螺旋千斤顶仿真设计外文参考文献翻译

武汉轻工大学

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本

2013届

译文出处Modeling of Optimal Screw Jack Design 毕业设计(论文)题目螺旋千斤顶仿真设计

院（系）机械工程学院

专业名称机械设计制造及其自动化

学生姓名

学生学号

指导教师

译文要求：

1、译文内容须与课题（或专业）有联系；

2、外文翻译不少于4000汉字。

螺旋千斤顶的最优设计建模

摘要：本文旨在使用在AutoCAD软件包中的VBA编程功能实现螺旋千斤顶的最优造型设计。当下市场需求的增长需要良好的设计和优质的产品，同时希望花费尽可能短的时间，以达到更好的产品体验。数字世界软件的发展在满足大量的要求上起到了重要的作用，因此笔者考虑用CAD软件来开发设计螺旋千斤顶。该应用程序软件的指令是面向开发者而不是面向用户的。当用户操作这款软件时，他们需要花相当长的时间来完成复杂的3D建模的设计。在AutoCAD中，程序语言被嵌入到宏之中来满足我们的设计需求，并以此作为编程语言。它包括Lisp 编程，自动编程，对话控制语言程序设计，Visual Basic编程。本文设计的螺旋千斤顶使用Visual Basic辅助编程与AutoCAD的嵌入式编程语言开发。Visual Basic 语言编程软件具有对于使用者的亲和力，这是一种Windows应用程序。设计中所使用的对话框和代码的扩充，使之比其他在AutoCAD中的语言更容易调试。基本上，三维建模设计需要占用一个巨大的空间来保存其操作进程，也不方便从一个系统转移到另一个系统配置。该编程语言，占用空间小，也容易通过一个小的存储盘转移到其他系统的配置。建模，2D设计以及其他的参数设计也很容易同时通过本文推荐的这款软件的对话框找到。当点击对话框中的需要的命令按钮后，这个软件拥有螺旋千斤顶的造型优化设计代码。这个软件就会一步步的执行语句来处理参数。如果任何参数不是最优解，将忽略用户自定义的参数要求产生经精确设计的优化参数，并提供良好的设计。未来这种软件的发展有助于研究人员和学者得到快速和精密设计或者任何数据。

关键词:VBA窗体设计;模块设计;优化和建模。

一引言

螺旋千斤顶

千斤顶是汽车行业中一个非常重要的维修工具。本质上来说，千斤顶用于在需要时将车辆抬升到足够的高度以便于卸下轮胎。车主如果没有千斤顶，一旦疏忽遇到麻烦，便会损失时间，金钱和精力。虽然汽车千斤顶不直接促进汽车发动机运转平稳，对汽车性能没有直接作用，但其在轮胎漏气时的用途是至关重要的。

汽车千斤顶在实践中逐渐发展出了两大类型，即机械式千斤顶和液压式千斤顶。机械千斤顶又可以被分为刀顶或简单的螺旋千斤顶。当千斤顶置于车辆下方，使用者通过转动手柄使支架抬升，从而使车辆被举起来。在不使用时（即空载状态下），反向旋转手柄，可以使支架收回，使得千斤顶的结构恢复紧凑便于收纳。对于一个简单结构的螺旋千斤顶，在操作中，两个大齿轮相啮合，它们的轴呈90度角，也就是一对锥齿轮。其中一个齿轮位于手柄上，另一个中心有内螺纹，其与受载的螺杆相配合。通过手柄的转动，驱动齿轮转动并且经齿轮副传递到从动轮，同时引起负载臂螺杆的抬升，从而抬起汽车。第二种类型的汽车千斤顶即液压千斤顶，它的抬升作用是通过手柄往复运动造成的内部液压对负载的反作用来形成的。这种千斤顶有着比机械千斤顶更高的机械效率。

螺旋千斤顶相较于其他形式的千斤顶来说有一个优点，即拥有自锁性，这意味着当加在螺杆上的旋转力被移除时，它将任然能够保持静止在工作位置，不管承受多大的载荷都不会反向转动。这使得它比液压千斤顶更安全。例如，工作中的液压千斤顶在受载的情况下，若液压驱动力意外释放，则液压千斤顶的液压杆会收回，造成安全隐患。

