科技英语语法学习

’s do some translation work:

E/C Translation:

1. All the satellite needs in order to move in its orbit is the initial speed given it by the carrier rocket.

2. I told you it was how he did it that mattered.

C/E Translation:

1.。（重量很轻；质量很好；结构很复杂）

2.（performance比那台好得多。

3.。

4.。

Chapter 1 Parts of Speech (词类)

Today we’ll begin with the parts of speech[词类]. They are just like components in electronic devices. Before you start to learn a TV receiver, for instance, you should have a good understanding of the functions of various components. Then you will be able to learn the machine well. Otherwise, you won’t be able to do so, I’m afraid.

However, this point is often ignored by the Chinese students while they are learning a foreign language. As a matter of fact, many problems arise from the misunderstanding of the part of speech of a word and its function in a sentence.

I.Articles冠词）

We restrict our discussion to the following points.

1.Their translation into Chinese

There are three possibilities: (Which one will be adopted is determined by the trial-and-error method试探法”.)

(1)They must be translated into Chinese.

(2)They mustn’t be translated into Chinese.

(3)They may or may not be translated into Chinese.

Examples:

A table is often made of wood.

Here is an analysis.[ Here is an experiment. Here is an example. =An example follows.]

θ is a parameter.

The proof of the theorem is not difficult.

The unit of current is the ampere.

2. The basic usage of articles

(1)Before a countable noun in singular form, an article must be used.

(2)Before a noun (countable or uncountable) which is specifically referred to, a definite article must be used.

如果把电压(voltage)加到电路(circuit)，在电路中就会有电流(current)流动(flow)”

工程师能创造以前从来没有过的东西。”

钨（tungsten就是用在电灯里的那种金属。”

3. Their special position s★

这里的飞机[aircraft]。”(with “all” as an adjective)

这是一台如此(so)灵敏的(sensitive)安培表(ammeter)以致于它能测出电流的微弱变化(slight change)”(with “this”as the subject of the sentence)

Summary:all

both +the + noun

half

such

+a (an) + noun

what (多么)—used in an exclamatory sentence

how多么）

as … (as)

so如此）+ adjective +a (an) + noun

too太）

1.。（Use the pattern“as + adj. + noun + as” with“China” as the subject.）

2.。

II. Article Filling

1. ______ magnet has ______ S pole and ______ N pole.

2. That is ______ 18-volt battery.

3. This is ______ UNIX system header标题）.

III. E/C Translation

1. We find that we are dealing with too large a class of circuits. So we have to choose some of them for discussion here.

2. So instinctive本能的）an act行为）as choosing a gradual平缓的）slope坡度）of a hill to walk up instead of a steep陡峭的）slope is based on the principle of the inclined plane斜面）.

3.This is about as small a mass[质量] as you can find anywhere.

4. This is too complicated a problem for us to go into.

5. A friend function友人函数）is as much a part of that interface接口）as is a member function成员函数）.

6. What an important instrument is one that adequately displays the Fourier transform傅氏变换）of a function of time, even when the interval of integration积分区间）is not infinity无穷大）.

****************************************************

4. Special habitual uses of the indefinite articles before uncountable nouns (especially to express the idea of“…；作一…”)

An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.

It is the force of friction摩擦）that brings the car to a stop.

There is a growing awareness that it is urgent to reduce global warming.

We shall start with a study of forces.

The importance of the higher frequencies can readily be seen by an examination of the bandwidth带宽）of the audio-frequency spectrum音频频谱）.

a sound knowledge of…

a good understanding of…

a clear description of…

a study of…

a comparison of [between]…

a brief qualitative discussion of…

a thorough treatment of…

a mention of…

a theoretical analysis of…

an examination of…

a direct application of…

a calculation of…

“[本文]（performance作了初步的（initial分析。”

为此，对计算机科学必须有很好的了解。”

II．Prepositions(介词)

1. Pay attention to functions of a prepositional phrase

(1)Adverbial状）：Pay attention to their positions in the Chinese versions.(It's generally put before the predicate or the

subject.)

There are many components in this device.

●Predicative adverbial表语性状语）(or: a special appositive同位语”)

Their channel resistances沟道电阻）will be relatively low,of the order of 500 Ω.（the order of = about大约”）The receiver noise figure噪声值）is low,in the order of 5 to 10 dB.

