12月托福机经——阅读(手工整理)

12月托福机经——阅读(手工整理)
12月托福机经——阅读(手工整理)

第一篇

英国工业的发展

关于英国经济的兴起,主要是由于工业化后出口量(volume of exports)大增。商业(commerce; trade; business)以棉花的发展为 lead,次要是煤、丝等,之後 coal replace the wood成了主要的 fuel。英国之所以成了欧洲重心的原因有:英国国内政治稳定统一,语言一致,没有internal tariff(关税),有标准化的xx,得益于bank and finance investment 的发达(推动贷款(loan),減少 tax)(题目,排除题,选 tariff)。英国有便捷的交通和有力的地理位置,所有的城市都离海不远,最远不过 70 mile,水运方便,raw(自然状态的) material 和 goods 运输顺畅(运铁),即使到 Ireland 的edinburgh(爱丁堡)也只需 60 小时车程。其他欧洲国家当时都没有这些特点。英国有皇家海军的保护,政府采取低税收(题目,但是对 high-quality woolen 收税),政府会出面与他国谈判低进口税。英国从印度等殖民地(colony; plantation; settltment)廉价進口rm,然后出口 finished goods。(一名学者adam 不支持这个理论)。

第二篇

艺术与地点的关系

讲 art 与 location(place)的关系,以其历史发展来说,art 刚开始时都必须依附 location,它们是紧密联系(contact; connection; integrate)的,painting 和sculpture 是不能动的,只能固定在某个地方,例如古代的洞穴壁画(cave painting)、教堂顶(church roof)的壁画,后来发明了 ease painting,随着portable(便于携带的,手提的,轻便的)东西的出现,例如 vase(花瓶)、雕像(statue)、小饰品(accessory),可以带着到处创作,教堂的玻璃画也是画好了再加上去的,渐渐地 art 和 location 开始分离了。Art到了1800-1940 达到鼎盛,艺术家都认为 art 即使离开 location 和context 也有其意义,后来40 年代几乎 gallery 都强调统一的灰色调,以昏暗灯光来突出 art,让人们忽视 location context,后来photograph 的出现也加速了这个过程;但是现代艺术家们(contemporary=current-day)(1960s之後)又开始认为context 很重要,其重要性甚至等于 art,又意識到兩者是分不開的,认为环境是艺术的一部分,例如一个 nyc 的艺术家做了铝制的tree 放到 central park 里以表达其概念。

第三篇

考古学(archeology; archaeology)与其文化的关系

描述考古学所研究的文化主要体现于几个方面,考古能说明很多东西,刚开始考古主要关注大的 building、 monument、tomb 等,后来开始关注一般人的 house 等物。但很多時候考古有许多局限性(limitation),例如material物品可能一样,但其实是不同 culture 的文明,由于贸易,不同文化的人可能使用相同的东西。强调考古学上研究的的「文化」(culture)与我们平时所说的文化是两个概念,在意义上有所不同。

第一篇

河流湖泊中水随四季的循环,大致是水的密度(density)随温度变化而变化,导致水流上层和下层的交替(replace; alternately; in turn)。

湖泊如何受四季温度影响密度,而会再受风造成的水的影响,如果密度变化大,风的影响就会比较小。

第二篇

行星(planet)的组构(petrofabric; strucrural fabric)过程,大概是灰尘和气团(air mass)像雪球一样粘连(conglution)在一起,越来越大,后来大的灰尘团开始有引力(gravitation),吸引小的颗粒,最后经过碰撞(colide),形成天体(celestial body; orb; celestial; sphere)。

第三篇

美国本土某个名字类似holoko的民族的介绍,在土地干涸(dry up)的xx地方,每年都有洪水(deluge),他们就筑起堤坝(dyke),利用从上流冲下来的肥料(maure; fertilizer)和水种地。还有、他们从植物身上摄取(intussusception; ingestion; incept)资源但是从来不破坏植物本身。他们有一些部落什么的,有时有小的冲突。

2009.2.27

第一篇

有关于水草,画面中有一幅图画,左边是水草(float grass; aquatic),右边是一般陆生植物(land plant; terrestrial plant),比较水草的根(radical; basis)和陆生植物的不同,问海草在什麼情況下会死亡,深海的植物因为吸收不同波长(wavelength)的光线(optical line),所以会变成红色或褐色。