螺旋千斤顶的螺纹必须能够承受重载。在大多数重载的场合，螺旋千斤顶通常使用方形螺纹和锯齿形螺纹，这是因为它们具有较低的摩擦。在其他场合，如有致动器的情况下，通常采用梯形螺纹，虽然它具有较高的摩擦。螺纹的滑动接触面积大意味着高摩擦和低传动效率，传动效率大约只能达到30%–50%。所以他们不经常运用在高功率连续传动的场合中，而更经常运用在间歇性的、相对位置固定的场合。滚珠丝杠副是一种更高级的丝杠，其采用循环滚珠螺母可以减少摩擦，延长了螺纹的使用寿命。这些螺杆的螺纹轮廓近似圆形（俗称“哥特式拱”形）以此来与滚珠更好的配合。这种类型的缺点是不具备自锁性。螺旋千斤顶是一种非常重要的设备。例如，2000年麦克唐奈道格拉斯MD80飞机上的螺旋千斤顶由于润滑不良出现故障导致阿拉斯加航空公司261航班坠毁于加利福尼亚海岸。

3D建模

在计算机三维图形学中，建模是通过专门的软件开发任何三维物体表面的数学描述（无论是无生或有生的）。由此产生的产品被称为3D模型。它可以通过

一个称为3D渲染的过程显示为一个计算机模拟二维图像。该模型还可以使用3D 打印设备上手动创建。

三维模型以三维空间中的点的集合来表示三维实体，这些点集连接成各种几何实体，如三角形，连接线，曲面，其作为一个数据集合（包含点等信息），三维模型可以手工创建，基于特定算法建模（程序建模），或直接扫描建模。三维模型广泛应用在工程制图中。实际上，早在个人电脑上广泛使用使用3D图形之前AD建模就被使用了。许多计算机游戏使用3D渲染后的游戏界面。今天，三维模型用于各种各样的领域。医疗行业使用器官的详细模型。电影工业用它们制作电影人物和物体的动画。视频游戏行业使用他们制作电脑视频游戏资产。科学界利用他们制作化学化合物非常详细的模型。建筑业用它们来展示模拟的建筑和景观。工程界使用它们作为新设备、车辆和建筑的设计以及一系列其他用途。近几十年来，地球科学界已经开始利用它构建一个标准的三维地质模型。

将计算机技术整合到产品设计和产品开发流程中使得工程行业受益良多。计算机能够准确一致地存储和处理工程设计过程中各阶段的数据，比如概念性的设计、开发和制造系统的设计、数据分析、组件设计、文件编制、工艺规划和制造等。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造总是以较低的成本保证更好的和一贯好品质的产品，随之而来的好处便是快速发展的产品或不同形式的模型。CAD帮助设计人员快速可视化产品及其组件的组件和部件。这降低设计中综合，分析和记录所需的时间。其结果是不仅降低了设计成本，而且还缩短产品开发时间。减少设计中的错误，是通过运算器自身的精度以及和计算机自查时的精度实现的。这些因素导致设计质量和设计准确度的提高。

二执行CAD

AutoCAD由DOS演变而来——基于指令——完全的线驱动——是成熟的windows程序。一个计算机辅助设计软件包用于绘制机械工程，土木工程，电气草图。AutoCAD是一种发展完善的应用程序。学习AutoCAD意味着保证了工作速度，使你的图纸能够在这一特定的计算机软件中轻松地得到准备和修改。最重要的是计算机能够存储许多方案或图纸，还能够编辑现有的图纸，将图纸备份到其他设备像软盘、光盘等，并能处理大数据量的工程。AutoCAD中提供了一个

全面的二维和三维图纸的选择。

多样的设计——现代计算机辅助设计系统所执行的多元化工作可以大致被分成四个功能区块：

•几何造型

•工程分析

•设计审查和评价

•自动制图

这四个区域相当于Shigley的总体设计的最后阶段。工程分析对应第四阶段，分析和优化处理。设计审查和评价相当于总体设计中的第五步。自动化制图包含一个将计算机内存中的设计图像数据转化为截图文件的过程。它代表和介绍了（第六期）设计的重要方法。以下四个部分探讨这四个CAD功能。

