考研英语语法之三大从句

三大从句

一、定语从句

定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.

（一）定语从句的先行词

先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。

1. 一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）

For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.

2. 一个短语

During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.

3. 一个从句

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.

4. 一个完整的句子

As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.

They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.

（二）引导定语从句的关系词

1.

It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs –especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.

She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.

At the same time, the American Law Institute – a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight – issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.

Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.

（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离

考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。这时，靠近关系词的名词就不是先行词了，也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先行词被分隔，这种分隔有以下三种情况。

1. 作主语的先行词+ 谓语部分+ 定语从句

当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长，而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时，可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持平衡。这种被分隔的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词，否则很容易出现理解错误。

It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific answers.

The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.

2. 先行词+ 其他定语+ 定语从句

先行词同时带有多个定语，而其中定语从句比其他定语长，结构也较复杂，此时按照

英语尾重原则，把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。

Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.

3. 先行词+ 状语+ 定语从句

As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive – there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complete ideas.

（四）带有插入语的定语从句

有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，如I know, I believe, he claimed, they assume等。这些主谓结构为插入语，不影响定语从句本身的结构，因而也不构成定语从句的主谓语。除表示个人观点的主谓结构之外，定语从句的插入语偶尔还有其他结构。

The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meal and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.

Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hanburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia.

In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.

（六）关系代词that与which的区别

（七）关系代词as

As 引导的限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。As 引导的限制性定语从句知识用在一些固定结构如such …as …，the same …as 中，而as 引导的非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。考研英语主要涉及as 引导的非限制性定语从句。

1. as 引导非限制性定语从句

as

引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，一般以逗号与主句分开，用来替代整个主句。

As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction ” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.

The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, as is often the case in other countries.

3. as引导限制性定语从句

Melted iron is poured into the mixer much in the same way as tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.

It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us.

We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.

（八）关系副词whereby

相当于by which或through which，即表示“介词，凭这个”。

The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.

He sees the firm’s outside status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forth, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

（九）关系副词but

当主句有否定意义时，限制性定语从句可以由关系代词but引导，意思相当于who…not, that…not, which…not，起到双重否定的作用。but只用于限制性定语从句。

There was not one house but was burnt down.

There is no mother but loves her own children.

（十）介词+ 关系代词

1. 介词与定语从句中的实词构成搭配

With regard to futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be – even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right – it can hardly be classed as Literature.

Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fish men and help them by finding, tracking, herding, or even catching fish – in all of which activities dolphins are expert.

Divorce sets in motion events over which an individual has little control, such as reaction of spouses and children, as well as the uncertainty of new relationship.

2. 介词与先行词构成搭配

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.

3. 表所属关系或部分与整体关系时用介词of

This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate

recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.

They are groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which is pharmaceutical costs.

（十一）定语从句与同位语从句的区别

定语从句对所修饰的名词加以修饰规定，说明其为此人（物）而非彼人（物）。同位语从句则大多由连接词that引导，常跟在表示事实的抽象名词，如fact, news, information,

练习：

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.

They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue.

二、名词性从句

所谓名词性从句就是把这个句子当做名词使用，并在主句中充当一定的成分。名词性从句在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。于是我们就有了常说的的四种名词性从句：

（一）主语从句

1. 由that引导的主语从句

that引导的主语从句是最常见的主语从句，但把that从句放在句首是非常少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时，that从句才放句首。一般而言，that从句都借助形式主语it而放在

It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of difference toward much of it.

2. 由连接代词what或whatever引导的主语从句

What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.

（二）宾语从句

1. 宾语从句的时态

宾语从句和其他名词性从古不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。

But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。

In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.

但某些特殊的动词如suggest, insist, order, urge, recommend等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。详见虚拟语气。

2. 介词引导的宾语从句

“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the

widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

介词后一般不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides, but, except, in。其中前三个与that连用，引导条件状语从句，in that引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的that已被当成固定搭配做复合连接词使用。

I could say nothing but that I was sorry.

I know nothing about him except that he was an engineer.

He differed from the people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.

3. doubt、sure后面的宾语从句

我怀疑…是否…：I doubt whether/if he is telling the truth.

我毫不怀疑的是…：I don’t doubt that he is telling the truth.

我不确定…是否…: I am not sure whether/if the news was true.

我确信…：I am sure that he can do it well.

4. 某些形容词后面的宾语从句

在表示直觉、感情等的形容词如sure, afraid, glad, certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则升去介词，若跟名词作宾语时，则不能省略介词。

I am afraid that I will be late. = I am afraid of being late.

I am glad that my classmates will attend my birthday party. = I am glad that my classmates/ attending my birthday party.