題目:

海草为什么会被植物学家特别划分(divide)出来?因为它有叶绿素(chlorophyll)会行光合作用(photosynthesis);

为什么 storm 有可能造成海草死亡?因为它的根脱落(drop off; shed; fall off);

海草跟陆上植物叶子和根作用有何不同?海草的叶子不储存水份

海草的根不吸收水分(moisture content)及营养(nutrition)。

海草及algae(水藻,海藻)。讲海草跟陆生植物的不同,海草不会开花(abloom; blossom out; florescence; effloresce)也沒有种子。海草一定要生存。

在阳光照射到的地方(phonics zone) (有題),因为要行光合作用,green, brown and red algae 分別住在浅、中及深,三种深度。

第二篇

八世纪的欧洲经济:

欧洲在八世纪时主要的经济活动都是农业,即使有其他的工作,也都是跟农业有关系的,例如铁工(ironsmith)(有题,问提到別的工作的目的是什么?答案是表达它们与农业的connect 的关系)。

一开始只是自己自足(self-sufficiency)的狀況,其中历经了气候异常的温暖,温度升高,冬天

温和(有题,问何者不是收成变好的原因,答案是农耕科技),所以农作收成就变好了,变得可以subsist(生存) for life(有字汇題)。

后来农民放弃(renounce)了自己的农田(有题,问为什么?因为安全因素),大家变得集

合住在一起住。一起后发现好处很多,可以交流、一起耕种,所以农耕技术变好了,收成也变多了,后来这些住在一起的农民们決定让一个人出来当头,给他权利。

字汇题有:diverse = various,Trigger= start ,Enhance =increase,Furthermore= moreover,Underscore(画底线)=emphasize(划重点),subsist for life,spurring(刺激)of the movement = at a good time (我选的, 不知对不对),eclipse(月食)= change (不确定)

第三篇

摄影师Alfred Stieglitz:

第一段讲摄影科技的進步,作品也因此产生变化,后来讲摄影师Alfred Stieglitz 作品重写实,问到文中他提到另二位同行的目的是?反映当时的摄影过于美化不够写实。

2009.4.3

第一篇

英国工业发展时期灰蛾子(gray moth)和黑蛾子(black moth)数量的增减。

核心观点是:污染严重——树木变黑——黑蛾子隐蔽(conceal; covert; under cover)效果变好——灰蛾子被吃得多,这个理论来自涉及到一个科学家的实验以及数据采集(data acquisition)。学术界关于这个还是有争议(controversy; dispute)的,所以作者使出杀手锏:1965年英国通过环保法案以后,灰蛾子的数量又上来了。于是科学家的理论就从反方向得到证实。

1、关于moth对不同环境变化进化成不同颜色(深、浅)的概率,证明第一段的某人的理论。(可能运气好,没有原本想象中的那样难)

第二篇

关于不同纬度(latitude)对生物多样性(diversity; variety; multiiformity)的分析,其中重要的理论:从赤道(equator)到两极点(culmination; apices),生物多样性逐步下降。

里面谈到海洋里的对比不强烈,因为温差只是在上面几十米,下面都是一个样的黑和冷,所以作者认为海洋多样性不是由光照和温度产生的。

另外一个问题是多食动物generalist和专食动物specilist的区别。作者是通过季节周期性变化带来食物供应量的变化,然后食物的限制造成两种动物的不同这个方面来谈的。其中就谈到了热带区(tropical region)域物种丰富

第三篇

欧洲中世纪(medieval; middle ages)行会(guild)制度(insititution; system; regime; regimen)

先讲大师傅master的出道过程。然后是整个行会的排他性(exclusiveness)。接着是行会和城邦(city-state; polis)政府怎么样由前提相互支持(backing; support)(垄断)到后来政府看中垄断的大面包于是插手(wade in; butt in)进来分一杯羹的。除了政府以外,另一个行会的另一个

强劲对手是城外不受法律约束而且拥有廉价劳动力的个体企业。后来行会竞争不过,成本拼不过,价格当然也拼不过,同时又遇到一些供应上的困难。还有,他们自己本身也有矛盾,主要是master们有些很有野心,想要扩张。所以简单说就是内忧外患