三Visual Basic应用程序

微软VBA是一种面向对象的编程方式，旨在提供类似Visual Basic（VB）的功能丰富的开发环境。VBA和VB之间的主要差异是，VBA与AutoCAD运行于同一个进程空间，这使得计算机能够提供一个更智能和快速的的编程环境。在VBA 环境下采用AutoCAD有四大优势：

1.对于用户而言Visual Basic编程环境很容易学习和使用。

2.VBA与AutoCAD运行于同一进程中。这意味着程序的执行会非常迅速。

3.人机交互的建立是迅速而有效的。这使得开发人员能够规范应用该程序，并很快收到设计的反馈。

4.项目可单独使用或是嵌入在图纸中。这使得开发人员在分配他们的应用程序时有很大的灵活性。

A.宏对话框

宏对话框可以运行，删除和创建新的宏，并提供了VBA工程选项。

B. VBA管理

VBA管理人员可以管理这些项目。它可以创建，删除，嵌入或提取项目。如果有的项目被嵌入在开放的图形中，还可以查看这些项目。

C. VBAIDE

VBA是一种交互式开发环境。这应用程序允许您编辑代码和表格项目，或直接从其他项目复制代码形式。它还允许设置引用其他应用程序的对象模型。

四螺旋千斤顶设计手册

文档和设计过程如下，

输入

当螺旋千斤顶受压，这个公式表示主轴的参数，校核主应力以及螺杆的平均直径且

假设螺杆和螺母间的摩擦系数，

扭矩需使螺杆在螺母中旋转，

轴向载荷造成的压缩应力，

扭矩造成的剪应力，

最大主应力（拉伸或压缩），

设计螺母，轴承压力

螺杆的剪切应力，

螺母的抗撕强度，

手柄和外壳的设计

压力条件，

临界载荷，

主体设计，顶部直径=1.5D2，主体厚度=0.25d0，底端内径=2.25D2，底端外径=1.75，底座厚度=2t1，主体高度=最大提升+螺母高度+100毫米额外功能性高度。

，

五螺旋千斤顶最优化设计

当下，几乎所有领域执行他们的需求时计算机都起到了至关重要的作用。在工程领域，计算机被用来执行并获取实验数据。设计需要许多软件来产生模型或草图，但最初的模型对于用户来说并不可靠。用户只是根据命令和程序来创建他们的模型，而且这些工作需要一些时间来执行。该软件的出现是为了避免因为用户螺旋千斤顶设计知识的不足带来的不便和时间跨度长导致作者设计开发执行的时间超出预期。该软件是使用AUTO CAD嵌入式视觉化基本编程语言辅助设计的。该软件开发过程如下：

I链接到VBA运行模式，

ii窗体设计器

iii加载模块列表

A设计

这是一种迭代的树形结构，资源通过转换、优选、优化形成和产生活动计划进入系统或设备，以满足人们的需求。

B优化

图.1所示的螺丝插孔对话框设计，它被用来确定那些难处理的参数。选择这一对话框中每个部分的适当的数据后，单击执行命令按钮。可定义的参数包括2D建模/设计/参数/视图/定义等。

图1：设计的螺旋千斤顶对话框。

当主屏幕上的建模/或二维设计参数被选中时，点击“执行”命令就会得到螺旋千斤顶设计的结果。如果表单中有任何的设计标准不能满足既定条件，则说明该模型并不适合设计。设计意味着不断重复更换或优化参数选择。“执行”功能就是上述这样的一个流程。优化就是重复尝试不同的参数以得到匹配的最精确的结果，即便是在用户缺少相关知识的情况下也能完成。对话框（图.2和.3）显示的就是选择链接主屏幕或优化设计对话框。