(2)Attribute定）—as a postmodifier后置定语）only

The switch on the wall near the door of the room is for the ceiling light.

(3)Complement补）：mostly the“as-phrase” required by many verbs

as B

regard A as B

refer to A as B

speak of A as B

This parameter参数）is defined as the ratio of signal to noise.

The mass质量）of a body can be thought of as the force per unit of acceleration加速度）.

We refer to the opposition to the flow of electrons as electrical resistance.

***An increasing number of engineering designers find it of value to have a working knowledge of electronic computers.

*** a few set verbal phrases: ( keep … at work; set … in motion )

Pressure is required for forcing the water through a pipe.★

Everywhere we can see gravity重力）in action.

Electricity keeps machines at work.

Now set the charges电）in motion and measure the magnetic force磁力）.

(4)Predicative

Another common approach is through the use of a s ymmetrical square wave. (对称方波)

The operating path is along the segment线段）a’b’ of the diode characteristic二极管特性曲线）.

(5)Parenthesis插）—many set phrases (in fact; of course; for example, ……)

(6)Prepositional object介宾）—only after a few prepositions, such as “from★, except★, to, …)

The energy from within the earth can be exploited.

Noise is present in every electrical circuit电路）except at a temperature of absolute zero.

The highest order度）of accuracy obtainable in using this technique is to within 0.01 percent.

(7) Expressing a range of values as a premodifier

A package集成块）containing one or more op amps运算放大器）typically has between 8 and 14 terminals端点）.

This greatly simplifies the measurement of phase相位）in the frequency range of from 1 to 1,000 MHz.

2. The useful ideas of several commonly used prepositions in scientific English

(1) of

interest

use

①“of +some abstract nouns value”=corresponding adjectives

importance

help

significance

This point is of great importance ( = very important).

最高级的范围

②Expressing the idea of在……”

一般的范围

Of all the computers here, this one works best.

Of these three new chapters, the first deals with receivers.

③Expressing the relation of apposition同位）

The science of chemistry is very useful in the modern world.

The concept of potential difference电位差）will be introduced in the next section.

This battery can supply a current of 4 mA.

④Introducing the logical subject of the noun before it which comes from an intransitive verb

Attention should be paid to the variation of the transistor current with temperature.

⑤Introducing the logical object of the noun before it which comes from a transitive verb

The separation of aluminum from its ore矿石）was very difficult at that time.

⑥Introducing the logical subject of a special type of complex infinitive phrase

The ability of a body to do work is called energy.

(2) with

care

difficulty

accuracy

①“with +some abstract nouns precision”= corresponding adverbs

skill

efficiency

rapidity

It is now possible to change ac into dc with great ease.

②Expressing the idea of随着”when it is used together with “vary, change, increase, decrease, rise, fall”

This parameter参数）varies with temperature.

③Forming the“with-structure”

With the switch on position 1, the output impedance阻抗）will be maximum.

This parameter shall be measured with E p grounded接地）.

④Expressing the idea of用”（mostly followed by a physical thing）

We can see distant stars with this telescope望远镜）.

⑤Expressing the ideas of对于；在……；有了”or sometimes an additional explanation of the subject when it is at the very beginning of a sentence

With the alternating current, things are different.

With large files, the index file索引文件）itself may become too large to be kept in memory.

⑥Expressing the idea of与”

A comparison of the experimental result with the computed one has been made.

(3) by

①Expressing all the quantities except time and distance

In this case v and i differ in phase相位）by 50o.

②Expressing the idea of根据；按照”in the mathematical derivation

By Ohm’s law, we can write out the following equation.

③“by + gerund（or a noun from a verb”means通过……”

By studying this model, one can understand the structure of the atom.

By increasing the number of processors, we hope to get more work done in less time.

④“by + method”expresses the idea of用…”

The equation can be solved by this method.

（4）for

①Expressing the length of time or distance

This output may stay high for a long time.

②Expressing the ideas of对于；如果；当……”(a condition)

For x＜1, this equation holds.

③Expressing the unknown you wish to find when it is used together with“solve”

In this case we need to solve this equation for x.

④Introducing the logical subject of an infinitive so as to form the complex infinitive structure

It is necessary for us to determine what this angle is.