关于guild这群人在当时社会所扮演的角色:统一培训统一生产统一equality & antonomy。但是该机制受到以下3种因素的挑战

1. oversupply of labor

2.illegal competition at lower price

3 difference of wealth in guild group

2009.5.30

第一篇

在历史上的几次生物大规模灭绝现象

第二篇

关于人们用一种新的办法来储存雨水,代替了弊端(malpractice; abuse; corrupt)多多的造大坝,举了印度的例子

第三篇

讲欧洲中世纪的权利制度

词汇题Boon(恩惠),remarkable(引人注目的), gradually, compelling, speculate(推断的),exempt for,collective(集体的,共同的)

2009.8.7

第一篇

讲小孩的认知(acknowledge)能力

第二篇

new england colony history,讲最初new england的土地。

第三篇

环境、literature等对hunting-gather(打猎) 到agriculture转变的影响。

第四篇

pine(松树)和pine jay(松鸡)相互生存。

第五篇

有个人根据liver对glucose(葡萄糖)的影响,提出一个理论关于体内温度,另一个人觉得是对的,但是还要考虑体外环境(external environment)。然后说这个理论可以给动物分级(classification; grade),有人反驳,提出insects做例子。

2009.9.11

第一篇

太阳系(solar)的形成

第二篇

美国城市的演变

第三篇

中国为什么会出现集权制(unitarianism)的原因,三个原因。

词汇题: account for(解释), frigid

2009.9.19

第一篇

农业发展

第二篇

是说soil的color和texture 就是说color对soil的影响,以及texture对soil的影响不怎么难;

第三篇

bio feed back(生物反馈);

第四篇

电报(telegraph)的发展;

第五篇

鸟类的鸣叫

2009.10.10

托福阅读第一篇:

讲动物evolved的,大概就是说混血(hybrid)杂交(crossbreeding pantogamy)什么的,开始有什么学家意见不符。还有提到达尔文进化论(Darwin’s theory of evolution),最后一段说基因(gene)相近的物种的杂交后代(posterity; later periods; decendants;

progeny)成功率适应性都比较强。中间实在是记不住了

我把康老师机经上的摘抄下来了,大家看看:

有一部分讲到species breed,然后是一些理论。倒数第二段提到Darwin 的进化论对这个问题的解释,但是作者的态度是质疑Darwin的解释的,同时提了一个问题反驳他的理论(有题),最后作者提到应该是物种在同类内Breed比较有题,在同属(category)内就有缺陷。

将动植物分类是很难的,以前很简单,就是按照外表和生理上不同来分类。但是后来这种办法就落后,不管用。以后就有了更科学的分类方法。从四个方面来分类。

托福阅读第二篇:大陆漂移

nonscientist(科学知识的门外汉)注意到AFRICA和australia大陆的相似,但是一直是个疑问。德国科学家Wegener(瓦格纳)提出了大陆漂移(continental drift)的理论。当时大家一致认为大陆的运动都是垂直运动(vertical motion),up and down 的,但是W认为大陆运动是水平(standard)的。他还用了化石的理论来解释。

W发现两个大陆在X世纪以前的动物化石非常相似,而且越古老的越相似(推论:X世纪以后两个大陆的动物怎么样了,我选相似越来越小)他指出这两块大陆原来是连一块的,后来才分开。

除了化石,W还用了别的方法来证明。当时提出这个理论在德国是很震撼(convulsion)的,但是很快就set aside了。这个理论在AFRICA和AUSTRALIA是很受支持的,然后当时的主流学术期刊是欧洲发行的,欧洲科学家并不受支持(有考题),最后这个理论还是不被大众所接受。

一些科学家认为化石的相似性是由于以前两块大陆连着,后来板块沉没导致的,当时更有一个权威数学家极力反对。因此大家都不承认W的理论,尽管W自己极力的证明。

还有一些科学家反驳W,认为他仅仅注意到了化石,反而没有关注化石的年份是不相近的(有考题)。还有一些科学家认为化石的相似是由于一些动物由一些偶然的时候经海洋漂流到另外一个大陆。

当时几乎所有人都反对W的理论,直到60年代以后出现新的强有力证据才使得大陆漂移理论成为板块构造学(plate tectonic)说的重要部分。

托福阅读第三篇:

电影的发展技术一个词汇题,记得答案应该是transfer,转移观众注意力,原词忘了,欢迎同学补充纠正ambiguous 和 understood in many ways

