新立得软件包管理器 详解

新立得软件包管理器

目录

简介

使用指南

Troubleshooting（疑难解答）

简介

新立得软件包管理器起源于Debian。它是dp kg命令的图形化前端，或者说是前端软件套件管理工具。它能够在图形界面内完成LINUX系统软件的搜寻、安装和删除，相当于终端里的apt命令。

在ubuntu最近的长期支持版里已经预装了新立得软件包管理器。在没有安装它的系统中，可以通过apt-get in stal l synaptic进行安装。使用新立得软件包管理器的同时不能使用终端，因为它们实质上是一样的。

使用指南

Getti ng Started（启动）

To launch Synaptic, choose System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager.

要运行新立得，点击系统> 系统管理> 新立得软件包管理器（System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager）。

The main window is divided into three section s: a package bro wse r on the left, the package list on the upper right, and package details on the lower right. The status bar sho ws you the system state at a glanc e.

新立得的主窗口分为三个部分：左边是一个包浏览器，右上方是包列表以及右下方的包详细信息。状态栏显示您的系统的总体状态。

Brow sing the package data base（浏览软件包数据库）

To browse the (ve ry large) list of available package s by category, section, package statu s, cu stom filters, or recent searche s. Click on the corre sponding button at the bottom of the left window pane. You can also create your own filters. See the filters Filters section for details.

如果要按分类、类别、状态、自定义过滤器或者最近搜索来浏览软件包列表（巨大）。点击窗口左下角相应的按钮。您也可以自定义过滤器。关于过滤器的详细信息，请参考filters Filters一节。

To search fo r package s by name or description, click on the Search button in the toolbar:

点击工具栏上的搜索（Sea rch）以名称或者描述来搜索软件包：

You can examine a number of package details in the lower right window pane such a s it s size, it s dep endencies, recommended or sugge sted additional package s, and a short description.

您可以查看右下角面板上的一系列关于选定软件包的详细信息，例如大小、依赖关系、推荐或建议的额外软件包以及一段简短的描述。

Adding or Re mov ing Softw are（添加或删除软件）

To install a package

安装一个软件包：

Click Reload or pre ss Ct rl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest update s.

点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ct rl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。

Right-click on the package and choose Mark fo r In stallation from the context menu, or press Ct rl + I. If the package require s the installation of another package, a dialog box appears:

右键点击需要的软件包，然後在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便安装（Mark fo r In stallation）或者按下Ctrl + I.

S ynaptic will warn you if your choices conflict with package s that a re already installed on your system. If this i s the ca se, the dialog box will show you any package s that need to be removed. If you are not sur e you don't need the package(s) that will be removed, make su re you look up it s function and use before you apply the changes you've made.

如果您所选择的软件包与系统中已经安装了的软件包有冲突，新立得会给予您警告。如果确有冲突发生，一个对话框将提示您需要删除的软件包。如果您不确定您已经不需要将要被删除的软件包，那么在您确认之前，请务必先查看这些软件包的功能和作用。

Click Mark to allow the installation of the additional package(s).

点击标记（Mark）来安装所需的额外软件包。

On ce you're sati sfied with your choice s, click on Apply in th e toolbar or press Ct rl + P.

当您满意您的选择後，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。

A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made.

这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。

Confirm the changes by clicking on Apply.

点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

To remove or 'completely remove' a package

删除或者彻底删除一个软件包

Right-click on the package and choose Mark fo r Removal from the context menu

右键点击需要删除的软件包，然後在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便删除（Mark for Removal）。

On ce you're sati sfied with your choice s, click on Apply in the toolbar or pre ss Ct rl + P.

当您满意您的选择後，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。

A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking o n Apply.

这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

The Mark fo r Complete Removal option instru ct s Synaptic to remove any configura tion files a sso ciated with the package as well. 标记以便彻底删除（Mark fo r Complete Removal）选项会使新立得同时删除所有与软件包相关的配置文件。

To upgrade a package

升级一个软件包

Click Reload or pre ss Ctrl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest up date s.