⑤Expressing the object“对象”（Especially it is put after“method, technique,algorithm, condition, requirement, language,prerequisite,etc.”）

This problem is too difficult for students.

The necessary condition for this inequality不等式）is x≤1.

Knowing C is not a prerequisite for learning C++.

Object-oriented programming is a technique for programming.

(5) in

①Expressing the unit for measurement, meaning用”

（The noun after it must be in plurual except the word“hertz”）

Capacitance电容）is measured in farads and frequency in hertz.

Meaning朝”before the noun “direction”

The current in a diode二极管）flows only in one direction.

③Meaning以，用”before the nouns “way; manner”

We should try to solve the problem in every possible way.

④Meaning在……”

These devices differ greatly in size.

⑤Expressing the ideas of“在……期间[时候]在……；在……”when it is followed by a gerund or a noun from a verb

In using the above equation, it does not matter which surface is considered as 1 and which as 2.

In choosing which algorithm to use in a particular situation, we must consider the different properties of the various algorithms.

⑥It is often used after the nouns “reduction, decrease, increase, change, rise, fall, drop”

This ammeter can measure the slight change in current.

The inclusion接入）of R e causes a decrease in amplification放大量）.

⑦It means在……”when it is used with the terminative verb (or a predicate expressing a state) in future tense. [Otherwise, it means“within.”]

They will leave for Beijing in a few days to attend an international conference on communications.

The wave will be back in a fraction of a second.

(6) on/upon

It means一当……就）”,在……”★, or在……”when used before a gerund or a noun from the verb.

Upon substituting the actual magnitudes, it turned out that v is the velocity of light.

(7) over

①Expressing the idea of通过”（In this case,before it there is a verb or a noun expressing movement and after it there

is a noun expressing distance.）

It is necessary to protect data that are transferred over the network.

This new type of aircraft can fly over 5,000 kilometers.

Its transmission over a long distance causes some loss of energy.

②Expressing the idea of在……”（In this case, after it there is a noun expressing place.）

Its flight over this city was a great success.

③Expressing the idea of与……”（after some nouns，especially“advantage, disadvantage”）

This new design has many advantages over the original one.

④Expressing the idea of在……”

We must perform the integration积分）over the whole area.

The determination of its average velocity over this distance is not difficult.

⑤Introducing the logical object of the noun before it (only after few words)

This voltage gives the control over the brightness of the light spot.

In the past, the programmers had complete control over the system.

⑥Expressing the idea of“more than”

This wire is over five times as long as that one.

⑦“over the years”means在这[那]”

The reliability of modern electronic equipment has improved greatly over the years.

III.Coordinators等立连词）

1. and

(1)These basic circuits电路）consist of independent sources, diodes and resistors.

(2)Water is a liquid and ice is a solid.

(3)This current is extremely small and can be neglected.

(4)Air has weight and occupies space.

The solution presented here is the simplest of those we consider,and often the best.

(5)We can go one step farther and take into account the nonzero slope非零斜率）of the actual curves.

Now let us go one step further and differentiate微分）the unit step function单位阶跃函数）.

and read the books they ought to read.

In this section, we set down and illustrate some of the rules of Boolean algebra布尔代数）.

go and …= go to (do)

come and …= come to (do)

stop and …= st op to (do)

try and …= try to (do)

go one step further and…

set down and…

(6)Try hard,and you will work the nut loose.

“an imperative sentence+and”=if-clause

Summary:

meanings:和；以及；而；从而；并且；同时；于是；那么；来；如果”

patterns:

general: A(,) and B

A, B(,) and C

A, B, C(,) and D

emphatic: A and B and C and D

Its commonest form is one for which n=2and m=1andω=2ωx.

Another well-known method is due to Korringa and Kohn and Rostoker.

2. or

(1) Accuracy is expressed as absolute error or relative error.

Much ado费尽力气）has been made about whether the design of computer hardware and software is art, science or engineering.

A part of the variation results from the fact that the earth is not spherical球形的）,that the observation points are at different elevations高度）,or that there are local variations in earth density泥土密度）.

Once G has been measured, the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation万有引力）can be used to find the force of gravitation between any two objects物体）of known mass质量）with a known distance between their centers of mass.Or if the force of gravitation, the distance, and one of the masses are known, the equation can be used to find the value of the other mass.