很长时间以来,观众们一直有一种误解,那就是电影的画面和声音是同时录制的(有考题)。然而不是如此,画面(frame; picture)和声音是分别录制(transcribe)的。

声音能够吸引观众的转移观众的注意力,比如说一些dancer在跳舞,为什么观众不会把注意力放在电影里的audience身上而是在dancer身上呢,因为声音播放的是dancer 的脚在踢踏(tap-tap)的声音。(有考题)

电影还有一种功能,就是让观众对同样画面的期待不一样。比如说,一个门关上了,本来应该有关上的声音,但是门没有动,却有关门的声音,于是观众想了,这个是不是门?

难道有别的声音?(有考题)(差不多是这个意思)

声音还有一种功能,叫做XXX。比如说在某电影中,同一个画面出现了3次,但是配上了3种不同的声音,所以每次画面诠释了不同的意义(有考题)

声音的在无声电影(silent film)里的出现,就像色彩(coloring; tint; coloration;

character)在黑白电影(black and white film)里的出现一样,不是必要的,而是artist 的……(这是个同意句转意,记不牢了打点点不误导大家)

声音为了加强效果,可以提高音调不同节奏,等等。(有考题)

托福阅读加试一:

电报和电话: unprecedented(空前的) 和 new

电报(telegram; telegraph)和电话的发展非常迅速。然后电报在欧洲和美国的发展不同。在欧洲,电报系统是归政府管,属于postal(邮政)范畴(有考题)然而在美国,是私人公司所属,所以竞争极为激烈(intense; acute; fierce),后来逐渐发展后依然为私人为股东(stockhoder; shareholder; dormantpartner)但是受限于国家管制(有考题)。然后这是令人惊奇的,因为在美国这样的科学技术条件下,实际上是电报发展的领头羊(bellwether)(有考题,句意转换)。

在早期美国经济的发展主要是靠transportation。到了电报发展的之前不久steam才开始发展的。balabala。(有考题)

电报在美国的发展成果,是有些被夸张化(sensationalize)了的。因为它之前的惊人成

果继而人们就把它之后的成果就夸大了(有考题)甚至有某人说它是“…internet”

实际上当时postal transportation的发展是非常大的。但是在电报的光芒掩盖

(conceal; cover; hide behind)下被人们忽视了。比如说从某城到某城从1x天缩短到x天(有考题)

1.托福阅读加试二: Bird's Song。

intriguing(引起极大兴趣的) 和 interesting unacceptable(不能被接受的)的同意转换un开头的,选项有(undetermined(未确定的), unchallenge, unresponsable,unxxxxxxx)

因为鸟的唱歌方式如此多样(manifold; diversity),科学家们一直对其有浓厚的兴趣。

鸟们的歌包含一些音节(syllable)的重复,雄性的鸟都会唱几首同种的歌,但是每个个体又会有不同的变化。(except题)科学家们想知道是否鸟唱是遗传(inheritance;

hereditary)?还是后天习得(acquisition; acquirement)?

他们做了一个实验,小鸟生下来以后隔离(separate; to isolate)了几个月,发展他们会一些简单的并且是recognizable是X鸟的歌。因此证明有一部分遗传的作用,但是发现更多的是跟adult鸟学的(有考题)

科学家们做了一个实验,让X鸟生下来以后就隔离,并且放adult Y鸟歌声的磁带

(magnetic tape)给小鸟听,发现他们在头几个月并不唱歌,而是hearing,这几个月听完之后才开始模仿(imitate)磁带的歌声(有考题)又做了一个实验,证明他们确实如此,而且几个月以后再放磁带,他们也不学了,说明只有头几个月的歌声对他们有影响(有考题)

科学家发现有一种Y鸟还有dialect(方言)。不同的地方的同种小鸟唱歌是有一些区别的。于是他们把Y小鸟隔离了,然后……最后发现小鸟唱的不是native的歌,说明他们的dialect也受后天地域影响的(有考题)

科学家还想知道鸟是否可以自己教自己唱歌,于是又做了一个实验,把刚生下来的小鸟隔离了,并且不让他们听别的声音最后发现他们只能发一些简单的不连续的

unrecognizable的声音,证明小鸟不能自己教自己唱歌,在不听别的声音的情况下(有一个同意句转换)