螺旋千斤顶建模优化设计的结果可以是参数的形式（图0.6）或三维模型（图0.8）或二维模型（图0.9）。如图5.7所示

图2：设计条件

图3：基于负载或最小直径进行优化设计的对话框

图4：带负荷优化

图5：使用最小直径优化。

图6：对话框

图7：螺旋千斤顶设计的三维建模

图8：螺旋千斤顶的二维设计

六结束语

该软件是为实现通过对话框将一组给定的螺旋千斤顶的数据输入而开发的。该软件可实现建模，绘制草图，参数分析，查看和定义参数。螺旋千斤顶的设计一直采用机械设计数据通过三维视图（3D）表示。对话框的设计包含大量命令按钮，实现螺旋千斤顶影响因素的交互。一旦设定特定的值到对话框中，无论是在文本模式或AutoCAD建模中都会产生输出。今后，研究人员或学者想由不同的输入显示出输出，也可通过实施这种技术来快速和精确的实现。

Modeling of Optimal Screw Jack Design

1R.Senthilkumar,2P.Ramesh, 3P.Velmurugan,

Mechanical Engineering,Mechanical Engineering, Krishnaswamy college of Engineering,Annamalai University,

Annamalainagar,Tamilnadu Cuddalore, Tamilnadu,

1************************2*********************.in

Abstract- The aim of this paper is modeling of optimal screw jack design using VBA Programming in AutoCAD package software. Today’s demand grows need of good design and quality product with short span of time to achieve a better product. The software development in the digital world is a vital role to satisfy a number of demands, in this regard author considers CAD software to develop design of screw jack. The application software having the instruction as per the developer but it not meets the user. When the user handles that software, they need a long time span to complete a 3D modeling with complicated design. In AutoCAD, the programming languages are embedded through macros to design our needs as programming language. They are lisp programming, Auto lisp programming, dialogue control language programming and visual basic programming. In this paper design of screw jack using visual Basic aide programming language embedded with AutoCAD is developed. The Visual Basic language software is user friendly and it is windows application. The development of dialogue boxes and coding for the designs are very easy to debugging than the other language in AutoCAD. Basically, the design of 3D modeling carries a huge space to save the process and also inconvenient to transfer from one system to another system configuration. The programming language occupy little space and also easy to transfer via a small memory disc to other system configuration. The development of modeling 2d design and other parameter are easy to explore simultaneously through dialogue boxes of proposed software. This software having the code to do for optimization of screw jack modeling when click required command buttons in the dialogue box. The step by step of the statement in this software is executed to process the parameter. If anyone of the parameter is not satisfy, it will carry out the optimization without knowledge of user to produce exact design parameters and give good design. In future this kind of software development helps the researchers and scholars to get quick and precision design or any data.

Keywords-Macros; VBA; Form designer; Modules; Design; Optimization and Modelling.

I.INTRODUCTION

jackscrew

A very important repair tool in the automobile industry is the vehicle jack. Essentially the jack is used in raising a vehicle sufficiently above the ground to remove tyres when required. A vehicle owner without a jack will, at an unguarded moment, suffer loss in time, finance and energy. Although the vehicle jack does not contribute directly to the smooth running of a vehicle engine, yet its availability is crucial during tyre deflation. There are two broad types of vehicle jack that can be obtained in practice, viz. the mechanical

type and the hydraulic type. The mechanical jack can be of the scissors type or of a simple screw jack. When the scissors jack is placed in position under a vehicle, the rotation of the handle causes the frame to rise, thus producing a lift of the vehicle. When it is not in use (unload condition), the handle isgiven reverse rotation, which collapses the frame and makes it compact enough for packaging. For a simple screw jack in operation, two gearwheels are meshed so that their shafts are at an angle of 90o to form a bevel gear. One gearwheel locates the handle while the other contains an internal thread in its bone that meshes with the load screw. By rotation of the handle, the driving gearwheel is rotated and this is transmitted to the driven gearwheel, which also induces a lift of the load arm and consequently a lift of the vehicle. The second type of the vehicle jack, the hydraulic type, has its lift provided by hydraulic fluid forced against the load head by a reciprocating motion of the handle. This jack has a higher mechanical advantage compared to mechanical jacks.

An advantage of jackscrews over some other types of jack is that they are self-locking, which means when the rotational force on the screw is removed, it will remain motionless where it was left and will not rotate backwards, regardless of how much load it is supporting. This makes them inherently safer than hydraulic jacks, for example, which will move backwards under load if the force on the hydraulic actuator is accidentally released.

A jackscrew's threads must support heavy loads. In the most heavy-duty applications, such as screw jacks, a square thread or buttress thread is used, because it has the lowest friction. In other application such as actuators, an Acme thread is used, although it has higher friction.

