考研英语写作精讲精练

考研英语写作精讲精练

1、连词的妙用解析：

Why(发问时，答案重要，但向后读的过程中不要忘了问的是什么，也就是说：问题也重要) do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful

question.(看来不是那么容易回答的，那下文就有内容可写了)The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.(引出了论证方向，后面肯定要讲它是怎么回事了。通过这个方式过渡到下面的陈述，但总主题依然是要回答开头的问题。)

Sad to say,(有份量的用语)this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.(调研并没有发现实质问题，所以，下面肯定会进一步深入)

But(要谈实质了)the sources of distrust(不信任的根源)go way deeper(注意比较级的含义：不信任的根源远不是上面那么肤浅，而是更深，到底怎么样呢？作者要谈自己的分析了). Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words,(因为前面内容重要，怕你理解不了，或者没有说透，所以才变着花样再说一遍)there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and

a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.(先谈了standard

templates的弊端)

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the ‘standard templates’ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.(围绕standard templates进一步展开)In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.(注意把握论证过程)

Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots(能推测出意思吗？)in a community.(上一段提出问卷调查，本段展示结果)

Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.(这便是问卷调查的结论)

This(不可小看这个代词，它承上启下)is an explosive situation for any

industry, particularly(重点词)a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then (什么作用？)it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But(重要处)it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did,(虚拟语气的作用)it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.(有总结论了)

2、精炼有效的句子表达

1.我一下船就让一个人给缠住了，他向我兜销一枚钻戒。(I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.)

2.我无意要买钻戒，但我无法掩饰自己还是被钻石的个头给吸引住了。(I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamond.)

3.我们走经一家路边的商店时，他拿起一块钻石，紧紧地按在窗户上，在玻璃上划出了一道很深的印痕。(As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass.)

4.下一个走向我的人是卖贵重钢笔和手表的。(The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches.)

5.我仔细查看了其中的一支钢笔，看起来的确像是真的。在金笔帽的底部整齐地刻着“美国造”字样。(I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘Made in USA’ were neatly inscribed.)

6.这人讲这支笔值50英镑，但算我面子大，只需30镑便可拿走。(The man said that the pen was worth 50 pounds, but as a special favor, he would let me have it for 30 pounds.)

7.我摇了摇头，伸出了五个手指，意思是我只愿意付5英镑。(I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay 5 pounds.)

8.一边打着手势，嘴里面一边哇哇乱叫着，这人表现得好像感到我的出价让他发疯一般。但他最终还是把价格降到了10英镑。(Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to 10 pounds.)

9.我耸了耸肩膀便迈步走开了，此时，也就是那么一会儿的功夫，他追了上来并将笔塞到了我的手里面。(Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands.)

10.虽然他绝望地不停地向空中甩着胳膊，然而还是很欣然地接过了我给他的那5

英镑。(Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the

5 pounds that I gave him.)

11.我为自己杀价的本领沾沾自喜、得意忘形，但回到船上后这种感觉便荡然无存

了。无论我怎么摆弄，就是没办法将这支漂亮的笔灌上墨水。时至今日，它还没写出过一个字呢。(I was especially pleased with my wonderful bargain—until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day, it has never written a single word! )

12.首先，沉湎于过去是无意义的。(First of all, it is futile to dwell on the

past.)

3、怎样找到写作思路

Passage 1:

French are elegant people.(此话非常概括，是“帅才”，所以会统领一只队伍) They are artists in everyday life, having a very good taste in everything. They don’t like American tourists wearing jeans to go into their luxurious and exquisite five-star restaurants, so one of the restaurants put a notice outside its front door. It read ‘No trousers, please!’(读完了，感觉是个很具体的例子，对吗？)

A gourmet coffee was sold in Tokyo as an antidote to stress. Its name supposedly meant to people that it would soothe the troubled breast, yet when it was printed in English, it turned out to be ‘Ease Your Bosoms.’(又是一个例子，我们开始揣摩：作者要说什么呢？)

Swedes started a promotion stunt to promote the sales of their vacuum cleaner named Electro. Their original ad slogan was translated as ‘Nothing sucks like Electro.’(又一个例子！意图何在？)

The selling of Chevrolet was very bad in South America. And the reason? The translation of this brand sounds like ‘no va’—which means ‘It doesn’t go’ in Spanish.(还是例子！！为什么呀？)

