高一英语语法全讲义精讲
高一英语语法讲义
一、句子成分及简单句五种基本句型
一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become mo re and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Sm oking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The ri ch should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.[来源:学。科。网] （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
简单句有五种基本句型，其它各种句子基本上皆由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成。
1、“主语+谓语”句型，可简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。如：
（1）The sun is rising. 太阳正在冉冉升起。
（2）Now, the meeting begins.现在会议开始。
2、“主语+连系动词+表语“句型，如：
（1）He and I are pretty good swimmers. 他和我都游泳游得不错。
（2）The doctors seemed very capable. 这些大夫好像都很能干。
3）“主语+谓语+宾语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾结构（SVO），其谓语一般皆是及物动词，其宾语多是直接宾语。如：
（1）Robbie didn’t deny the facts. 罗比不否认这些事实。
（2）She heard whisperings. 她听到了一阵沙沙声。
4）“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语”句型可简称为主谓宾宾结构（SVOO），其谓语须是可有双宾语的及物动词，即所谓的与格动词（dative verb），两个宾语多一是间接宾语，一是直接宾语。如：
（1）We gave the baby a bath. 我们给婴孩洗了个澡。
（2）Judith paid me a visit. 朱迪思来看望了我。
5）“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语”句型可简称为主、谓、宾、宾补结构（SVOC），其谓语须是可有这种复合宾语的及物动词，宾语补语与宾语一起构成复合宾语。如：（1）I found this book easy. 我发现此书不难。（形容词easy用作宾语补语）
（2）They held him hostage. 他们将他扣作人质。（名词hostage用作宾语补语）
（3）He watched the maid come in. 他看着女佣人进来了。
（4）I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. 我听见他慢慢上楼来，好像扛着什么重的东西。
二、并列复合句（compound sentence）
并列复合句是由两个或多个简单句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。这种句子容量大，可以为你提供更大的自由表达度。
并列复合句常用的连接词由and, but, for, so, or, nor等并列连词，如：
（1）They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 他们是幸福的，他们也该得到幸福。（并列连词是and）
（2）The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock.
信号发出了，轮船缓缓驶出码头。（并列连词是and，前有逗号）
（3）Hurry or you won’t make the train. 赶快，不然你赶不上火车。（并列连词是or）
（4）Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂却会蜇人。（并列连词是but）两个或两个以上的简单句的关系如不很紧密，并列连词可引导单独一个句子。如：（5）You’re alive! And she’s dead. 你活着！而她却死了。（并列连词and引导单独句子）（6）I’m sorry to trouble you. But can you direct me to the nearest post office?
对不起打扰一下。你可以告诉我最近的邮局在哪儿吗？（并列连词but引导单独句子）
并列句的分句亦可用连接副词连接。如：
（7）I had a drink, then I went home. 我喝了杯酒，然后回到了家。（连接副词是then）
（8）It rained, therefore the game was called off.
由于有雨，因而那场球赛取消了。（连接副词是therefore）
（9）He was angry, nevertheless he listened to me. 他生气了，但听我的话。（连接副词是nevertheless）
（10）I want to go to the party—however, I have no transport.
我想去参加聚会，但我没有交通工具。（连接副词是however）
（11）I have only an old car; still it is better than nothing.
我只有一辆旧车，但也比没有好。（连接副词是still）
（12）I am busy today, so can you come tomorrow? 我今日很忙，那你能明天来吗？（连接副词是so）
三、定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
提示：
关系词在定语从句中有三大作用（关系词的含义无需翻译出来，what不能引导定语从句）
1. 连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。
I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that 连接先特词money 和定语从句I had）
2. 替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。
The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who 替代the man）
3. 成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。
I like picrures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. 我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that, as等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。
A．who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man）
He who laughs lst laughs best.
谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）
B．whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）The people whomwho I work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom）
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）
C．whose
通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）
D．which
1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is a folk song which is now very popular.
这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The river which flows through London is the Thames.
流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
2．which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）3．which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E．that
指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。
He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）
The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well.
