美国宗教分类及介绍-
Relijion in The United
States
1.Protestant（新教）
2.Catholic Church(天主教)
3.Judaism(犹太教)
4.Eastern Orthodox
Church(东正教)
5.Buddhusm(佛教) Religion in America is very diverse
Christian:
Protestant 51.3﹪
Catholic 23.9﹪
Other Christian 3.3﹪
Jewish 1.7﹪
Buddhist 0.7﹪
Muslim 0.6﹪
Hindu 0.4﹪
Other 2.0﹪
Unaffiliated 16.1﹪
Christian Beliefs 一．The basic beliefs of the Christian
laitn,that Christians from all denominations can agree on,are that:
1.Jesus is God’s son.
2.Jesus came to earth as a baby,lived a perfect life,and died on a cross as a sacrifice for our sins.
3.Jesus will come back again as a King.He will take his followers to live with Him in heaven.
Many people in America are "deists".They believe that there is a God,but they don't think He is involved in our lives to a great extent.They don't seek God or follow Biblical teachings.
Many others in America are "practicing Christians".They seek to follow God's will in their lives and often meet together with other Christians at Church meetings,42﹪American “go to church”at least once a week. American Character of
Religion
1.American with different religions live together under the same law.The Bill of Right of US proved whereis no state religion and that Church and state must be separated.
2.The religions beliefs of American continue to be with social progress.The majority of American pour into the Church every Sunday morning.
3.Every Church in US is completely independent organization and concerned with it own finance and it’s own building.There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument.
修辞分析~布什在911事件后的演讲中英文对照
布什在911事件后的演讲 Good evening. 晚上好， Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices. Secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers. Moms and dads. Friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. 今天，我们的同胞、我们的生活及我们珍视的自由受到了恐怖主义分子的蓄意攻击。许多被劫持的乘客、正在办公的工作人员都不幸遇难，他们可能是：秘书文员、商人、妇女、军方或联邦政府工作人员、为人父母、你们的亲朋好友或邻居。数千人在恐怖分子的卑劣和罪恶行径下突然间失掉了宝贵的生命。 The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. 面对飞机撞毁、熊熊大火、楼房倒塌等图片，我们无法相信眼前的惨状，感到无比的悲哀和愤怒。恐怖分子的大屠戮的行为旨在将我们的国家引向混乱和倒退。但他们的阴谋不会得逞，我们的国家依然强大。 A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. 伟大的美国人民已被动员起来保卫自己的国家。恐怖主义分子的袭击可以震撼我们的建筑，但他们无法动摇我们牢固的国家基础。这些行径可以粉碎钢铁，但它们无法挫伤美国人民捍卫国家的决心。 America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and
美国历史与文化
《美国历史与文化》 结课论文 专业：化学工程与工艺 学号：041114116 姓名：杨乐
Columbo's influence on the American continent Columbo is a famous Spanish navigator, is a pioneer of the great geographical discovery. Columbus young is garden said believers, he so haunting had in Genoa made prison of Marco Polo, determined to be a navigator.1502 he crossed the Atlantic four times in 1492, discovered the American continent, he also became a famous navigator. On August 3, 1492, Columbus by the king of Spain dispatch, with credentials of Indian monarchs and emperors of China, led the three tons of Baishi of sailing, from Spain Palos Yang Fan of the Atlantic, straight towards to the West. After seventy days and nights of hard sailing, in the early morning of October 12, 1492 finally found the land. Columbo thought he had arrived in India. Later know that Columbus landed on a piece of land belonging to the now Balak America than the sea in the Bahamas, he was it named San Salvador. Columbo's discovery has changed the course of world history. It opens up a new era of development and colonization in the new world. At that time, the European population was expanding, with this discovery, the Europeans have settled in two new continents, there will be able to make a difference in the European economy and the resources of the mineral resources and raw materials. This discovery led to the destruction of the American Indian civilization. From a long-term point of view, there have been a number of new countries in the Western
美国历史与文化
浅谈美国历史 ——见证从蚂蚁到大象历程 引导语：中华文化源远流长，五千年的华夏文明留给我们太多的回忆。分久必合、合久必分；从繁荣昌盛到民族衰落；从压迫受辱到当家作主、从璀璨奇葩到复兴中华……可是，跨过大洋的彼岸，初出茅庐的美国却在近两百多年的历史跨度下完成了从蚂蚁到大象的历程，创造出美国独特的发展文化。今天的世界，“汤姆大叔”在全球“维护着世界和平”；好莱坞大片充斥着各大荧屏；NBA回荡在茶前饭后的娱乐中……两百多年来，美国历史一直都是民主制度的试验。早年被提出的问题如今持续被提出并获得解决；强大政府对抗弱小政府、个人权利对抗群体权利、自有资本主义对抗受到管理的商业与劳工以及参与世界对抗孤独主义。美国对于民主制度有很高的期待，而现实又是不如人意。然而国家经过妥协，已见成长与繁荣。在今天的发展过程中笔者认为有必要借鉴美国蚂蚁变大象的历程。 自从哥伦布发现新大陆之后，这片土地上开始了她不平凡的发展。十七世纪初，英国开始向北美殖民。最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民，生活艰难的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。在殖民地时代，伴随着与北美洲原住民印第安人的长期战争，对当地印第安人的肆意屠杀，严重的劳力缺乏产生了像奴隶和契约奴隶这类的非自由劳力。万恶的黑奴贸易盛行起来。从1607年到1733年，英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸建立了十三个殖民地。由于英国移民北美是为了追求自由和财富，如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。地方政府享受自治权。殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利，培养了自治的意识和能力，所以他们相信社会契约中，政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。在十八世纪中期,殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟，殖民地议会仍信奉英王乔治三世，不过他们追求与英国国会同等的地位，并不想成为英国的次等公民，但是此时英法的七年战争结束，急于巩固领土，使向北美殖民地人民征租重税及英王乔治三世一改放任政策，主张高压手段。因此引发殖民地人民反抗，如“没有代表就不纳税”宣言、“波士顿惨案”、“不可容忍的法案”等。1775年4月在来克星顿和康科特打响“来克星顿的枪声”揭开美国独立战争的前奏。后来，这些殖民地便成为美国北美独立十三州最初的十三个州。 1774年, 来自12州的代表，聚集在费城, 召开所谓第一次大陆会议，希望能寻出一条合理的途径, 与英国和平解决问题，然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英国国王, 并接受处分。 1775年，在麻州点燃战火, 5月，召开第二次大陆会议, 坚定了战争与独立的决心，并起草有名的独立宣言, 提出充分的理由来打这场仗，这也是最后致胜的要素. 1776年7月4日，宣告了美国的独立，1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城乔治·华盛顿发表了《独立宣言》。《独立宣言》开宗明义地阐明，一切人生而平等，具有追求幸福与自由的天赋权利；淋漓尽致地历数了英国殖民主义者在美洲大陆犯下的罪行；最后庄严宣告美利坚合众国脱离英国而独立。《独立宣言》是具有世界历史意义的伟大文献。完全脱离英国，目的是为‘图生存、求自由、谋幸福’，实现启蒙运动的理想。 1781年, 美军赢得了决定性的胜利， 1783年, 美英签订巴黎条约，结束了独立战争。这也充分展现出