点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ct rl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。

Right-click on the package and choose Mark fo r Upgrade f rom the context menu, or press Ctrl + U.

右键点击需要的软件包，然後在弹出的菜单中选择标记以便升级（Mark fo r Upgrade''''）或者按下Ctrl + U.

On ce you're sati sfied with your choice s, click on Apply in the toolbar or press Ct rl + P.

当您满意您的选择後，点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。

A dialog box appears with a summary of changes that will be made. Confirm the changes by clicking o n Apply.

这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

Mana ging Repositories（管理软件仓库）

You can manage the list of repo sitorie s or soft wa re channels f rom the Software Prefe rence s Panel. To l earn more about managing software channel s in Ubuntu, see the Ubuntu Repo sito rie s wi ki page. You can c all up the software prefe rence s panel from within Synaptic by selecting Repositorie s from the Settings menu.

您可以软件首选项面板来管理软件仓库或软件频道。您可以通过设置菜单中的软件库命令来打开软件软件首选项。

A s a f ront-end to apt, Synaptic use s the system-wide list of softwa re repo sitorie s file located at

/et c/apt/sou rce s.li st Fo r more on managing software channel s, see the Reposito ries wiki page. 作为apt的前端，新立得使用系统系统己的软件仓库配置文件：

/et c/apt/sou rce s.li st

Updati ng the Package List（更新软件包列表）

S ynaptic maintains a database of package s on your system in order to keep tra ck of in stalled softwa re. This list is checked against the soft ware repo sitorie s to inform you of new package s or update s. Synaptic checks fo r new soft ware package s when you launch Synaptic. It's a good idea to update the database from time to time while running Synaptic. In particular, you may want to do so if you have made changes to th e list of softwa re channels o r if you have made changes to Synaptic's configuration. Just click on the Reloa d button or press Ctrl + R.

新立得维护了一个关于您系统上所有软件包的数据库来追踪您系统上安装了的软件包。新立得通过检查软件仓库来更新数据库，这样它就可以提示您新的软件包或者已有软件包的升级。新立得在启动时检查新的软件包。在运行新立得时时常更新数据库是个不错的选择。特别是当您改变了软件仓库列表或者更改了新立得的设置时，您可能需要立即更新数据库。需要更新只需点击工具栏上的刷新（Reload）按钮或者按下Ct rl + R。

How to keep your sys tem up-to-da te（如何使您的系统保持最新）

S ynaptic provide s two methods fo r upgrading your system:

新立得提供两种方式来更新您的系统：

Sma rt Upgrade (Di st-Upg rade) -- re commended

The smart upg rade method tries to re solve package conflict s. This includes in stalling additional depende ncies (requi red package s) if needed and preferring package s with higher prio rity. Smart Upgrade ha s the sa me effect as the apt-get dist-upg rade tool on the command line.

智能升级(Dist-Upg rade) -- 推荐

智能升级会试图解决软件包之间冲突的问题。这包括在需要时安装额外的依赖关系（需要的软件包）或者选择具有较高优先级的软件包。智能升级与命令行上的apt-get dist-upgrade具有同样的效果。

Default Upgrade

The default upgrade method marks upgrade s of in stalled package s only. If the new ve rsion of a packag e depends on not installed package s or coflict s with an already installed package, it will not be upgraded.

默认升级

默认升级仅仅标记所有已安装软件包的升级。如果新版本的软件包依赖于尚未安装的软件包或者于已安装的软件包冲突，升级将不会继续。

Di st-upg rade is the default upgrade method used by Synaptic. To change the upgrade method, choose Preferen ce s from the Settings menu, then click on the General tab and adjust the System upg rade entry. 智能升级是新立得默认的升级方式。如果希望改变升级方式，选择设置（Setting s）菜单下的首选项（P referen ce s），点击常规信息（Gene ral）选项卡，然後调整系统升级（S ystem upgrade）项。

To upgrade your sys tem w ith Synaptic:

要使用新立得升级您的系统：

Click Reload or pre ss Ct rl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest update s.