最后是分类题。所有的鸟都有的特征() X鸟的特征() Y鸟的特征(3个)另外两个分别是1个和2个,记不清哪个选几个了

2009.10.17

第一篇

英国和在北美的殖民(colony)的差别,分工业化(industrialization)的差距,middle class percentage的多少,还有投票选举人的差别。

第二篇

讲children playful behavior(好像是加试?这次都不是经典加试), 没怎么看懂,说小孩子的玩分三种,一种是没有目的的玩,一种是有目的的玩,还有一种是取决于人们怎么看待,叫“critirion”。

第三篇

fish +wate+ breath (主题是鱼是怎么适应在水中呼吸和在空气中呼吸)

第一段讲了鱼呼吸相关定义

第二段讲了 GILL(鳃) 组织和水中成分关系最总影响(influence) 呼吸

第三段讲了水的不同温度和氧含量

阅读有一篇是讲珊瑚(coral)的。说达尔文把珊瑚分为3种。这3种生长的地方不同。2009.10.31

阅读:

第一篇

关于什么地理影响对美国的经济影响什么的,洛基山脉(rocky mountains)的作用,冰川(glacier)的形成和退却(fall back; retreat; retire; recede; draw back)对土壤的影响云云。

第二篇

关于theater的好处,什么演员和观众互动,能激起观众共鸣(sympathy response to sth),然后是现场的,比较能调动激动的情绪等等。

是说THEATRE和电影的不同, THEATRE 有LIVE PEFORMANCE, 观众有回馈,有互动。

第三篇

关于vienn什么城市,反正是意大利某城市,从要进口盐到交易盐,到控制世界各国的盐市场

说威尼斯(venice)的盐事业,说威尼斯本来自己产盐,跟另外一个城市竞争,但是威尼斯的盐是细盐,要粗盐(coarse salt; crude salt)还要进口,另外自然灾害来了,那个威尼斯专门产盐的地方被端了,所以他只能进口了(有两项选择)。

然后政府给予了资助(financially;subsidize;support),然后说没想到,威尼斯做盐贸易作发财了,然后越做越好(有题问他们在这一领域取得成功的原因),盐的贸易刺

激了其他产品的买卖,然后还说政府制定一些规定,说政府虽然不拥有盐,但是管理盐,跟中国不一样(有题,问中国什么样,选中国政府垄断那个。)

然后威尼斯就很牛了,开始跟其他国家签合同,说你们只能卖我的,不能卖别人的,举了两个小国家的例子,有题问为什么举这个例子,他为了垄断还砸别人场子(有词汇题,stipulate(规定))

第四篇

关于土地,mechanical weathering和chmeical weathering之类的。(物理风化和化学风化)

2009.11.7

第一篇

C地的路,很神奇,小介绍一下;关于其最初的用途众说纷纭,其一说法是用来trade,然后慢慢变成政治集会和宗教(religion)聚会的场合。另一神奇之处在于有些路根本没终点,虽然现在假设路和路之间应该原来有连接,而应把它们拼凑起来,但这个假设可能是错误的。这么奇怪的分布但是有一段都集中到north, 猜测north是当年spiritual(精神)的某种归属,原因在于C人的后裔现在也把North视为很重要的direction。

一个小峡谷村庄修路什么的,促进了贸易什么的

第二篇

貌似是珠江三角洲(chu chiang delta)最初种米,没有商业化(commercialize),虽然市场和产量都有增加,但增率和人口一样,因此不视为commercialism。1500之后开始commercialism。因为广州渔业的需求,改成鱼塘并种果树;因为世界各地对silk的需求(portuguese(葡萄牙))买了后卖给日本,广州和福建商人直接把silk运到manila(马尼拉),两种买卖都是以silver支付),果树种植改为mulberry(桑树), 因mulberry是蚕(silkworm)的食物。有鉴于fish pond(鱼塘)&fruit trees相互扶持的关系,silk产业得以顺畅扩张。is about the finance development in Chinese Pearl River Delta in 1300-1700.France and Philippine exported Chinese silk and exchanged by silver. With the increased demand on fish and silk, Chinese cutfruit trees to build fish pond.

