段在最末出现)，你只要快速浏览这些句、段，就能够理解*大意与作者观点，并根据第一步划出的关键词来定位答案可能的位置。此处有个窍门是，题目的顺序，尤其是细节题目的顺序，通常和行文顺序是对应的。

◆第三步：定位具体位置，精读寻找答案。找到答案可能所在的位置之后，在对应位置进行精读，你就能够找到问题的答案。找到答案后，在作答之余不妨对答案在原文中的位置稍作记录，便于再次检查。

在阅读部分，平均一篇*对应的答题时间是20分钟。在日常练习时就要注意把握时间，尽量做到能够在55分钟左右高准确率地完成三篇*的阅读题目，这样比较能够保证在不熟悉的考场环境里也能够稳定发挥。

当然，上述方法的前提是考生已经具备了一些基础英语能力，比如拥有基本的托福词汇水平、能够理解托福水平的英语语法等。这些基础能力其实是听、说、读、写四个科目都需要的。

托福阅读经典练习素材之管理压力的办法

Stress is a huge problem for us all. Here’s what I’ve learned and apply to manage stress using my creativity.

对于我们所有人来说，压力都是个大问题。我在这分享点我自己学到的东西：如何用自己的创造力来管理压力。

1. You don’t have to be a “tortured” artist.

并不是只有“苦难”才能出诗人

It’s easy to use drugs, alcohol, and other crutches to “enhance” our creativity. We’re too disoriented to be thinking about the future, or the past, and we just focus on what’s directly in front of us. We can express ourselves without these crutches.

用药物、酒精或者其他的辅助品通常能很容易地“增强”我们的创造力。因为它们把我们弄迷糊了，让我们看不到未来和过去，只能着眼于当下。(其实只要主动着眼于当下)我们即使不用这些东西也能发挥自己的创造力。

2. Take care of your self. Mind AND Body.

照顾好你自己，心灵与身体都要。

Putting my creativity and my work first, I often neglected to eat, exercise, even stand up from my desk. I spent the whole year in non-stop pain – constant doctors which only caused me to feel depressed, sad and useless. I now realize that how I feel physically (and mentally) is more important than the work I create. Taking care of myself includes all natural remedies such as acupuncture, herbs and vitamins as my only form of medicine. I’m learning how

to say no to social pressures, in favor of my own well being.

我曾把创造力和工作放在第一，经常忽视吃饭，锻炼，甚至从桌边站起来。我花了整整一年的时间不停地找医生治疗，而这

些只会让我感到沮丧、悲伤和无助。我现在意识到，比起我创作的作品，身心健康更为重要。我照顾自己的方法包括所有的自然疗法，如针灸、草药和维生素(唯一可以算药物的东西)。为了有利于我自己的幸福，我在学习如何对社会压力说“不”。

3. Don’t worry about what other people think of you.

不要担心其他人是怎么看待你的

This is easier said than done, but I promise it does come with age. No one cares about what you’re doing unless what you’re doing affects and/or benefits them in some way. A lot of people do offer unsolicited advice, it’s human nature to want to help other people… but if that advice is coming from a place of control or judgement, RUN in the opposite direction.

说起来容易，但做起来难。不过我保证随着年龄的增长，这种想法会变得容易接受些。如果你所做的事情对他们没有影响或者益处，没有人会关心你在做什么。很多人会提供主动的建议，这是人类的天性——想帮助其他人……但如果这个建议是一种控制或评判，这就不对了。

4. Stop Judging.

不要不停地评判(自己正在创造的东西)

The judgements, awards and critiques of other people are nothing but words constructed as a way of comparing you to someone else. Art is often made to be critiqued, and I love dissecting a good painting or film. However, as the artist, the joy of creativity SHOULD come from the process of creating.

其他人的评价、赞扬和批评只不过是些将你与别人比较而说的文字罢了。艺术往往是需要受到批判的，我喜欢仔细分析一幅好画或是一部好电影。然而，作为艺术家，创造力的喜悦应该来自创造的过程。正反馈可以令人为之振奋。评价通常是一种衡量成功的方法。最令人感到愉悦的方法是对你身在何方和你现在所拥有的一切心存感激。

5. Don’t Compare.

不要做比较

Stress is often caused by comparison to others.Most people are not as happy as they portray themselves to be. The best advice I ever heard was this… Don’t compare your inside to other people’s outside. Be open to new experiences, be kind to yourself and accepting of the journey which is life. Being present means not thinking into the future, or harping on the past. The coolest thing about being present is that CREATIVITY LIVES IN THE MOMENT. Each moment is UNIQUE.

与别人的比较往往会引起压力。其实，大多数人并不像他们所描绘的那样快乐。我听过的最好的建议是，不要拿你内在的东西和别人外在的东西进行比较。学会接受新的经验，善待自己，并接受如旅程般的生活。活在当下就是不考虑将来，或唠叨过去。最酷的事情是要创造性生活在当下。每一刻都是独一无二的。

6. Your intentions matter.

你的初衷很重要

It’s important to remember why you started doing something. What was your intention? I remind myself to enjoy the process of my creative fun stuff, it’s for me. If others like it, great, but it’s the enjoyment of my creative intention, in the moment, that I treasure.

重要的是你要记住为什么开始做某事。你的初衷是什么?我提醒自己要享受创造乐趣的过程，最终目的是为了我自己的快乐。如果别人喜欢它，这很好，但更为重要的是，它让我享受到了创作的乐趣。我很珍惜那一刻。

7. Accept Creativity as Work…because who wants a real job anyway?

将创造力视作工作……因为，谁想真地工作呢?

The biggest skill is being able to separate yourself from your work. This is helpful in our own creative work. If someone doesn’t

like our painting, that shouldn’t send us into a spiral of distress. Newsflash: this happens at any job. We have to work, in order to live. So why not spend your days practicing your craft? Why not spend your days being creative?

我认为最大的技能，是能够将你自己和工作分开。在进行创造性的工作时，这是有帮助的。因为虽然这些只是我们的工作和创造力，而非我们自己。如果有人不喜欢我们的画，我们不应该把自己陷入痛苦的恶性循环之中。

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Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during the Neolithic period), some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.

Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished, fashioning an energetic, creative era.

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The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the

2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析

2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题： Obviously=clearly Widespread=common Dense=thick Thus=consequently resultant Shallow=small depth exercise Profound=very strong Emergence=rise Tactic=strategy Adjacent to=near to Parallel=match 12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形

成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。相似TPO练习推荐 TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 相关背景知识： Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity. One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last