点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ct rl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。

Click Mark all Upgrades o r pre ss Ctrl + G.

点击工具栏上的标记所有软件包以便升级（Mark all Upgrade s）按钮或者按下Ct rl + G。

Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ct rl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system.

点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。* 这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。

Click Apply to confirm the changes and go ahead with the upgrade.

点击应用（Apply）来确认您的更改并继续升级。

I ntegra tion w ith Update-Manager

与更新管理器(Upda te-Manager)的集成

S ynaptic wo rks hand-in-hand with Update-Manage r to inform you about updates to the soft ware in stalled on your system. If soft ware or se curity update s a re available, Update-Manager will display a pop-up messa ge and an icon in the notification area on your GNOME desktop. To update your system, click on the notifi cation icon, enter your passwo rd and click OK.

新立得与更新管理器（Update-Manager）紧密合作来提示您您系统上安装的软件包的升级。如果有软件或者安全更新，更新管理器会在您的G NOME桌面的通知区域显示一个图标。要升级您的系统，点击通知区域的图表，输入您的密码，然後点击OK。

You can change the frequency of update checks in the Software P refe rence s panel. Choo se Repo sito rie s f rom the Settings menu, then click on the Internet Updates tab and adjust the Check for update s entry.

您可以通过软件首选项面板（Soft wa re Prefe rence s）改变检查更新的频率。选择设置（Setting s）菜单下的首选项（P reference s），点击Internet Update s（Internet Update s）选项卡，然後调整自动检查更新（Check fo r update s）项。

Loca ting softw are on your s ystem（定位你系统上的软件）

S ynaptic can tell you about every file that belongs to a softwa re package it knows about and show you where it is located on your system. Search the database fo r the soft ware package you a re intere sted in a nd select it in Synaptic's main window. Next, click on the In stalled Files tab to see a list of all files and w here they are.

新立得可以告诉您它所知道的一个包内所有的文件的位置。在数据库中搜索您感兴趣的软件包，然後在新立得的主窗口中选中它。接着，点击已安装的文件（In stalled Files）选项卡来查看每个文件的位置。

View the Changel og of a Package（查看软件包的变更日志）

Applies to native Debian (.deb) package s only

仅适用于原生Debian(.deb)包

You can view the changelog of a package with Synaptic. Select a package, then choo se Do wnload Cha ngelog from the Package menu.

您可以用新立得来查看一个软件包的变更日志。选定一个软件包，然後选择软件包（Package）菜单下的下载变更日志（Download Changelog）。

View History（查看历史）

You can ea sily keep tra ck of all changes made to your system's soft wa re configuration. To view the hist ory log file, choose Hi sto ry from the File menu.

您可以非常简单得追踪所有新立得对您的系统作的改动。要查看历史日志文件，选择文件（File）菜单下的历史（H isto ry）。

The histo ry log only shows change s made with Synaptic.

历史日志仅仅显示新立得所作的更改。

How to force the installa ti on of a package v ersion（如何强制安装某个版本的软件包）

To be added: Why you would (and would not) want to force a specific version

将要添加：为什么您会希望（或者不再希望）强制安装某个版本的软件

To force the installation of a package different from the one chosen by Synaptic, do the following: 要强制安装一个软件包不同于新立得选择的版本，如下操作：

Click Reload or pre ss Ct rl + R to make Synaptic aware of the latest update s.

点击刷新（Reload）或者按下Ct rl + R来使新立得获得最新的软件包信息。

Select the package. Choo se Force Version from the Package menu.

选定需要改变的软件包。选择软件包（Package）菜单下的强制版本(Fo rce Ve rsion)。

Select the version you would like to use. To confirm your decision, click Fo rce.

选择您想使用的版本。点击强制(Force)来确人您的决定。

Click Apply on the toolbar or press Ct rl + P. A dialog appears with a summary of the changes that will be made to your system. To confirm, press Apply.

点击工具栏上的应用（Apply）按钮或者按下Ctrl + P。这时会出现一个摘要您所作更改的对话框。点击应用（Ap ply）来确认。

How to fix broke n packages（如何修复软件包）

'Bro ken package s' are package s that have un sati sfied dependencies. If bro ken package s are detected, S ynaptic will not allow any further changes to the system until all broken package s have been fixed.

'毁损的软件包'是指那些没有满足依赖关系的软件包。如果新立得检测到毁损的软件包，它将不允许在这些毁损的软件包被修复前对系统作任何改变。

To fix bro ken package s

修复毁损的软件包

Choo se Edit > Fix Broken Package s f rom the menu.

选择编辑（Edit)菜单下的修正损毁的软件包（Fix Bro ken Package s）。

Choo se Apply Marked Change s f rom the Edit menu or press Ctrl + P.

点击编辑（Edit）菜单下的实施标记的更新（Apply Marked Change）或者按下Ct rl + P。

Confirm the summary of change s and click Apply.

点击应用（Apply）按钮来确认您的更改。

An chor(statu sicon s)

S tatus Icons（状态图标）

The following icons are u sed to indicate the statu s of a package in the package list:

以下这些图标用于表示软件包列表中软件包的状态：

Ke yboard shortcuts for S yna ptic（新立得的快捷键）

.

Command Key Combination

.

Update the list of available packages Ctrl + R

Open the package sea rch dialog Ct rl + F

Sho w the Propertie s window for the selected package Ctrl + O

Ma rk the selected package(s) fo r installation Ct rl + I

Ma rk the selected package(s) fo r upgrade Ct rl + U

Ma rk the selected package(s) fo r removal Delete

Ma rk the selected package(s) fo r complete removal Shift + Delete

Unmark any change s to package s Ct rl + N

Ma rk all possible upgrades Ct rl + G

Force the installation of a specific version of the package Ctrl + E

Undo the last change Ctrl + Z

Redo the last change Ctrl + Shift + Z

Apply all marked change s Ct rl + P

Quit Synaptic Ct rl + Q

命令组合键

.

更新软件包列表Ctrl + R

打开软件包搜索对话框Ctrl + F

显示所选软件包的属性窗口Ct rl + O

标记所选的软件包以便安装Ct rl + I

标记所选的软件包以便升级Ct rl + U

标记所选的软件包以便删除Delete

标记所选的软件包以便彻底删除Shift + Delete

取消全部标记Ct rl + N

标记所有更新Ct rl + G

强制安装某个版本的软件包Ct rl + E

撤销最近一次更改Ct rl + Z

重做最近一次更改Ct rl + Shift + Z

应用所有标记的更改Ct rl + P

退出新立得Ct rl + Q

Troubleshooting（疑难解答）

What to do i f an ins talla tion process fails and you fi nd i t is no l onger possible to i nstall or rem ov e packages:

一次安装过程失败而且不能在进行安装或者删除了怎么办：

Open a Terminal and type the following at the command line:

apt-get install -f Then press Return.

打开一个终端，在命令行输入如下命令：

apt-get install -f 然後按下回车。

Brow ser w orks, Synaptic w ill not (note: proba bl y inaccura te or outda ted)

浏览器正常工作，但是新立得却有问题（注：描述可能不准确或者已经过时）

I f the router i s set to auto discover DNS then Synaptic will fail. Resolve this by setting up a static ip a ddre ss and manually set DNS ip in router. No w Ubuntu (system-administration-net working) config static ip an d enter your ISP dns ip and delete router DNS ip which will l ook something like 192.168.1.1

路由器设置为自动检测DNS，新立得就无法工作：可以通过静态ip地址以及手动设置路由器的DNS来解决此问题。现在使用Ubuntu（系统-系统管理-联网)配置静态ip，然後输入您的ISP的DNS的ip地址然後删除路由器的DNS的i

p地址，可能是类似192.168.1.1 这样。