（三）表语从句

作表语的从句即为表语从句。一般置于系动词之后。

Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer participation during the undergraduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the students might otherwise devote to “academic pursuits”.

But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable”.

一些从属连词和词组如because, as, as if, as though也可以引导表语从句。

That’s b ecause quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.

But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.

当句子主语是reason时，表语从句应当由that而不是because来引导，且that可省略。

The reason is that modern man seems unable to redesign his institutions fast enough to accommodate the new demands, the new intelligence, the new abilities of segments of society which, heretofore, have not been taken seriously.

（四）同位语从句

同位语从句的作用是解释说明被修饰的名词，特点是，抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后面。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.

能被同位语从句修饰的名词多表示概括性意义，如agreement, awareness, assumption, belief, conclusion, conviction, concept, doubt, decision, determination, evidence, explanation, fact, guarantee, ground, guess, hope, idea, massage, mind, news, notion, opinion, order, observation, objection, promise, prediction, proof, problem, proposal, question, sign, suggestion, thought等。

An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter worker’s behavior by itself.

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

it结构的主语从句与强调句的区别

it做形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子中某一成分的强调，其结构是“it is/was…that…”。除强调人时可换用who, whom，其他无论强调的是什么成分，都只能用that。

It was in Paris where they met for the first time.

It was in Paris that they met for the first time.

It is Mr. Smith that/who invited Professor Li to Harvard University.

It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.

It’s well known that the Chinese people show great hospitality.

It was from Stephan that she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.

宾语从句后置

There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.

名词性从句的嵌套

No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”.

三、状语从句

（一）时间状语从句

We haven’t me t each other for 20 years, but I recognized her the moment I saw her.

But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths and even entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.

时间状语从句中before的译法

1. 直译作“在…之前”

Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

2. 如果before从句之前有一段时间，一般可以翻译成“在多长时间之后才”

It took a few months of investigation before it became clear.

3. 根据前后文意适当选择意思

Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors.

The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.

时间状语从句中until的用法

Until前的主句谓语动词必须是延续性的，而until后的从句谓语动词是短暂动词或接时间点。若主句谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式，表示状态。

In 1997 he lost $12,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 p.m.

Not until she had arrived home, did she remember her appointment with the doctor.

（二）地点状语从句

Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.

Earthworms exist wherever adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.

（三）原因状语从句

Now that the semester is finished, I’m going to rest a few days and take a trip.

However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

Since large segments of the populations of many developing countries are close to the subsistence margin and essentially powerless, they tend to be the losers in this system unless they are aided by a government policy that takes into account the needs of all sectors of the economy.

（四）条件状语从句

I’ll leave you my phone number in case you want to contact me.

We’ll v isit Europe next year provided we have enough money.

Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy well we achieve greater success in every field.

Given she is interested in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.

The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.

（五）目的状语从句

Take this medicine so that you can recover soon.

They did various jobs in the hope that they may buy a house.

She raised her voice in order that she might be heard.

She spoke very slowly for the purpose that we could follow her.

（六）结果状语从句

so that引导结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别：

两者的区别是：引导目的状语从句时，so that前一般不加逗号，so that后通常有情态动词may (might), should, can等；引导结果状语从句时，so that前常有逗号，so that后通常不跟情态动词。但上述区别并不绝对，还是要看上下文意思。

（七）让步状语从句

I had a very good time though I didn’t know anybody at the party.

Child as he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

She went to America despite the fact that the doctor told her to rest.

Notwithstanding that he worked hard at his lessons, he failed the exam in English.

While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually face with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”

表示让步的几种特殊句型

There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae. In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.

2. as/so + 形容词+ as + 主谓结构，放在句首表示让步

As important as qualifications are, and you won’t get to an interview without the qualifications, the most important thing in fact is the character and how a person presents himself at interview.

As amusing and perceptive as graffiti may sometimes be, it has by no means won universal approval.

3. be的倒装句表示让步

Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.

（八）比较状语从句

Light travels faster than sound.

My stand on the case is just the same as it was 4 years ago.

She is no less active than she used to be.

The higher you go, the less dense the air becomes.

The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.

（九）方式状语从句

Don’t talk to me like you talk to a child.

I shall do the job the way my father did.

Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.

But I really had no idea that what Jean has done that Russ should treat her like this. Jean worked just so much as she was told to.

when和where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别：

At a time when hiring qualified people are becoming more difficult, employers who can eliminate invalid biases from the process have a distinct advantage.

While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960’s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.

In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

三大从句辨析：

While few craftsman or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions

to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.

Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”

Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed that they were not made years ago; however, we should remember that the construction of microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell.