托福综合写作模板总结、词汇总结

综合写作题型分类：单话题类/双话题类

话题分类：生物生态类/商业经济/文学艺术/化石考古/燃料能源

多样化表达：

阅读：

The reading, the passage, the author, the article

听力：

The listening, the lecture, the lecturer, the professor, the speaker

认为：

believe, hold, suggest, support, point out, advocate(提倡，主张，通常不用于反对意见), claim

反驳：

Criticize vt. 批评criticism n.（crisis n. 危机）

Argue, challenge, doubt, disagree, refute,

…. Is questionable.

但是：

However, although, on the other hand, in contrast, while,

增加：

Increase(n&vt),boost ( boost the economy )(n&vt使增长；推动；改进；使兴旺),maximize/maximization, add to sth (global warming)

Improve/improvement, enhance/enhancement, heighten

fortify/fortification(vt使强化，使振作),advance(vi&vt&n)

expansion(used in size, number, amount), amplify(扩大声音、增强，加剧), enlarge（及物&不及物，扩大；～on sth 进一步说明，详述）thrive

降低：

Decline(vi&n),decrease, minimize/minimization, reduce/reduction, cut down, shrink(vi&vt)/shrinkage

Damage,i mpair(vt, 损害，削弱), cause damage to, harm, hurt Destroy, destruction, do great damage to, do harm to, ruin, catastrophic damage，the disastrous consequence，endanger（vt危及，危害）

影响：

aftermath 后果，余波the ~ of (an important event)

affect

副词：definitely，totally（disagree with），strongly（influenced by）其他：

Utility 用途

Alternative/ substitute：

an alternative to sth 某事物的替代品；alternative sth 备用，可替代sth

sb substitute one thing for another/ one thing substitute for another 取代，替换

a substitute for sth 替代品

生物生态类：

物种数量骤降/骤增

分析原因：假说分析

Hypothesis, explanation, cause, theory

Predator, predation, pollution, climate change, habitat, insect, human action

at long-term environmental expense（It exposes the fallacy of short-term industrial gain at long-term environmental expense这暴露了以长久的

环境破坏为代价换取短期工业利益的错误。）

分析影响：生态问题

Ecosystem, local species, food chain,the number of A = A population native：意含对当地生态系统重要的、必不可少的

inevitable/unavoidable/inescapable

indispensable

endangered/scarce species

genetically diverse(多样化的)/geneticdiversity

解决方案：生态保护

Pesticide, assisted migration, genetic modification

措施：ways to address the decline of

three solutions mentioned in the reading passage

in an attempt to do sth, sb do sth

present three solutions/measures

模板

开头段

The reading and the listening present opposite views on the hypothesis of sea otter decline（主题）. The reading advocates the pollution theory （观点A）while the listening stresses on the predation hypothesis（观点B）.

*观点将原文的内容写全

The passage and the listening material hold contrary opinions on

salvage logging. The passage holds that it benefits both a damaged forest and the economy while the listening argues it can cause

long-term environmental damage and its economic benefits are also questionable.

The speaker and the author hold divergent attitudes toward the

future of charitable giving. Through relevant reasons and examples, the lecturer refutes the pessimistic viewpoints stated in the reading material.

主体段

First, the passage supports the pollution theory because (理由A1), which might lead to （进一步原因A1）。However，the speaker challenges that (理由B1)，so (进一步原因A1) seem implausible. On the other hand, this strengthens the (观点B) because if (观点下的事实、推论，即对观

点的另一种表述)，（观点下的进一步原因B1）

Second, the lecture disagrees with the claim in the reading passage that (理由A2) and (进一步原因A2-反面*). She argues that (用观点B解释理由A2**). （进一步原因B2），therefore（理由B2）.

*当阅读中出现反面的进一步原因/表达反驳的细节时，应该写入而非省略，否则直接写听力的对应细节显得唐突。

**观点重申，使逻辑更完整。主体段落应该包括各自的观点和听力的

反驳理由。

Finally, although the author believes (理由A3) could be caused by (进一

步原因A3),the professor challenges that (理由A3) can be better explained by (观点B) because (理由B3)+（进一步原因B3）.

First,the professor points out that urban growth, while harmful to some

types of birds, could provide habitats for many other types. As a matter

of fact, ……　T his, however, contradicts the statement in the reading

that ……

*带有让步的反驳

Second, the professor explains that…won’t…　

as the reading

illustrates. ……contribute to …., making it unnecessary to ……

*陈述两者关系

Third, while convinced of the harmfulness of ….used to birds concluded

in the passage, t he professor doesn’t think it will be a problem in the

future, in that …….., and are therefore …．

*带有让步的反驳

First, although the writer points out that …….., the lecture challenges

that ……．

The second reason the author gives is that …… (by ….. , because However, the professor argues that ……

Finally, the speaker refuses the viewpoint in the passage that ……believes that …..;

According to the writer, ……..is associated with……..because

To rebut this idea, the professor claimsthat……．T his tendency,

of ………．

contrary to the view in the passage, w ill …….

Second, the passage s aysthat……, while the lecturer arguesthat this

., which contradicts the point

may give rise to(引起，导致，发生)……．

made in the passage.

incur greater declines, Finally, opposing the author's belief that ……．

.

the professor contendsthat even though p……, they will ……. Thus, ….. Mine:

The speaker and the author hold divergent attitudes toward (Topic).

The author holds that …… while the speaker argues……

主体段阅读详写时，首句单独写阅读观点而不写成从句。

According t o the writer, …….. is associated with…….. because of To rebut this idea, the professor claims that ……. This tendency,

contrary to the view in the passage, will ……．

The second reason the author gives is that …… (by ….. , because However, the professor argues that ……

First, the passage supports the pollution theory because (理由A1),

which might lead to （进一步原因A1）。However，the speaker

challenges that (理由B1)，so (进一步原因A1) seem implausible. On

the other hand, this strengthens the (观点B) because if (观点下的事

实、推论，即对观点的另一种表述)，（观点下的进一步原因B1）

主体段阅读不详写时，首句可将阅读的观点写成从句阐述听力观点的

从句。

Second, the lecture disagrees with the claim in the reading passage

that. She argues that

Finally, the speaker refuses the viewpoint in the passage that …

She believes that …..;

Finally, although the author believes (理由A3) could be caused by

(进一步原因A3),the professor challenges that (理由A3) can be

better explained by (观点B) because (理由B3)+（进一步原因B3）.

First, although the writer points out that …….. , the lecture challenges

that ……．

Second, the passage says that ……, while the lecturer argues that

this may give rise to(引起，导致，发生) ……, which contradicts the

point made in the passage.

Finally, opposing the author's belief that ……. incur greater decline the professor contends that even though ……, they will ……. Thus, …...

as the reading

Second, the professor explains that…won’t…　

illustrates. ……contribute to …., making it unnecessary to ……

针对某问题的措施类的讨论（提出——反驳其无效）：

The number of Totteya in Florida is now decreasing and the passage

presents three solutions/measures/options to save them from

extinction. However, the lecturer argues that these solutions won’t

lead to satisfactory consequences at all.

Firstly/secondly/Last but not least , the professor argues/claims that

措施1 as the reading mentions is unlikely to success/unrealistic

/won’t be a good method （either）.

She takes Black Locus as an example.

The first option the author comes up with is to reestablish Totteya in

its originated place, where the wet and cool microclimate is suitable

for Totteya to grow. However, the professor challenges that Totteya

will unlikely to survive because。。。。。。Considering the global

warming and the drought of Florida, it is impossible for。。。to。。。/However, the professor challenges that Totteya will unlikely to

, thus it is impossible for。。。to。。。survive. She claims that ……

Second, the lecture questions the option to move Totteya to north cool place as the reading presents.She points out that this action may cause unpredictable outcome to the local ecosystems where the Totteya is planted. As a matter of fact, people oncetried this for the protection of another endangered trees. However, the tree expanded so quickly and kill many native plants that are also scarce.

Finally, to refute the idea of preserving Totteya in research centers, the lecturer argues that Totteya in research centers will not survive diseases. She says that Totteya in nature condition can survive a disease because their population is large so that they can keep genetically diverse(多样化的)/geneticdiversity. However, Totteya can't be preserved with large amount in research centers, which means t hey will lack the capability to resist desease in the long term.