When Pepsi-cola invaded the huge Chinese and German markets, the efforts initially fizzled. The product’s slogan, ‘Come alive with the Pepsi generation’, was rendered into German as ‘come out of the grave with Pepsi’. Coca-Cola also discovered something had gone wrong in Taiwan. The Chinese characters chosen for the world-famous product sound like its name means ‘Bite the Wax Tadpole.’(依然是例子！！！肯定要说明某个道理，那这个道理是什么呢？)

A pliers company’s slogan ‘Turn it loose’ became, in Spanish, equivalent to ‘suffer from diarrhea.’ A company translated its sticky tape slogan into Japanese

and came up with a sticky problem. The slogan ‘Sticks like crazy’ became literally ‘it sticks foolishly’ in Japanese.(更多的例子！如果没有目的，那是不可能的！)

A tonic product in China is made of royal jelly and is supposed to be very effective for some chronic diseases. Yet it was translated as ‘oral liquid’, which means ‘saliva’ in English. In the brochure,it was described in this way: ‘it tastes like medicine’, when the language in the original meant to use it as a food therapy.(例子！！)

Even the wrong nonverbal cue can bring havoc to a product.(此话也是“帅才”) A baby food company initially packaged their African products just the same as in the US —with a cute baby picture on the jar. They didn’t realize that because so many Africans cannot read, nearly all packaged products sold in Africa carry pictures of what is inside. Pureed baby! How horrible!(例子越举越厉害了，看来是要举到头了！)

In an Asian city, where traffic is really very bad, to secure people’s safety, the municipal government has built underground passageways. Pedestrians are asked to use them whenever they need to cross the main street. A sign was posted once on the roadside, pointing to the entrance to an underground passageway, intending to notify English-speaking passengers, ‘Go Underground’.(眼睛的余光已经看到全篇的结束了，所以，这肯定是最后一个例子啦！同时，马上也就要看到作者想说明什么问题啦！)

We chuckled at such clumsy translations.(比较概括，“帅才”，那为什么忍不住要笑呢？下面的解释就必然是作者的写作意图了)Is there anything wrong in the language? We must be aware that few words and idioms can be literally translated. It’s best to hire the best for translation. Don’t take it for granted that as long as one speaks a little English, he is autonomously able to do the translation. It takes a while to learn to be a good translator.(就是它！千呼万唤使出来！)

请各位再回顾一下本文的写作思路是怎么设计的？

4、英文写作务必提高“结构设计能力”

4.1句型结构

在句、段、篇三者中，句型结构是学生平时接触最多的，几乎中学教学的每一堂课，每一项练习都或多或少接触到句型的运用和理解，但是在英语写作过程中，学生往往只考虑意思，对语言本身却顾不过来，小错误比比皆是。因此在写作教学中，首先应当加强英语句型运用的练习。可以采用连词成句和简单句合并复合句的训练，来强化学生运用各类句型的能力。

4.2段落结构

短文写作中，段落可以分成两种类型，一种是描述性的，另一种则是议论性的。描述性段落是根据题目所给出的内容，包括图画、图表等，发挥自己的想象力，对某一现象或事件进行一定的描写。写好这种段落的前提是要对所提供的材料进行仔细观察，抓住其中的重点和必要的细节，将这些内容用适当的语法和句型表达出来。在表达过程中，应当注意事件发

生的时间先后或者某一现象的发展趋势。议论性的段落几乎在每篇作文中都要碰到，即使在图画形式的短文写作中，在描述事件后也需要发表一定的议论。要写好议论性的英文段落，首先要确立段落中心思想，然后通过各种手段，如描述、例证、比较等，摆出具体的理由，展开这一主题。最常见的段落结构是一个中心句和数个支撑句，这种结构在英语阅读理解的练习中也往往可以见到。中心句通常出现在段首，有时也可放在段落末尾或中间，但对于英语写作能力尚不完善的高中学生来说，将中心句放在段落开始的方法比较容易把握。有了中心句，再加上几个支撑句就构成了一个段落，写支撑句时，要注意在句与句之间运用恰当的转折词，使文章显得更加连贯流畅。