The large area of sliding contact between the screw threads means jackscrews have high friction and low efficiency as power transmission linkages, around 30%–50%. So they are not often used for continuous transmission of high power, but more often in intermittent positioning applications.

The Ball screw is a more advanced type of leadscrew that uses a recirculating-ball nut to minimize friction and prolong the life of the screw threads. The thread profile of such screws is approximately semicircular (commonly a "gothic arch" profile) to properly mate with the bearing balls. The disadvantage to this type of screw is that it is not self-locking.

Jackscrews form vital components in equipment. For instance, the failure of a jackscrew on a McDonnell Douglas MD80 airliner due to a lack of grease resulted in the crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261 off the coast of California in 2000.

3D modeling

In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D

printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.

3D models represent a 3D object using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (points and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically (procedural modeling), or scanned.

3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics. Actually, their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time.

Today, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed models of organs. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds. The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes through Software Architectural Models. The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses. In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice.

The integration of computers into the product design and development process has benefited engineering industry in several ways.

The computer can store and handle engineering data accurately and consistently in the various stages of design, development and manufacturing like conceptual design of systems, analysis, component design, documentation, process planning & manufacturing. The computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing results in better and consistently good quality products invariably at a lower cost, with the attendant benefits of faster development of different variants of the product or model. CAD helps the designer to quickly visualize the product and its component subassemblies and parts. This reduces the time required to synthesize, analyse and document the design. The result is not only lower design cost but also shorter product development times. Design errors are reduced by the in-built accuracy of calculations and checks available in the system. These factors lead to improvement in the quality and accuracy of design.

II. IMPLEMENTATION OF CAD

AutoCAD has evolved from DOS –Based, command –line driven program to a full –fledged windows application. A computer aided design package used for drafting of Engineering, Civil, and Electrical drawings. AutoCAD is one of the successful application programs. Learning AutoCAD means learning the speed, ease with which your drawings can be prepared and modified using a particular program in the computer. The most important factor involved in this computer to store many programs or drawings, to editing the existing drawing, to backup the drawings with other device like Floppy Diskette, Compact

Disc, etc., and handle large amount of Engineering data. AutoCAD offers a comprehensive selection of 2D & 3D drawings. The various design – related tasks which are performed by a modern computer-aided design system can be grouped into four functional areas:

1. Geometric modeling

2. Engineering analysis

3. Design review and evaluation

4. Automated drafting

These four areas correspond to the final phases in Shigley’s general design process. Engineering analysis corresponds to phase 4, dealing with analysis and optimization . Design review and evaluation is the fifth step in the general design procedure. Automated drafting involves a procedure for converting the design image data residing in computer memory into a hard-copy document. It represents and important method for presentation (phase 6) of the design. The following four sections explore each of these four CAD functions.

III. VISUAL BASIC APPLICATION

Microsoft VBA is an object-oriented programming environment designed to provide rich development capabilities similar to those of Visual Basic (VB). The main difference between VBA and VB is that VBA runs in the same process space as AutoCAD, providing an AutoCAD intelligent and very fast programming environment. There are four advantages to implementing VBA for AutoCAD:

•The Visual Basic programming environment is easy to learn and use.

•VBA runs in-process with AutoCAD. This translates to very fast program execution.

•Dialogue construction is quick and effective. This allows developers to prototype applications and quickly receive feedback on designs.

•Projects can be stand alone or imbedded in drawings. This choice allows developers great flexibility in the distribution of their applications.

A. Macros Dialogue Box

The Macros dialogue box allows to run, delete, and create new macros, and provides access to the VBA project options.

B. VBA Manager

The VBA Manager allows to manage the projects. It can create, delete, embed, or extract projects. Also view which projects, if any, are embedded in an open drawing.

C. Vbaide

The VBA Interactive Development Environment. This application allows you to edit the code and forms in the project, or copy code and forms from other projects. It also allows to set references to other

application Object Models.