(2)There are three main laws of mechanics or three laws of Newton.

This variable变量）should be compared with the ideal,or desired, value.

In this case Q3 is a very high impedance阻抗）,or open.

(3) We should learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately,or they will make our speech silly and dull愚

）.

Computers are particularly useful in such systems as telemetry遥测）, where signals must be quickly recorded or be lost.

“otherwise[要不然]”—when “or” is used together with “must,” “important,” “essential,” "imperative,” "should,” or “necessary” which appears in the first part of the sentence.）

(4) The greater the resistivity电阻率）, the greater the field电场）needed to establish a given current density电流密）,or the smaller the current density caused by a given field.

“或者说”）

Summary:

meanings:或”；“即”；“要不然”；“或者说”

patterns:

general: A or B

A, B(,)or C

A, B, C(,)or D

emphatic: A or B or C or D

When A or B or C or D is high, the collector集电极）of T1 is LOW.

Unlike voltage or current or power, the measurement of phase shift相位移）inherently固有地）involves a comparison of two signals.

he term "force" is to be interpreted literally字面上）as the force,or torque力矩）,or pressure,or whatever may be producing the distortion.

These interrupts中断）signify that output has completed,or that input data are available,or that a failure has been detected.

IV.Numerals数词）

1. The ways to express a fraction分数）

(1) a general formula

Numerator (a cardinal number)/Denominator (an ordinal number in plural form except when the numerator is≤1, in

which case a singular form is used)

5/6 five sixths

1/2 one [a] half

** Can we say “one second”?

地球[的]十分之七。”

Over seven tenths of the earth is water.

The rest mass静止质量）of the products产物）of the explosion is less than the original rest mass by one ten-thousandth of the original rest mass.

This means that the volume体积）decreases by50 millionths of the original volume.

“零点五”

five tenths of a gram (or:0.5 gram—a decimal number)

How can we express the idea of零点几（克；伏特；安培）”？

Formula:a few(or:several)tenths of a[an]+unit

The weight of a given body varies by a few tenths of a percent from point to point on the earth's surface.

这个电阻(resistor)上的电压(voltage)为零点零零几伏特(volt)”

（2）special forms used mainly in science (often to express a very small fraction)

in a …______

a cardinal number + part(s) +per …______

(numerator)in an Arabic number

(denominator)

This number differs from that one by more than 1 part in 107.

A cesium clock铯钟）maintains its frequency constant to one part in one hundred billion(1011) or better.

Its volume体积）decreases by20 parts per million for a pressure increase of 1 atm [大气压](= for each atmosphere increase in pressure).

2. The special way for a numeral to act as a premodifier

a multiple the [its, their] + a noun

a fraction+ that + a postmodifier(mainly “of-phrase”)

a percentage what-clause

(It seems to me that an “of” is omitted after the numeral.)

The logarithm对数）of the n th power幂）of a number is equal to n times the logarithm of the number.

The mass of the proton is about1836 times that of the electron.

The moon is about one-quarter the size of the earth.

At this angular角的）speed, the man will weigh four times what he does in his normal正常的）1g environment.

这个电压是原来的五分之二。”

这个电压是加给放大器的信号的100。”

两根平行的橡皮筋（rubber band所提供的力为一根橡皮筋的两倍。”

The force provided by two parallel rubber bands is twice ( as great as)that provided by one rubber band.

Two parallel rubber bands provide twice as large a force as one rubber band (does).

Oral Translation in class:

Pay attention to the exact meaning of the conjunction“and” in each sentence which follows:

1. In practice, the transformer变压器）is not ideal,and power losses occur in it.

-frequency音频）transformers are heavy,and they often introduce distortion失真）.

3. On the second half-cycle半周）, T2 is cut off截止）,and T1 conducts导通）.

4. In this way less collector集电极）dissipation功耗）results,and the efficiency increases.

3. Translation techniques for two patterns

(1) The first pattern

The average Nu is found to equal 23.5 or nearly4.5 times greater than the ideal Nu of 5.38.

XVI is used to express the number of 16. To express a number a thousand times larger, the Romans put a line above that number.

A proton质子）is1840 times heavier than an electron.

At present the areal density面密度）of the tape technology is about100 times less than that for magnetic disks.

The modem调制解调器）is about a thousand times slower than the hard disk.