4.3语篇结构

语篇的结构就是一篇文章的框架，合理构思和合理安排每一段落，既要使每一段落都服务于文章的中心，维护文章的整体性，又要使每一段落分别阐述一个问题，保持相对的独立性。在每次短文写作之前，第一步就应当确定整个篇章的结构。高考(Q吧)的作文一般需要考生先将某一事件或现象表达清楚，然后对此发表自己的观点和看法，近来又出现了纯粹要求考生表达观点的文章，如2001年全国高考中要求考生谈论轿车进入家庭的影响。对于前一类文章，可将其分为两个部分，其一是描述性部分，主要对所提供的内容加以叙述，其二是议论部分，对前一部分的内容发表自己的观点；对于后一类文章可以把整篇文章分成三个部分，即开端，主体和结尾。一开头立刻提出自己的观点，并简单扼要地列出支持观点的两到三个理由。这样，在主体部分里，每一段落就是每个理由的进一步阐述。最后在结尾部分中，再总结一下整篇文章的观点，同文章开头呼应。但应当注意的是，结尾部分不应当是机械的重复，不仅在用词和句型上有所变化，而且在观点上也应略有扩充，还可以提一下相反观点的事情。这样不仅结构完整，而且内容也更为充实。

5、写作修改佳句欣赏

1.频繁争执不利于婚姻幸福。(Constant arguing doesn’t make for a happy marriage.)

2.文化交流有助于相互了解。(Cultural exchanges make for/are beneficial to/are conducive to mutual understanding.)

3.我认为我们可以和他们做生意，但在做出任何举动之前我们需要派个人去进一步摸摸情况。

(I think we can do business with them, but we need to send someone to spy out the land before any further step is taken.)

4.银行结算单使你清楚你的钱是怎么花的。(Bank statements help you keep track of where your money is going.)

5.我可以听到他们在压低了声音说话，但听不清他们在说些什么。(I could hear them talking in very low voice, but I can’t make out what they are talking.)

6.他颇带讽刺地冲我笑了一下，这使我真的很不舒服。(He cast me a sarcastic smile which made me really uncomfortable.)

7.‘你认为我们的电脑在夜里这么晚了还喜欢工作吗？就我所知，它想睡觉了。’我讽刺地对还在打电脑游戏的儿子说道。(‘Do you think our computer enjoys working at such a late hour of the night? I think, to the best of my knowledge, it wants to go to bed’

I said sarcastically to my son who was still playing computer games.)

8.从那时起，这座伟大的纪念碑对通过纽约港来到美国安家落户的千百万人来说就成了一个自由的象征。(Ever since then, the great monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people who have passed through New York Harbor to make their homes in America.)

9.他跟别人说话总喜欢带一种教训人的语气。(He likes to speak to others in an instructive tone.)

10.全世界都屏息而待，看哪个城市会赢得2010年世博会的承办权。(All the world held its breath to see which city would win the right to host the 2010 World Exposition.)

11.赛跑运动员们脚尖抵着起跑线准备起跑。(The runners toed the line, ready to start.)

12.建议漂亮女性与自己的男性上司保持一定距离。(It is suggested that beautiful females should keep their male bosses at arm’s length.)

13.我想提醒我们中那些说的多做的少的人，你们的职位不可能永远为你们保留着。(I want to remind those among us who say a lot but do very little that your positions cannot be kept for you forever.)

14.映入眼帘的景象使我不禁倒吸一口凉气。(I gasped with shock at the scene coming into my eyes.)

15.哨声响起时我们的足球队正在做最后的挣扎//拼搏。(Our football team are at their last gasp when the whistle went.)

16.她听到那消息后大惊失色。(She paled with shock at the news.)

17.那个问题比较起我们正在讨论的这一个来就显得无足轻重了。(That issue pales into insignificance beside the one we are discussing now.)

18.我现在心绪烦乱如麻。(I’m in a confused state of mind.)

19.多好的机会呀，可让我给搞砸了。(It was such a good opportunity, but I messed it up!)

20.一丝淡淡的笑容从她脸上掠过。(A faint smile drifted across her face.)

6、表达要有分量

Passage 1:

It is common knowledge that forecasting is an attempt by meteorologists to determine what weather will be like in the future. Hindcasting is the opposite of forecasting, an attempt to determine what weather was like in the past. Meteorologists wish that records of weather had been kept in full for at least a few millennia, but it has been only in the last century that detailed records of the weather have been kept. Thus, meteorologists need to hindcast the weather, and they do so by using all sorts of information from other fields as diverse as archeology, botany, geology, literature, and art. These pieces of information from other fields that are used as a basis for drawing conclusions about what the weather must have been like at some point in the past are called proxies.