IV SCREWJACK DESIGN – MANUAL

The documentation and design procedures [1, 3] are as follows,

The load

When the screw is under compression. From this relation find design of screw jack spindle parameter. Check for principle stresses, The mean diameter of screw,

Assuming coefficient of friction between screw and nut, μ= tanφ

∴Torque required to rotate the screw in the nut,

Compressive stress due to axial load,

Shear stress due to the torque,

Maximum principal stress (tensile or compressive),

The maximum shear stress,

Design for nut, the bearing pressure

The shear stress in the screw,

The tearing strength of nut,

The crushing of the collar of the nut,

Design for handle and cup, D3 = 1.75 d0

The pressure conditions,

The critical load,

Design of body, Diameter of the body at the top=1.5D2, Thickness of the body = 0.25 d0, Inside diameter at the bottom,=2.25 D2, Outer diameter at the bottom=1.75, Thickness of base =2 t1,, Height of the body = Max. lift + Height of nut + 100 mm extra, Efficiency,

V. DESIGN OF SCREW JACK – OPTIMIZATION

Today’s computer is a vital role in all field to execute their needs. In an Engineering field the computer is utilized to perform and fetch data’s of an experiment. Th e design having number of software’s to produce a model or draft, but the model are not firm to the user initially. The user could follow the commands and procedure to produce their model and also need many days and hours to execute the model. To avoid insufficient knowledge regarding the screw jack design and long time span to design author develop a software to execute a screw jack design within a time. The software is developedusing Auto CAD embedded visual basic aide. The procedure of software development as follows

i. Link of VBA

ii. Form designer

iii. Modules

A Design

It is “an iterative decision – making activity to produce the plans by which resources are converted, preferably, optimally, into systems or devices to meet human needs”.

B Optimization

The fig .1 shows design of screw jack dialogue box and it is used to link the problem parameter. After selecting appropriate data to the each and every section of this dialogue box, click one of the command

buttons to execute. Say modelling / 2D design / parameter / view / and definition.

Figure 1: Design of Screw jack Dialogue Box.

When the modelling/ or 2D design parameter is clicked, the command in the main screen is to execute the results of screw jack design. If any of the design criteria statement is not satisfy, then the modelling is not suitable for the design. Therefore the design is repeated with change of parameter or optimization. The execution will take the same process. The optimization is the process to run the parameter many times to fit the exact value without the knowledge of the user. Therefore the dialogue box (fig .2 and .3) shows to select the condition to link main screen or optimization dialogue box.

The Result of optimized screw jack modelling is brought out either in the form result parameter (fig .6) or 3D modelling design of screw jack is obtained directly in the AutoCAD screen through the link of VBA command manager run mode. The view of modelling also prepared to represent the view direction to plot for the use. It is shown in fig 5.7 modelling (Fig .8) or 2D modeling (fig .9). The 3D and 2D

Figure 2: Design Condition

Figure 3: Optimization either with Load or dc Dialogue Box

Figure 4: the optimization with load

Figure 5: Optimization Either with dc.

Figure 6 : View Of Dialogue Box

Figure 7: 3D modelling of screw jack design

Figure 8 : 2D Design of Screw Jack

VI CONCLUSION

The software has been developed for a set of inputs that are being given through screw jack dialogue box. The software gives design of modelling, drafting, result parameter, views and definition. The design of screw jack has been represented in three-dimensional view (3D) by adopting the procedure of Machine Design data. The design of dialogue box contains number of command button to interact various events of screw jack. Once set of values are given in dialogue box it produce output either in text mode or modelling in Auto CAD software. In future, the researchers or scholars are implement this kind of technic to obtain quick and precision modelling for various inputs to display number of output.

REFERENCES

[1] Dr. Sadhu singh “Machine Design” Khanna publishers, Delhi. 1997.

[2] NK. Mehta “Machine tool design and numerical control” Tata McGraw-Hill Pulishing company Ltd., New Delhi. 1998

[3] TJ. Prabhu “Design of Transmission elements” Mani offset, Chennai. 1999

[4] Mikell P.Groover Emory W. Zimmers, Jr. “CAD/CAM Computer–Aided Design and manufacturing” Asoke K.Ghosh prentice – Hall of India P.Ltd., New Delhi.

[5] Faculty of Mechanical Engineering PSG College of Technology “Design data” DPV Printers Coimbatore.