宗教对美国社会的影响
宗教对美国社会的影响 梁子毓英语学院英语137班 摘要：美国是当今世界上最发达的资本主义国家，同时又是发达国家中最具宗教色彩的国家，可以说美国的发展与宗教有着密不可分的关系。宗教从美国建国伊始至今对人们思想的影响是根本性的，这种影响绝不仅仅只是停留在道德方面，在政体的确立、民主制度的促进等方面都有着同样深远的作用。如今，宗教在美国的影响力有增无减，信仰上帝的人越来越多了，宗教在美国国家社会生活中的作用也越来越大。因此，研究宗教对美国发展的影响更有助于我们了解美国的社会现实和文化特征，可以使我们对宗教在美国社会的影响有更深刻的认识。 关键词：宗教美国社会影响 引言 美国文化的一大特征就是其宗教性。来自世界各地不同国家不同种族的移民带来了他们自己的宗教，使美国成为多宗教的国家。各种不同的宗教必然会对美国的社会产生影响，同样也融入了美国的文化。在众多宗教中，影响最大的是新教众多教派中的清教，清教在发展过程中，其影响超越了宗教领域，渐渐渗透到了美国宗教以外的政治、经济、文化领域，使美国政治、经济、文化都带有明显的清教主义特征。清教主义因而成为美国文化和社会形成过程中的重要因素。美国的文明都刻有明显的清教主义印记，清教主义文化也造就了独特的美利坚精神与文化。 一、基督教新教对美国历史的影响 美国虽然只有四百多年的历史，但却从一个英属殖民地逐渐成为世界上的头号强国。在这片土地上诞生了世界上第一部成文宪法，产生了世界上第一个民选总统，建立了三权分立的民主政体，这些都对世界历史产生了深远的影响。然而这些都与基督新教及其伦理道德有着密不可分的关系，这种关系甚至是决定性的。 早期殖民北美的新教1徒的新教信仰，构成了北美早期社会思想风潮的主调，也构成了以后美利坚的民族精神以及国家意识形态的基础。美国独立战争的发生，是因为早期移民北美的多数人都是新教教徒的缘故。由逃亡的清教徒们建立的美洲殖民地，在宗教上，一直与英国本土的宗教处于对立状态。美洲大陆的宗教主流为清教徒，英国的国教则为天主教与新教的混合体圣公会安力甘宗，安力甘宗作为英国国教一直是清教徒改革的对象。在美国独立战争及18世纪二十年代，英国本土和美洲殖民地发生了一场轰轰烈烈的宗教“伟大复兴”运动，这场运动在美国是新教教义的普及和强化运动，是一场彻头彻尾的新教教义在新大陆被强化的运动，这场运动最后导致了新教的进一步振兴，从而在思想上与英国国教彻底脱离了关系。宗教运动进一步促进了北美殖民地人群的主体意识，进一步加强了殖民地与英国本土的在宗教上和政治上的离心力，为独立战争做了思想和意识形态的准备。北美殖民地与英国本土上的宗教对立，对美国独立战争的爆发有着深远的影响。 对美国近代发展奠定基础的南北战争，实际上也有着深刻的宗教原因——美国清教对南方奴隶制的憎恶而引起的南北方对立。废奴主义一直是基督教教义的传统。在新教中这被理解为上帝爱世上的每一个人。这种思想成为西方人权思想的源头。既然上帝爱每一个人，个 1新教：新教（Protestantism）是由16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离罗马天主教的一系列新教派的统称，主流教派有路德宗、加尔文宗和圣公会。
911事件全过程
概况 “9.11事件”（又称“911”、“美国911事件”等）指的是2001年9月11日恐怖分子劫持的飞机撞击美国纽约世贸中心和华盛顿五角大楼的历史事件。2001年9月11日，四架民航客机在美国的上空飞翔，然而这四架飞机却被劫机犯无声无息地劫持。当美国人刚刚准备开始一天的工作之时，纽约世贸中心，连续发生撞机事件，世贸中心的摩天大楼，轰然倒塌，化为一片废墟，造成了3000多人丧生。 过程 8:45 :波音767-B-223ER在飞离波士顿洛根国际机场不久后就被劫持，撞毁在世贸中心北楼，大楼随后坍塌。机上人员:92，遇难: 92。 9:03:波音B-767-222同样地在飞离波士顿洛根国际机场不久后就被劫持，撞毁在世贸中心南楼，大楼随后坍塌。机上人员:65，遇难: 65。 9:45 :波音757-223飞离杜勒斯国际机场后不久被劫持，随后撞向五角大楼一角。机上人员:64，遇难: 64。 10:20:波音B-757-222飞离纽华克国际机场后不久被劫持，直向华盛顿飞去。随后高速坠毁在宾夕法尼亚乡间，据猜测是乘客与劫机者搏斗阻止了这架飞机撞向目标。机上人员:45，遇难: 45。 整个美国都为之震惊，人们陷入了极度恐慌之中引起了全世界的震惊,这是美国历史上遭遇的最为严重的灾难之一。 影响 1、〖对美国〗 “美国911事件”发生后，美国经济一度处于瘫痪状态，对一些产业造成了直接经济损失和影响。地处纽约曼哈顿岛的世界贸易中心是20世纪70年代初建起来的摩天大楼，造价高达11亿美元，是世界商业力量的会聚之地，来自世界各地的企业共计1200家之多，平时有5万人上班，每天来往办事的业务人员和游客约有15万人。两座直冲云霄的大楼一下子化为乌有，五角大楼的修复工作至少在几亿美元之上，人才损失难以用数字估量。而且交通运输和旅游业造成严重损失。美国国内航班一天被劫持了四架，并造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失，确实是历史罕见。 无论对美国总统布什，对美国民众或者对美国政坛人士来说，9月11日所遭遇的恐怖分子攻击事件都是一次历史性的震撼。在两小时之内，造成美国本土遭遇数以千计的伤亡，连白宫、总统的空军一号座机、国防部大楼、金融财务中心的世界贸易大楼，都成了恐怖分子攻击的目标。