第三篇

如何预测天气,讲道了蝴蝶效应(butterfly effect)。

2009.11.13

第一篇

有一篇是讲伦敦的,说为什么伦敦会这么牛,主要好像是地理位置优越(好像有题),还有说了一些伦敦历史上的事件

伦敦之所以一直长盛不衰就是因为地理(geography)关系(有题),有河有海;其他国家或者城市在历史上都有昌盛的时候,但是最后都衰落了,有各种原因(有题)。

词汇题:whole manipulate(操控) setback(挫折,倒退)

第二篇

讲寄生(autoeciousness)的问题

寄主host

寄生虫parasite

第三篇

是说那个water的力量erosion。然后一个他的观点都不被接受,但是最后发现了个很大的石头,可以算那个水的power之类的,证明他关于这个的观点都是对的。这篇也蛮简单的。一个地理学家(geographer)对一个地方的地形的观点是:这个地方在古时候(ancient)被大水冲刷(sour; erode; wash out)而成,但是其他科学家反对。他们认为不是短时间内形成的,而是长期的地理变化。还引用了一段一个科学家对前面的地理学家批评的原话。有题

第四篇

照片的发展历史

从以前的大盒子发展成现代照相机,里面讲了几个在发展的过程中比较重要的人。一个人偶尔发现水银(quicksliver; mercury; hydragryum; azoth)(问题:用成像的成分是什么)(词汇题:portable)

第五篇

古人在山洞(cave)里的画

一个科学家认为是他们主要吃的或者打猎的动物,有一个人反对,说也有其他不作为事物的动物出现在画里面。

2009.12.4

第一篇

Deer类的动物有antler(角),其中一种不像其他的dear which a few female have antlers, male and female都有(有题)。有几个假设(),关于为什么鹿有角:

1.散热。因为角上有很多血管,但是如果那样,冬春角的size会不一样。但是实际上不是。这样一来,in fact,in cold climate, antlers are larger. 所以这个假设不对。

2.吸引male。也不对。

3.打架。好像对,因为有五分之一的male死了是因为fighting

第二篇

地球的生命起源

一个俄国科学家提出一个设想:生命起源的时候,地球大气full of methane(甲烷;沼气), 从小分子(molecule)开始合成蛋白质(protein),后来30年后又有一个科学家做过一个实验。用mixure of methane, oxygen steam

等几种气体,合成(synthesis; mixure; compond)蛋白质,但是蛋白质自己不能复制(duplicate; reproduce),所以不能完全证明(confirm;verify;testify; prove; manifestation)这个理论是正确的,后来人证明那两个科学家不realistic.还有其他的可能。比如彗星(comet)撞(strike; hit into; bump against; justle)地球,地球内部开始发生变化;火山喷发,lava increase the tempreture in the大气,还有古时候地球大气压力(atmospheric pressure)大,让海水温度升高到100度以上,开始生物反应(biological),因为像现在这样的温度不可能发生生物反应。

固氮(nitrogen fixation),地球上是循环(loop; circle)的,不然也会像其他气体一样变少。一些少数的菌(germ; bacteria)把气态(gasteity)的氮变成可被动植物用的氮化物(nitride)。可是近来人类的农业发展,使用太多的氮肥料(nitrogenous fertilizers),造成污染。因为天然的氮源(nitrogen source)不能维持农作物(crop)的大量生产。但是化肥造成环境污染,特别是发展中国家(有题)。结果产生酸雨(acid rain),把土壤中的重金属(heavy metal)都冲(rines; colide; water; rush)走了。危害(jeopardize; harm; endanger)生物。尤其在海洋里。大量海藻(varech; kelp; algae; alga; seawee d)生长,挡(obstruct; resist)阳光(sunshine),其他海洋生物死掉。

第三篇

关于中国艺术

和西方不同。比如丝绸之路(silk road; silk route)。中国从商朝()shang Dynasty开始,人们注重祭祀(fete; sacrifice)。比如古墓(tumulus)中发现art carst(岩溶艺术), 青铜(bronze; gumetal; alpha bronze)之类