这本书比那本厚三倍。”

Formula:n times+comparative degree=n times as…(as)

***A practical rule for you to follow：

；汉译英加一倍★★★

(2) The second pattern

This causes the collector current集电极电流）to increase by a factor of100.

If the radius半径）is halved, the flow rate is reduced by a factor of16.

The price of the personal computer of 1980 is a factor of 100 lower than that of the earlier model.

Formula:by a factor of n=multiplied by n

V.Verbs动词）

1.A special type of link verbs连系动词）—those from notional verbs实意动词）such as remain, look, appear, prove, go, get, stay, turn, etc.

These “logic bombs”lie dormant休眠的）for a time and then activate激活）to eat data.

At this point, the CPU sits idle.

Digital electronics looks and is complex.

The above approach sounds very simple.

In this case the output can never swing negative.

One of these screws has worked loose.

This disk will stay [stand] empty until the user creates files there.

Any practical system will not meet this limit, although some have come close.

在这种情况下，机器容易发热。”

Formula:V(active)+an adjective

2.Semi-auxiliary verbs半助动词）—remain★,appear,seem, happen, prove, turn out, …

这些技术问题有待于解决。”

These technical problems remain to be solved.

宇宙中电荷似乎只有两种。”

In the universe, there seem [appear] to be only two kinds of charge.

Formula:V(active)+infinitive

3. A substitute (do, does did)代动词）—to avoid repetition in the adverbial clauses of comparison and manner

(as-clause), and in the relative clause introduced by“as”

Ohm’s law applies to organic tissues有机组织）as well as it does to wires and resistors导线和电阻器）.

The number of neutrons中子）in the nucleus原子核）of a given kind of atom may vary and often does.

Impedance阻抗）in an ac circuit交流电路）plays the same role that [as] resistance电阻）does in a dc直流）circuit.

The standard libraries库）require a greater degree of generality通用性）, flexibility, and efficiency than does most software.

As do most operating systems, the UNIX operating system consists of two separate parts: the kernel and the systems programs.

Adverbs副词）

Functions

1. Adverbial

2. Predicative—to express a state or place

In this case the diode二极管）remains on [=conducting].

Op amps运算放大器）have been around since the 1940s.

3. Complement—to express a state

This input signal can make transistor Q2on.

4. Attribut e★—as a postmodifier后置定语）only

(1)A single adverb of place or time

①place—here, there, above, below, around, nearby, up, down, on, …

The brain must keep in touch with the world around.

下面的两个方程极为重要。”

The equations of science are a sort of universal language easily understood by scientists everywhere.

②time—now, then, today,. …

The Miller integrator积分器）is in common use in laboratory oscilloscopes示波器）today.

These theories represent the universe as having evolved from a great explosion several billion years ago in a relatively small region of space.

③“thereof,” “ahead,”etc.●

This example illustrates a practical problem and the solution thereof.

The computer revolution promises有望）to bring about even greater changes in the years ahead.

（2）A n adverbial of quantity + a single adverb [mainly “apart; away, on, ago…”]

Electronic mail enables one to establish contact with people half a world away.

This type of keyboard puts the keys in two curved wells a shoulder distance apart.

*5. Prepositional object (in some cases, especially after“until”)

We will leave until later the details of implementing it using a real user-interface system.

VII.Adjectives形容词）

1.In some cases, a single adjective becomes a postmodifier.

(1) A few adjectives

①available★, obtainable, attainable, achievable, receivable,usable,responsible, possible, practicable,corresponding,, total,…—for stress

No textbooks available mention this point.

This videobandwidth视频带宽）is equivalent to 1200 voice channels话语信道）total.

Its highest speed possible is 140 kilometers per hour.

②present [= existent]存在的，出现的”

else [after interrogative or indefinite pronouns]其它的”

what(so)ever [after a noun modified by a negative word or“any”]任何的”

inclusive首尾包括在内的”

involved有关的，涉及的”

(It’s a must to put these words after the words they modify.★)

At resonance谐振）, the impedance阻抗）is limited by the value of resistance电阻）present.

Everything else in this equation can be measured except C2.

The numerator分子）may be any polynomial多项式）whatever.

In Chaps. 9 to 14,inclusive, the detailed design of the components shown in Fig. 1.4 is treated.