Passage 2:

The Sahara is a massive desert, the world’s largest, in fact. It is approximately equal in size to the United States and covers more than 9 million square kilometers. It is more than 5,500 kilometers from east to west and 2,000 kilometers from north to south.

The Sahara has a very dry climate. The average annual rainfall is not even 10 centimeters, and may areas receive less that 2 centimeters per year. In the very

driest places, it rains only about once a century.

There is little surface water in the Sahara. The Nile River does run through the Sahara, and there are some oases there, but otherwise the surface is dry. Of the oases in the Sahara, about 90 are large enough to support tiny villages.

Passage 3:

It is very common in English for one word to have many different meanings. This condition, where one word has different meanings, is known as polysemy. (This term comes from poly- meaning “many” and sem- meaning “meaning”.)

Sound is one such polysemic word. As a noun, it refers to a noise (as in a loud sound) or a body of water (as in Puget Sound). As an adjective, it can refer to a state of health (as in sound mind and body). It can also be an intransitive verb (as in sound angry), a transitive verb (as in sound the alarm), or part of a verb phrase as an outburst (as in sound off) and an inquiry (as in sound out).

You may think that the word sound is a truly wondrous polysemic word. After all, its definitions cover seven pages in one major dictionary and include 19 meanings as a noun, 12 meanings as an adjective, 12 meanings as a verb (some transitive and some intransitive ), 4 meanings in verb phrases, and 2 meanings as an adverb.

But what about the extraordinary word set? It looks like such a short, simple word, only three little letters in all. However, if you look it up in an unabridged dictionary, you will find at least 57 meanings for set when it is used as a noun and over 120 meanings when it is used as a verb.

Passage 4：

1.Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33% waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

2.Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in

the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to be support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

3.There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

4.Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in color because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey color does not matter, such as cardboard boxes, but if the grey color is not acceptable, the fibres must be d-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents,

water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper, they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

5.Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labor and capital that goes into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice

but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

Some questions:

1: What can be the best title of this article?

--Paper recycling

2: What’s the main idea of the 1st paragraph?

--the background and significance of paper recycling.

3: What’s the main idea of the 2nd paragraph?

--Advances in technology and the role the community can play in promoting paper recycling.

4: What’s the main idea of the 3rd paragraph?

--limitations in paper recycling and the four major sources of waste paper

5: What’s the main idea of the 4th paragraph?

--troubles with paper recycling process

6: What’s the main idea of the 5th paragraph?

--the troubles and significance of paper recycling

7、写作中的修辞讲解

修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。

对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。

7.1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。

1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）

2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：

The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。）

3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：

They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements 与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）

4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：

It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative

与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）

5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to 与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果）

7.2.排比英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：

Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.

7.3.重复英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等

1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：

Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）

2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：

We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.）

3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：

I am convinced that we can succeed，and Iam convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）

4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）

7.4.倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：

Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances. 5.转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。

1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：

What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词）

2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：

Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）

3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：

I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）

4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：

A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）

5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：

A great misfortune crept over the whole city.（注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化）

6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：

This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）

7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：

I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）

8、英语作文中常见典型的语法错误

语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程中，语法错误，尤其是较为严重的错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”，有时甚至是惟一的点；当然那样处理是有道理的，大家可以设想一下，一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢？如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分，那将得不偿失。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地避免少犯，对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类，抽出其中的典型错误，以警示大家，供参考。

1.句子成分残缺不全

We always working till late at night before taking exams。(误)

We are always working /We always work till late at night before taking exams(正) We should read books may be useful to us. (误)

We should read books which may be useful to us. (正)

2.句子成分多余

This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (误)

One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)

The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误)

The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正)

3.主谓不一致

Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)

Some think that reading should be selective. (正)

My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误)

My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正)

4.动词时态、语态的误用

I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误) I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正) We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误)

We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正)

I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (误)

I have been studying in the college for two years(正)

5.词类混淆

It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)

In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)

Honest is so important for every person. (误)

Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)

The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (误)

The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. (正)