4. 美国的宗教历史-清教徒
Puritans and Harvard 清教徒和哈佛 Puritans played a very important role in Harvard history as well as in American history. 清教徒不仅在美国历史中扮演过重要角色，同样在哈佛大学的历史中也起到了重要作用。 In the 16th and 17th century, a series of religious reforms took place in England Finally, the Church of England was established as the Established Church. People did not have religious freedom. Those people who did not agree with the Church of England were regarded as Separatists and were persecuted. To escape religious persecution, many people fled from England to other countries. Many Puritans chose to go to the New World. 在16和17世纪的英国发生了一系列宗教改革，最终圣公会被定为英国国教。人们没有宗教自由。那些不同意英国国教观点的人被视为宗教分裂者，并遭到迫害。为了逃脱宗教迫害，许多人逃离英国，前往其他国家。很多清教徒选择移民到新大陆。 In 1620, a ship named Mayflower left England. It transported the English Separatists, better known as Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, the United States. There were 102 passengers, more than one third of whom were Puritans. During the following decade, the number of Puritans grew. Then in 1628 these Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1620年，一艘名为“五月花号”的船离开了英国，它载着英国宗教分离派——更熟悉的称号是“清教徒前辈移民”，离开了英国的普利茅斯前往美国马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。船上有102名乘客，其中1/3多的人是清教徒。在接下来的10年中，清教徒队伍逐渐壮大起来，并于1628年建立了马萨诸塞湾殖民地。 Many Puritans had received classic style of higher education in Oxford University and Cambridge University in England. They wanted to pass on to their descendants this kind of education. Besides, these colonists saw colleges as an effective way to disperse religious belief. Therefore, in 1636 the first and oldest institution of higher learning in the United States was established by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 140 years earlier than the foundation of the United States. 许多清教徒都曾在英国的牛津和剑桥大学接受过古典式的高等教育，他们想把这种教育传给子孙后代。此外，这些殖民者把大学看做是传播宗教信仰的有效途径。所以，1636年马萨诸塞湾殖民地法院投票通过并建立了美国第一所也是最古老的一所高等教育机构，比美国建国早了140年。 The institution was initially named “New College” or “the College at New Towne"（or “Cambridge College”). The town where the college located was named Cambridge, becau se many Puritans had studied in Cambridge University. The name of the town demonstrated that many people still cherished their memory of life in England. Although they had been persecuted in England, many people still saw England as their motherland. The college followed the style of English universities as well. Then in 1639 the college was renamed Harvard College after a benefactor called John Harvard who was a clergyman. Therefore, in a sense, Harvard University was the product of religious activities.
美国宗教多样性的原因英文
The Differences of Education between China and U.S Based on checking the extensive literature and summing up the evidence, it is clear that study about differences of higher education between China and US has carried out a lot which mainly explaines the differences from different aspects of higher edcation between China and the United States. Such aspects mainly includes the social environment and cultural tradition, higher education system and reform measures. In the Integration of these differences, advantages and evils of both educational systems have been evaluated respectively, and corresponding improvement measures were also put forwords. By summary, the detailed conclusions are listed as follows: US is a open society. The society's openness urges the American college to abandon old educational thoughts which European traditional universities stick to, adopt the open policy to absorb all advatanges from other countries and establishe a diverse and open education control system which emphasizes on the actual effect. US is the biggest imigrant country which has very strong containing nature in the culture. American economy ephiseizes on the practical value, matter rewards as well as individual value realization with fast development, rich material life, strong material idea and etc[2]. Us’s higher education was considered as the best education in the world. Comparing the elementary education between American and China, people's universal view will be: China's elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought; while US's education aims to bulid such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought. Now Chinese students are generally regarded as intalents with few intelligence and high scores. What causes for such a view? Because the Chinese students study more, actually pay little attention to the practice, and cannot study for the purpose of application. Therefore, it is very important for Chinese higher education to cultivate the idea of unifying the study and prctice. US's education pays more attention to raise student's self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself, but China's education emphases on training the students to be strict,rigorous spiritual.Obviously, Chinese education may fruitfully develop and ultilize the function of cerebrum, but US’s higher education could expand the function of cerebrum by ultilizing and synthesizing the information outside.
美国历史与文化第五讲 二战中的美国
第五讲二战中的美国 一、摆脱孤立主义 孤立主义也有不同的意见：自由主义者强烈反对美国卷入任何欧洲战争，包括亨利福特和飞行英雄查尔斯林白。 罗斯福作为政治家的最艰难的功绩，就是使全国确信必须抱起孤立主义，把国家的力量投入反侵略的斗争。 这些对美国意味着什么？美国人只想躲避风雨，20世纪30年代，美国再次孤立主义盛行。 各个方面都主张，美国参加第一次世界大战时错误的，是英国的宣传和银行家与军火商的阴谋欺骗了我们，我们坚持中立国的权利是有勇有谋的。 1，1935年8月31日，国会在这种普遍的情绪中，通过了《中立法》，禁止在未来的冲突中给与交战双方贷款，禁止出售武器给任何一方。由于对侵略者和被侵略者同等对待，新的中立法鼓励了独裁者，使其相信他们可以继续他们征服而不用担心美国的干涉。 2，1937年10月，罗斯福在芝加哥演讲——“隔离演说”：“当某种传染性疾病开始蔓延的时候，为了保护居民的健康，防止疾病的流行，社会许可并且对患者实行隔离。”“战争都会蔓延。战争可以席卷远离原来战场的国家和人民。我们决心置于战争之外，然而我们并不能保证我们不受战争灾难的影响和避免卷入战争的危机。” 但隔离开演讲遭到了猛烈的抨击，但他向美国公众指出战争恐怖的存在。 3，1939年9月，德波战争爆发，第二次世界大战全面爆发，战争的胜负已直接关系到美国的安危，美国舆论和人民转向同情英法，罗斯福政府抓住时机为废除中立法进行宣传，他对国会说，援助英国就是帮助自己，他强调指出废除武器禁运能更好地保护国家不卷入战争，还可以为成千上万的人提供就业机会，这种就业又会自动地帮助建设美国的国防。罗斯福的宣传获得了成功。1939年11月4日，美国国会通过了对交战国解除军火禁运的新中立法，但仍须"现购自运"。尽管从原则上讲，"'现购自运'原则对欧洲所有交战国，也包括德国在内，都是有效的，但由于只有英国和法国才拥有制海权，因而只要他们有美元现金，就能自由自在地运输。"因此，这无疑是对英法作战的巨大支持。同时，也为美国借助英法军事订货，摆脱1937年以来新的经济萧条，加速扩军备战提供了有利条件。 4，1940年5月，1940年5-6月，德国闪击西北欧和法国，打破了欧洲力量的平衡，法兰西败局已定，不列颠前途难卜，被美国视为根本利益的安全线--莱茵河边界已被德国越过。罗斯福要求国会追加国防拨款加强战备。国会批准了陆海军的扩充计划。 5，1940年9月2日，英美两国达成协议：美国用50艘旧驱逐舰交换英国在加勒比海8个岛屿的军事基地，美国租用99年，这是第二次世界大战爆发以后，美国首次向英国进行租借。这项协定意味着中立的结束，标志着美国有限参战的开始。 6，1940年12月9日，丘吉尔致信罗斯福，声称英国国库已经空虚，而军用物资极为短缺，希望美国能给与帮助。12月16日，罗斯福在记者招待会上说了一条美国历史上那个最不平凡的新闻：假如我的邻居失火，…… "保卫美国的最好的直接办法就是英国能够保卫其本身。""历史上还没有一
美国宗教演讲稿
The influence of religion on American Value Introduction In most countries, religious people had declined obviously with the society developing and science knowledge enlarging. America is a highly developed country in civilization, culture, science and technology. But the rate of religious people in America is far higher than other western countries. In this article, we try to outline some general American values influenced by religious tradition, religious history and today’s religion. To some extent, it is helpful to know of America and American society better. Relation between the Culture and Religion In any countries, the characteristics and values of people are related with their own society culture and tradition nearly and embody its own culture value concept. America, as a country, which was founded by the protestant immigrants from Europe and their descendants, from the view of culture origin, directly follows modern European civilization, which mainly contains the values of capitalist’s equality, freedom, and democracy from Enlightenment movement. They materialized strong concept of values and principles and moralities that influence not only the foundation of U.S.A and the form of the National Democratic Political System; meanwhile, but also American characteristics and values inevitably. Religion, as the only one among those factors which influence the development of American society that possesses invisible power (the religion value) and the visible power (religious denominations or groups) has its own more special even more everlasting influence. The Important Place of Religion Culture in American Society and American Life. The U.S.A is a highly developed country with modern science, yet it is also a religious country, in which people has strong religion fervency. Religion then, being theology or the everyday practices of a culture, gives us insight into the religious influence in American life. There is a strong religious influence in American life. Among 250 million people, there are over 3000 religious denominations and groups, and sixty out of a hundred have religious beliefs. Every Sunday morning, all over American, people pour into the churches, not only the catholic churches, but also the protestant ones too, are flourishing, and new church buildings, some with interesting architecture, keep pace with the ever-growing suburbs. ⅢSome American Characteristics and Values Affected by Religion 1. American Creativity, Materialism and Hard Working from Its Religion Origin-----Puritanism[?pj??r?t?n?z?m](清教) In the eyes of other countries’ people, American s are often criticized for being so “materialistic” which means placing a high value on material possessions. Americans do not like to be called materialistic because they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only material things and of having no religious values. For them, though, this materialism is natural and proper. Material wealth is the most
【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国宗教religion in United States
RELIGION in the UNITED STATES
Religious Liberty ?“Among the rights which the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion” (p. 86) ?The Constitution forbade the government to give special favours to any religion, nor were they allowed to stop or interfere with religion. The USA was determined it would have no state-supported religion. ?When there is a disagreement between the government and any religion, the American courts must settle it. Protestants in the United States ?60% of Americans are Protestant believers. The Baptists are the largest Protestant group.* The largest concentration of Baptists live in the Southern States of America and, although some Southern Baptists have liberal attitudes to black Americans, many believe and practice racial discrimination and prejudice towards them.