第四篇

coach使england表业(watch industry)制造和消费(consume)开始繁荣(prosperous; booming)在18世纪,因为人们开始有时间观念(time sense),在那之前很多人把表当做首饰,后来火车更促进了表开始大量被需要。到了19世纪,瑞士(switzerland)开始变成最大的表生产和出口国(exported country),因为他们人们人口少,不得不出口,然后技术改进,用机器,只是最后一步用有技术的人完成。可是老的英国craftmen拒绝新技术,他们有偏见(prejudice;

preoccupation; jaudice)。还用手工制作一些本来可以用机器做的,还加些没有用的零件(spares; accessory; element; piece part)。所以他们落后了。后来,美国人挑战(challenge)瑞士,尽管他们只占出口的一小部分,美国人labor贵,所以改进机器,包括最后一步。他们把所有的零件做相同,然后分类到不同的containers里,最后即使unskilled人也可以完成最后一步。

11月10日托福独立写作机经

11月10日独立写作考题预测 11月4日考题回顾 A government spend money on all adults after 25-year-old on a training course for the most up-to-date skills at workplace. Do you think it is effective?Why or why not? 上周预测题第1题与11月4日考题同属政府类的题目,并且部分关键词funding,training 重合。 上周预测题第1题: Which area the government should fund to improve children’s education? ?hiring more teachers to teach in a small class ?preschool education before kindergarten ?providing some training courses so that teachers can be more professional 11月10日独立写作考题预测 ?The university will spend money on dormitory to improve the life quality of students, which of the following do you think is the best way? ?providing a room for quiet study; ?building an exercise room; ?providing entertainment place(watch film). ? ?Which one of the following values is the most important to share with a young child (5-10 years old)? ?Being helpful ?Being honest ?Being well organized ? A lot of high school students now cheat in homework assignments, by asking other students for answers. Which of the following do you think is the most efficient way to stop? ?asking parents to help stop the students from cheating ?penalty or punishment to the students ?asking teacher to create homework assignment that cannot be easily cheated ?At some universities, students take part in making decisions about the issues that affect daily life of everyone on campus, such as how many hours that the libraries should be open each day or what kinds of food should be served in the cafeteria. But at some universities, experts are hired to make these decisions, students almost never involved. Which approach do you prefer and why. ?Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. Do your agree or disagree the following statement? The group will be helped more by members who are willing to do

托福独立写作机经范文5篇

As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.

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2013年4月托福阅读预测机经 从前到后,重要性降低。越靠前,重要性越高。 1. Parents today spend too much time helping their children determine their children’s future. Children should be allowed to make their choices on their own. 2. Success is not the most important thing in one’s life. Remaining happy and optimistic when you fail is more important. 3. Government should support scientific research even the research has no practical use. 4. Having a low-paying but secure job is better than having a high-paying job that can be lost easily. 5. People should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from their work. 6. People who have developed many different kinds of skills are more successful than people who focus on only one skill. 7. The personal and work-related challenges that young people face today are not very difference from challenges that their parents and grandparents faced when they were young. 8. All high school students should take a basic economics course. 9. Sometimes, if you cannot say anything nice about someone, you’d better say nothing. 10. Printed books have greater effects on society than television does. 11. Some people believe that a school should spend money on improving cafeteria foods. Other people believe that a school should spend money on social activities for students after school. What is your opinion and why? 12. Nowadays it is easier to maintain good health than in the past. 13. A person’s job has more effects on his or her happiness than this person’s social life does. 14. To increase economic growth, government can neglect environment concerns. 15. It is impossible to be completely honest with your friend all the time. 16. Which of the following three factors contributes to an enjoyable vacation most? A. good food B. good location C. good friends with you.(2013年4月14日已考) 17. Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends? A. Joining a sports team. B. Participating in community activities C. Traveling.

托福独立写作机经范文5篇(社会、教育、工作、生活)