Eq. (1– 7) can be used to determine any of the variables变量）involved.

（2）Put after 12 indefinite pronouns不定代词）★

some, every, any, no→thing, body, one [various combinations]

Everything electronic will be done digitally.

Now computers are nothing mysterious.

There is something peculiar that should be noted about the left side of the graph曲线图）.

similar happens in collisions碰撞）between bodies物体）.

●Here is a sentence for you to translate from Chinese into English:

我没什么新内容可补充的了。”

(3) “An adverbial (mainly of quantity) + an adjective”★

Let us consider a situation a bit more complex.

Fig. 5 shows two parallel wires10 cm long [=… in length].

●C/E Translation:

这个厂将要生产一英寸厚的巨型（giant电视机。”

2.In some cases, a single adjective (mostly those ending in“-ed” with the prefix “un-”) may act as an adverbial (mainly of manner).▲

These devices can work unattended.

Superconductors超导体）let electrons race through them undisturbed不受干扰的）by normal resistance.

It is possible to transmit the signal waveform undistorted不失真的）.

If the population grows unchecked不加以控制的,）,a disaster will result to mankind.

The sun's rays come to the earth almost parallel.

Cast iron铸铁）is usually machined dry.

Even if a student can follow every line of every example in this book, that doesn’t mean that he or she can solve problems unaided.

[①If user A wishes to access her own test file named test,she can simply refer to test.

②“He” should be read as“he or she” throughout this book.]

3. Adjective phrases形容词短语）

(1)Formation—the definition in a narrow sense

①“adjective + prepositional phrase”

similar to～

different from～

dependent on～

small in size

②“adjective + infinitive”

able to do

necessary to do

ready to do

free to do

too...to do

③“adjective + adverbial clause”

of comparison—as... as

... than …

of result—so … that...

④two or more adjectives connected by a coordinator (even“adverb + adjective”)

(2) Functions (mainly the same as those of a single adjective)

①Predicative

This computer is different in size from that one.

That guide导向装置）is free to rotate about a fixed axis.

②Complement

This rule makes matrix A equal to matrix B.

This voltage is set equal to zero.

③Attribute—as a postmodifier only▲

This is a number larger than 1.

The more the spring弹簧）is stretched, the greater the force necessary to stretch it.

Another way to provide broadband（）services is to move to frequencies so high that less reuse复用）is needed.

This text is a help to digital designers both new and old.

good to within 1%, is 1 foot = 30 centimeters.

All systems,living and mechanical, are both information and feedback control systems.

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical.

④Adverbial★

In this case, its logical subject is, in general, the subject of the sentence (or sometimes the whole sentence after or before it).

ⅰ. Before the subject—Its meaning is determined by the trial-and-error method.

reason★

condition

concession

manner

additional explanation of the subject or the whole sentence after▲—for emphasis

Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers can save man a lot of time and labor.

Free from the attack of moisture, a piece of iron will not rust very fast.

Large or small, all circuits will contain the same kinds of components.

Analogous to类似于）the technique used in discussing power averaging功率平均）, let us define a new random variable随机变量）ω.

Contrary to popular belief, humans don't need less sleep as they age.

Medium-sized and coeducational, Washington University ranks among the nation’s leaders in higher education.

ⅱ. At the end of a sentence

additional statement to the subject or the whole sentence before

manner

In this case, the file is loaded加载）,ready to be edited.

The current reaches the maximum value whenω = ωo,similar to the situation in a series resonant circuit串联谐振电）.

The force M acts perpendicular to the earth's surface.

It must be noted that the current increases proportional to every decrease of resistance.

The video signal can be recorded on magnetic tape for picture reproduction,similar to audio tape recording for the reproduction of sound.

***Now we’re going to translate two sentences. Before doing that, let’s have some preparatory work about the usage of the words“but” and“expose (exposure)”.

but

Air is not visible,but it is matter.

The atomic furnace原子反应堆）will not work but it has enough fuel.

We cannot discover any material in an element but itself.

An element is made of but one kind of material.

There is not a single substance but has resistance to the flow of electrons.

expose;exposure

This roll of film胶卷）has been exposed to light.

This book should be useful in exposing computer scientists to the latest technology.

Excessive exposure to X-rays is harmful to your health.

Prior先前的）exposure to advanced mathematics is required.