American Religion 美国宗教发展历程
Religion in America In a Christian world, many countries in the West have experienced declines in religious observance and increases in secularization in the twentieth century. This is often attributed to the influences of industrialization, consumerism, materialism, hedonism, mass culture, and universal education. The United States, however, seems to be an exception. Despite its materialistic image and intense worship of “mighty dollars”, the U. S. still remains the most religious country in the Western countries. In comparison with European countries, America not only has a greater number of religious believers, but also enjoys a much higher church survey, The Economist reported that about 95 percent of Americans believed in God; four out of five believed in miracles, life after death and the Virgin Mary birth; 6.5 percent believed in the devil; 75 percent believed in angels; and nine out of ten owned a bible. Similarly, surveys by the Gallup Organization in the early 1990s indicated that among Americans under 30 years old, about 36 percent attended church on regular basis, while close to 47 percent of the people at or over 50 went to church once in a week. Is America a religious culture, shaped by men who sought freedom of worship, with God constantly present in their minds even when the Church has become formalized? Or is it a secular culture with religion playing only a marginal role in men’s daily lives since the Untied States long time ago separated Church and
美国宗教与文化
美国的宗教与法律 当我们提及美国时，很多人经常想到是什么呢？想到的是美国很富有，美元很重要，汇率降一分牵动多少万人的心，美国的次贷危机间接引发了全球性金融危机；其次是美国科技很发达。阿波罗登月计划的成功鉴证了一个人的一小步可以成为全人类的一大步。微软巨头把电脑这个原本由技术人员才能操作的复杂高科技工具，变为普遍老百姓的日常生活工具，开创了电脑平民化时代。另外还有美国的军事。有一条的手机短信说,“我是美国，我想打谁我打谁”。从扔到日本的广岛长崎的两颗原子弹到伊拉克战争中空地压制武器“哈姆”反辐射导弹，其实力之强毫无疑问。 美国经济、科技和军事实力确实是有目共睹的，但很少有人想到美国的宗教。让我们讲讲宗教在美国的地位。 一方面，根据美国一些比较有名的科研机构，比方说盖洛普这样的权威机构在几十年间的跟踪统计，美国大概每十个人里头，有九个人自称是相信上帝，也就是92%到93%的人是相信上帝的；有八个人认为，宗教们生活中非常重要的、非常关键的内容；有七个人属于某种宗教组织，但不一定是基督教，可能是各种其他宗教：有六个人每天祈祷；有四个人每周去教堂，也就是说有40%的人每周上教堂。这个
数字一百多年来都没有改变，只是在9.11以后，突然上升到70%多，后来有一个回落，但是基本稳定在40%多。美国是所有西方国家里，进教堂人数最高的国家。美国的教堂有30多万个，如果你去美国，会看到一个十字街角会有好几个教堂矗立在那儿，不同的风格，没有一个教堂和另一个教堂是相同的。30多万个教堂分布在美国城乡的各个角落里。另一方面，美国人每年观看橄榄球、棒球、篮球这些重要比赛的人数，大约是4亿人次，但是参加宗教活动的人数，是52亿人次。美国人在20世纪90年代，每年给宗教事业的捐款达500亿美元；但是花在棒球、篮球、橄榄球三大球上的钱是50亿美元。由此可见宗教对美国人的公共生活有多么重要。 除此以外宗教对美国人的政治也有十分深远的影响。“我们信赖上帝”一语不仅铭铸在美国政府发行的硬币上，而且也赫然悬刻在国会大厦的墙壁。联邦国会开会的开场白是牧师的祷告，最高法院也要先诵读“上帝拯救合众国和这个可尊敬的法院”后才可以开庭，联邦军队中也设有随军牧师，即使你去法庭作证，也要像总统宣誓就职一样，必须手按圣经，发誓你所说的一切句句属实，否则你是必输无疑，凡此种种，不一而足。 当然对于美国教育和文化，宗教也有其重要的影响。美国的私立中小学基本上都是教会办的。美国有一些很著名的