The most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. As the economy and technology develop at an incredible speed in today’s society, there are an increasing number of people believing that the most important problems affecting our society today could be solved within our lifetime. In my view, however, this is out of the question and the three most significant problems affecting the society, namely war, environmental destruction and disease, will still influence us and may not be entirely resolved forever. War is a problem afflicting humans since they took into being in the first place. Wars take place when different countries have conflicting benefits, which is unlikely to be eliminated as long as the boundaries between countries still exist. For instance, in the Middle East where water is extremely scarce, many countries are in conflict in contention for water resources. Since every country acts for the sake of its own benefit, it seems that people in the region are incapable of living together in harmony. Eternal world peace, therefore, is unlikely to be achieved in our lifetime. Environmental destruction emerged not long before but it is becoming increasingly severe and can not be ignored. With the large-scale utilization of fossil fuels and rapid development of industry, huge amounts of pollutants are being produced, contaminating the environment to a large degree. The disposal of these pollutants being a tough task, it is hardly possible that we can completely get rid of them within a short period of time. Furthermore, even if we can come up with optimal methods for dealing with these substances, there remains the problem that these methods may cost too much and obstruct the development of economy. Last but not least, the well-being of people around the world is threatened by a variety of diseases, ranging from AIDS to cancer, the cures for which have not been discovered yet. Diseases set off panics among humans, affect their normal life and leave people badly off with the high medical expenses. There are thousands of scientists devoting themselves to finding cure for diseases, but new types of diseases keep emerging and there is no eliminating all of them. In summary, the problems with the most significance today are going to be passed on to our offspring. To eliminate these problems thoroughly, there is still a long way to go.

2018年9月8日和9日托福考试写作机经预测 雷哥托福

2018年9月8日和9日托福考试写作机经预测|雷哥托福 在托福考试前夕,同学们的心情都会比较紧张。为了帮助大家缓解紧张的氛围,雷哥托福小托君为大家带来了考前机经,希望通过这些内容的整理和学习,能够帮助大家做好考前冲刺!2018年9月8日和9月9日托福考试写作机经,希望考生在得到很好的命中率之余,能够多掌握托福考试写作真题的答题方法。 1. Rather than help their children do schoolwork, parents should encourage their children do their homework independently. 2. Do you agree that it is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one’s own family 3. A city wants to help teachers of its high school students (age14-18) improve their teaching. It is considering two plans: 1) Choose a small group of excellent teachers; these teachers will attend a class led by an expert for additional training in how to teach effectively, and they will then come back to their schools and provide that training for other teachers in school. 2) Provide additional training in teaching effectively for high school teachers, using online material that each teacher will study individually. 4. Students aged 13-18 are taught different subjects by different teachers while younger students are taught by only one teacher all day long. Some people suggest it would benefit young students to be taught by different teachers. Do you agree with this view? Why or why not? 5. Which of the following summer arrangements is better for a 16-17 year old student of grade eleven?

托福机经2015年全集

一、2015年1月托福考试回忆 (4) 2015年1月10日托福考试回忆 (4) 2015年1月11日托福考试回忆 (7) 2015年1月25日托福考试回忆 (16) 2015年1月31日托福考试回忆 (22) 二、2015年2月托福考试回忆 (28) 2015年2月1日托福考试回忆 (28) 三、2015年3月托福考试回忆 (34) 2015年3月7日托福考试回忆 (34) 2015年3月14日托福考试回忆 (44) 2015年3月28日托福考试回忆 (50) 四、2015年4月托福考试回忆 (56) 2015年4月12日托福考试回忆 (56) 2015年4月18日托福考试回忆 (62) 五、2015年5月托福考试回忆 (68) 2015年5月9日托福考试回忆 (68) 2015年5月16日托福考试回忆 (74) 2015年5月24日托福考试回忆 (80) 2015年5月30日托福考试回忆 (86) 六、2015年6月托福考试回忆 (92) 2015年6月13日托福考试回忆 (92) 2015年6月14日托福考试回忆 (100)

七、2015年7月托福考试回忆 (112) 2015年7月4日托福考试回忆 (112) 2015年7月11日托福考试回忆 (118) 2015年7月12日托福考试回忆 (124) 八、2015年8月托福考试回忆 (131) 2015年8月22日托福考试回忆 (131) 2015年8月30日托福考试回忆 (137) 九、2015年9月托福考试回忆 (143) 2015年9月5日托福考试回忆 (143) 2015年9月12日托福考试回忆 (149) 2015年9月13日托福考试回忆 (155) 2015年9月19日托福考试回忆 (161) 十、2015年10月托福考试回忆 (167) 2015年10月10日托福考试回忆 (167) 2015年10月11日托福考试回忆 (173) 2015年10月24日托福考试回忆 (179) 2015年10月25日托福考试回忆 (185) 2015年10月31日托福考试回忆 (191) 十一、2015年11月托福考试回忆 (197) 2015年11月8日托福考试回忆 (197) 2015年11月14日托福考试回忆 (204)

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