安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略）
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）
提示：
在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when）
He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）
Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）
F．as
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）
比较：
在the same as结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the same as强调相同，the same that注重同一。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物）
②在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
必背：
一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
as is known to all
这是众所周知的
as has been said before
如前所说
as is often the case
情况常常如此
as may be imagined
这可以想象得出
as has been pointed out
正如已经指出的那样
as often happens
这种情况常常发生
G．介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。
1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置
关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much canbe learned.
= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
=The manager whose company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
2．介词+关系代词的常见结构
①介词+which∕whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。
②名词+of+ which∕whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover）
③数词+o+ which∕whom
She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。
In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。
④代词+of+ which∕whom
In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents.
诺曼赢得五万美元，他将其中一半给了他父母。
Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with.
汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。
⑤最高级+of+ which∕whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
⑥介词+which+名词
He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows.
他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。
His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.
他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。
3．关系代词前介词的选择
在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。
①根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。
The two things of which they felt prud were Jim's watch and Della's hair.
他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel proud of是固定搭配词组）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组）
②根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。
I'll never forget the day on which I first met him.
我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词on)
Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used
你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in)
③有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。
Galileo made a telescope through which he could study the sky.
伽里略制作了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived
那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(live in the house)
④根据所要表达的意思来确定。
This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。
注意：
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.
我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。
The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.
这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。
He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well.
他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式）
He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.
他是班上唯一英语说得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）
反思：介词+which一定等于where吗？
二、关系副引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。
A．when
指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which)
He came at a time when we needed him most.
他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which)
We will never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded.
我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which) B．where
指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
I recently went back to the town where I was born.
我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)
I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine.
我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which)
What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday
你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)
C．why
指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which)
Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。
注意:
无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。
【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.
【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday.
这就是我昨天借的书。（that在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it）
【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.
【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English.
英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the pace，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there）
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
A．限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
This is the boy who broke the window.
这就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行词，who broke the indow是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗子的那个孩子）
I have a book which teaches English grammar.
我有一本讲解英语语法的书。（a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the book）
The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.
你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。（定语从句whom you met in the hall定先行词the people）
B．非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。
I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.
我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。（I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用）
New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all.
新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）
四、关系代词和关系副词的选用
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用，比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么句子成份外，还要根据习惯用法而定。
A．只用who
在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who。
1．在非限制定语从句中。
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
2．先行词是one, anyone, those时。
One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。
Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.
任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。
Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.
凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。
3．在therehere be开头的句子中。
Here is a boy who wants to see you.
有个男孩想见你。
4．先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。
Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.
不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
B．不能用that的情况：
在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替which∕whom。
1．在非限制性定语从句中。
The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.
天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。
2．介词后面。
关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。
He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.
他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where）
Sound is a tool, by means of which people communcate with each other.
声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。
They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.
他们问了我许多问题，大部分我都不会回答。
C．只用that
在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用that引导
1．当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时，或当先行词被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。
Everything that they said was true.
他所说的一切都是真的。
He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.
他死了，再也没有什么办法了。
There was little that we could do to help her.
我们没有什么能帮助她的。
These walls are all that remain of the ancint city.
这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。
提示：
something 后面可用which引导定语从句。
There is something(which∕that) I'd like to tell you. 有些事我想告诉你。
2．当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.
她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。
3．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。
This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.
这正是我要买的语法书。
Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.
美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。
4．当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。
Who that has common sense will believe uch nonsense
有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？
Who is the man that is standing by the gate
站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
5．当先行词为人与事物或动物时。
The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.
掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。
6．先行词在定语从句中做表语时。
She is no longer the sweet girl (that) she used to be.
她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。
He is not the man (that) he seems.
他这人不貌相。
D．当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时关系副词与关系代词的选择
当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。（when作状语）
I will never forget the days which we spent together.
我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。（whic作we spent宾语）
I know a place where we can have a picnic.
我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。（where作状语）
I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。（which作主语）
E．关系词的省略
在下列情况下，关系代词或关系副词在非正式文体中可以省略。
1．关系代词that, which, who, whom在定语从句中做宾语时，常可省略。
Are these keys (that which) you were looking for
这是你正在寻找的钥匙吗？
The man (whothat) I was sitting net to on the plane talked all the time.
