专转本英语阅读理解题特点及技巧

专转本英语阅读理解题特点及技巧
专转本英语阅读理解题特点及技巧

英语阅读理解题特点及技巧

一、阅读理解题的选材与命题特点

近几年的英语试卷保持了“稳中有变,变中求新,立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。现以卷I为例,谈谈阅读理解题的选材及命题特点。1. 对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点

英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中,涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势,但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。

2. 选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化,突显语言与文化相结合的特点

就体裁而言,阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体;选材风格保静予连续性,既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化,又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面,贴近生活,贴近时代,体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。

3. 阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”,设问方式更加深入

阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格,文章的展开不再是平铺直叙,而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式;一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。阅读材料的文化含量加大,文章的行文风格更具英语语言的特点,文章的遣词造句也更加地道,许多考生通常要反复阅读几遍才能读懂。

二、阅读理解题答案与干扰项关系的分析

正确的选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言,答案项的设置有以下几种方法:

(1) 选用原文中的词句;

(2) 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构;

(3) 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构;

(4) 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释;

(5) 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎;

(6) 使用原文的上下义结构,如用“科学”涵盖“计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。

干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式:

1. 张冠李戴

命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来,题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是他人的观点;或者题干问的是他人的观点,却把作者的观点放到选项中去。

以题“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”为例。此题乍看C项“to pay at the cash register”和D项“to have more gas for his car”都对,因为原文中有这么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明显作者是停下来付款加油时,偶遇一对老夫妇并问好,似乎选项C和D本身都没错,但题干问的是“作者计划在俄克拉荷马市逗留的原因”,如果考生没有理解题干,就会误选C项或D项。正确选项应为A项“to visit

a friend”。

2. 偷梁换柱

干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇,却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇,造成句意的改变。

“It can be inferred that greyhounds_______. ”为例。此题乍看应选B项“like staying in bed all day”,因为原文中有这么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside”. 殊不知选项中加了“all day”,使意思绝对化了。正确选项应为D项“need some exercise outdoors”。考生若注意不到此细节的变化,势必造成失分。

3. 无中生有

干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点,但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点,这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。

“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that______. ”为例。干扰项C项“English courses are necessary for foreign students”就是这种情况,而正确答案应为A项“different teaching methods should be used”。解答这类考题时考生还应注意问题中有无“In the author’s opinion”或“According to the passage”之类的限定语。

4. 以偏概全

考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时,往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周,以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。

不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆,往往是文章直接表述的结论;深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。

例如,“What did Loftus find out from her research?”的正确答案为B项“People Can be led to believe in something false.”。而误选C项“People tend to forget their childhood experiences. ”的考生显然是根据文中“it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences…The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured memory through leading questions”的信息得出的,但它只不过是表层信息,其对原文信息的转述并不全面。

不准确概括是指不能准确地按题目要求概括或提取文中的表层或深层信息。

例如,“What is the text mainly about______.”的正确答案为D项“Life after retirement”。干扰项A项“Learning to paint in later life”与C项“An artist turned teacher”极具迷惑性,但它们只是文章中的某个细节信息。考生如果不清楚细节信息与短文主题之间的关系,就容易犯概括不准确的错误。

三、阅读理解题的解题思路与技巧

解答阅读理解题的总体思路是:单句人手。语篇突破,着眼整体,归纳推断。一般有以下两种阅读顺序(P=Passage,Q=Question):

(1) P—Q—P:即先看文章,后看问题,再通过阅读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式。其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢,因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。

(2) Q—P—Q:即先将问题看一遍,然后带着问题去阅读文章,最后答题。其特点是针对性强,节省答题时间,比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题,但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。

P—Q—P方式或Q—P—Q方式的采用因人而异,无优劣之分。当然,题型不同,解题的方法也应有所不同。

常用的解题技巧有以下几种:

1. 正选法与排除法

正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难,考生则可以考虑选用排除法,即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项,那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。排除法是解答阅读理解题的常用方法,对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项,以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等,都可以采用排除法。

考生可以遵循如下“三级思考”的方法排除干扰项:

(1) 如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾,即为“误”,可以直接排除。

(2) 如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾,但在原文中没有依据,这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除。

(3)有些干扰项似乎很有道理,文中也能找到相关的依据,但它并不能完全满足题目的要求,未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点,未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性,这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也可以排除。

只要考生经过“是否矛盾? (误否) ——是否有依据? (虚否?) ——是否以偏概全(偏否?)”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项,那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项,或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。请看题:

Which of the following is true about the working class?

A. They are often employed as skilled and semi-skilled workers.

B. They are often offered jobs with high incomes.

C. They are often considered lazy and dishonest.

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