飞机上坐在我旁边的那个人一直在喋喋不休。
2．以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
I don't like the way (that in which) she walks.
我不喜欢她走路的样子。
The way (that in which) he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答这些问题的方式令惊奇。
3．在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中，when, where, why可省略。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远不能忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
That's the place (where) he stayed when he was in the country.
那就是他在乡下呆过的地方。
注意：
I、定语从句与强调句型的区别
1．强调句型中的it是个引导词，本身没有意义。如果去掉it iswas that，句子结构仍然完整，句意也完整。定语从句中的it是指示代词，做主句的主语。如果去掉it iswas that，句子结构不完整，意思也完整。
It is a question that needs careful consideration.
这是一个需要慎重考虑的问题。（定语从句）
It is novels that she enjoys reading.（强调句型）
她喜欢阅读的是小说。（=She enjoys reading novels）
2．在强调句中被强调的部分还可以是副词、介词短语或从句；在定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词或名词短语。
It was because she was ill that we decided t return. （强调句型）
正是因为她生病了，我们才决定回来。
Was it in this palace that the last emperor died （强调句型）
那位末朝皇帝是在这个宫殿里死的吗？
Was it this palace where the last emperor died （定语从句）
这是那位末朝皇帝死的宫殿吗？
3．有些强调句型中含有一个定语从句，这往往给理解带来一定的难度。解决方法是仔细分析that或who在句中的作用。
It was in the labthat was set up last year that they finished the experiment.
他们是在去年建造的实验室里完成这个实验的。（that was set up last year 是定语从句，that 在从句中作主语，并可被which替换）
It was the students who came from our school that won the first prize in the contest.
是来自我们学校的学生获得了竞赛一等奖。（who came rom our school 是定语从句，who 在从句中作主语）
II、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1．定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，起限定作用。而同位语从句等同于它所修饰的名词，是名词性的，其功能是对所修饰的名词作补充说明。
It is a fact (that) you can't deny.
这是一个你不能否认的事实。（定语从句）
It is a fact that she has done her best.
她尽了最大的努力，这是事实。（同位语从句）
2．在定语从句中，that代先行词，在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当某个句子成分，在作宾语时通常可省略。而在同位语从句中，that只起连接主句和从句的作用，无意义，在从句中不充当句子成分，一般不可省。
The news (that) we heard spread all over the school campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。（定语从句）
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。（同位从句）
四、名词性从句
名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
一、引导名词性从句的关联词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
二.名词性从句的语序
名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序
主语从句
一. 连接词的选用
（1）that和what的选用
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。
如：
What he wants is a book.
他想要的是一本书。
That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
（2）if和whether的选用
引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。
如：
Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
（3）其它连接代词和副词的选用
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。
如：
When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided.
我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear.
还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.
你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
（4）whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。
要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。
如：
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.（主语从句）
（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句）
（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）
二、 it构成的主语从句
（1）由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。
如：
It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
另外，需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack.
（主语从句，有that，无逗号）
As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.
（定语从句，无that，有逗号）
上两句意为“据报道，美国遭到恐怖分子的袭击”。
（2）常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构
It is a fact （a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…）that… 如：
It’s a pity t hat you missed the film.
你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
It is necessary （clear / true / strange/ important /wonderful / possible/ likely…）th
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“（should）＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。
如：
It is necessary that you （should）master the computer.
你很有必要掌握电脑。
It is important that a student learn English well.
学生学好英语很重要。
It’s clear that they badly need help.
很明显，他们急需援助。
It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon.
飓风很可能马上就要到达了。
如：
It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在地震中丧生了。
It seems that they will win the game.
看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.
他是否会参加会议都无关紧。
宾语从句
在复合句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
A. 作动词宾语
He told us（that）he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
Do you know whose dictionary it is 你知道这是谁的字典？
He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan. 他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划
Give a reading list to whoever comes. 给所有来的人一份阅读书目。
注意：
doubt（怀疑）的肯定句接ifwhether引导的宾语从句，但否定句和疑问句接that 引导的宾语从句。
I doubt whether if he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把这首诗背下来。
Do you doubt that he will win 你不相信会获胜吗
B．作介词的宾语
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
They were praised or criticizd according to how they had done their work. 他们受表扬还是受批评是根据他们工作好坏而定。
He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. 除了天下雨外，他每天都去图书馆。
注意：
that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后，如：except, in, but等。此时，that不能省略。
I know little about him except that he lives downstais. 我对他知之甚少，只知道他住在楼下。
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同学们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。
C. 作形容词的宾语
I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm suprised (that) I didn't see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没见过那一切。
D. 用it作形式宾语的情况
1．和it作形式主语一样，我们常用it来作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天
没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give n. 他已表明他不会屈服。
2．由于that引导的宾语从句一般不可以直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，必须使用it作形式宾语。
You may depend on it that I shall always support you. 你可以放心我会永远支持你的。
I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 我保证你的问题会立即得到处理的。
3．在take, hide, see to, insit on, depend on等动词以及一些表示爱好的动词（enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等）之后，形式宾语it可直接跟宾语从句。
I take it that he's not interested in the book. 我猜想他对这本书不感兴趣。
She hid it that she was married. 她隐瞒了她已婚的事实。
I don't like it when you look at me like that! 我不喜欢那样看我。
4. it不能作由连接代词whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。
You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it. 我们乐意帮助任何需要帮助的人。
E．宾语从句的语序
和其他词性从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。
How can I get to the station Can you tell me
→Can you tell me how I can get to the station 你能告诉我怎样去车站吗？What does he like I wonder
→I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜欢什么。
Where were you born He asked→He asked me where I was born. 他问我出生的地方。
比较：
He asked me what was the matter. 他问我出了什么事。(the matter = wrong)
He asked me what the matter was. 他问我那是什么物质。
F．宾语从句中的时态
1．当主句的时态是现在时的时候，从句可以根据实际需要使用任一时态，当主句的时态是过去时的时候，从句必须使用过去的某一种时态。
He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberatin. 他说自解放以来他一直住在北京。
He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English. 他明确地说他更喜欢学英语。
2．客观真理和自然规律的内容在宾语从句中时态保持不变。
Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. 迈克问地球是否绕着太阳转。
Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。
G．关于that的省略
一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。
1．介词后面的that不能省。
Pter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。
2．并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，and前面的that可以省略，and的后面的that不能省略。
Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
My uncle says (that) he has servd here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。
3．that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4．主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。
He said that, if he could manag it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。
5．宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。
He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。
H．宾语从句的否定转移
在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定词前移到主句的语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。
I don't think he can do it better than me. 我想他不会干得比我好。
I don't believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的，是吗？
提示：
在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移：
1．think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he wont fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。
I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2．think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想，也希望他打牌不会作弊的。3．think等词作为插入语
His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。
注意：含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
①反意疑问句一般与主句一致。
He said they were going to help me, didn't he？他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she 她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？
②当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine,
suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he 我想他不是当真的，是吗？(不可用do I)
提示：
表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
A．可接表语从句的连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。
The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。
Itappears that he has a taste for music.看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力.
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn' t think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
B．as, as if∕though引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。C．because, why引导的表语从句
I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想这是因为你话说得太多。That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because 强调原因）
That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Tha's why 强调结果）
注意：
名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。
The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。A．同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等的面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来？
I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。
注意：
当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
B．使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible. 尽快解决这个问题，这是我们唯一的请求。
He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
五、情态动词
情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语
一、can, could
1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。
Can you lift this heavy box?（体力）
Mary can speak three languages.（知识）
Can you skate?（技能）
此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。如：
He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
2) 表示请求和允许。
-----Can I go now?
----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,
might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。
---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?
---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。
They’ve changed the timetable, s o we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。Can this be true?
2017临沂中考英语复习语法考点精讲真题精炼词形转换..doc
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高中英语语法最重要知识汇总
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初中英语语法专题精讲及标准答案
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高中英语语法填空短文改错专项练习题
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什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not
一般现在时vs.一般过去时
一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示 将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。
进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?
进行时(2)
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A. the game had begun B. the game began C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. 17
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