***Translate the following sentence:

Familiar to all with but the slightest exposure to scientific literature, this model shows the atom as a miniature微型的）solar system太阳系）.

The absence不存在）of atmosphere大气）in space will allow the space telescope太空望远镜）to show scientists light sources as far as 14-billion十亿）light years away, some seven times farther out than those visible to the biggest ground-based地面上的）optical光学的）telescopes.

****************************************************

Independent Work in Class:

1. There is a 1-in-17 chance of drawing抽出）two successive hearts红桃）in this manner.

2. The varieties种类）of nonferrous有色的）metals are nearly four times what they were.

3. This temperature is a marked明显的）decrease over the 150o C previously前面）cited提到）.

4. Electrons move relatively unimpeded不受阻的）through metal.

5. This total modulation index调制度）must not exceed unity, or distortion失真）will result.

II. C/E Translation

1.。（You are asked to use the“S-V-O” pattern with“信号” as the subject of the sentence.）

2.，温度就并不是那么（so重要的因素了。

****************************************************

VIII.Possessive Pronouns物主代词）

1. Four logical relationships exist between a possessive pronoun and the noun it modifies. (Pay attention to their translation into Chinese.)

(1)Expressing possession

The energy of a body物体）is its power能力）to do work.

(2)Expressing the S-P relation—The noun it modifies comes from an adjective, such as presenc e★,absence▲, simplicity,

availability, etc.

Water and carbon dioxide二氧化碳）are among substances that absorb in the infrared红外线）.Their presence in the atmosphere has an insulating effect.[≈The fact that they are present in the atmosphere has an insulating effect.] Light is needed by the green plants to make them green and they cannot survive for long in its absence. [= without it≈if it is absent]

This the grid栅极）able to do primarily because of its great proximity靠近）to the cathode. [= because it is extremely proximate to the cathode阴极）]

(3) Expressing the active S-V relation

①The noun it modifies comes from an intransitive verb.▲

It is estimated that during the 5 billion years of its existence, the core of our sun has used about half of its original supply of hydrogen.

A baseball棒球）that land落）in an open开阔地）soon comes to rest静止）because of its interaction with the ground. [=… because it interacts with the ground.]

②The noun it modifies comes from a transitive verb, in which case“of” or“that-clause” always exists after the noun to introduce its logical object.

Students usually begin their study of circuits电路）by considering models of linear elements线性元件）.

Thus far our discussion of the principles of mechanics力学）has been concerned primarily主要）with particles质）.

This is possible because of our assumption that the transistor is a linear amplifier over the range of voltages and currents of interest. [= because we assume that---.]

(4) Expressing the V-O relation (or the passive S-V relation)★—[The noun it modifies comes from a transitive verb.]

The Fourier transform傅氏变换）is a very powerful有效的）tool that is used to a great extent in engineering. However, the limitation限制因素）defined by Eq. (2-1) restricts its use in important situations.

These equations are called differential equations微分方程），and their study forms one of the most challenging branches of mathematics.

In this case, overflow溢出）can occur, and its detection检测）is discussed later in this section.

The results of an experiment forced迫使）the abandonment放弃）of Thomson’s model and its replacement代替）by a new model.

Attention focuses on the floated gyroscopes浮型陀螺仪）because of their utilizatio n as an essential component in ballistic missiles弹道导弹）.

Digital voltmeters数字式伏特计）have made significant contributions in the field of electronic instrumentation检测）since their introduction more than 15 years ago.

2. A personal pronoun may sometimes be used to stand for something (the subject★or something else or the whole

①to stand for the subject

When they get hot,all metals melt.

Because of its simplicity,the circuit is widely used in power supplies.

When it is used,the information must be accessed and read into computer memory.

Because of their assistance during these early stages of the program our thanks are due to the following persons.

Because of its capacity to handle large volumes of data in a very short time,a computer may be the only means of resolving problems when time is limited.

②to stand for the whole sentence

It can not be proved here, but the rational numbers有理数）do not take up all the positions on the line.

(…确实并不能…)

Strange as it may seem,this was the first direct verification证实）of the reality实情）of molecules分子）.

Although we seldom pay attention to it,the air around us and in our lungs and ears is under a very considerable pressure.

We would appreciate it if you would notify us of any errors or omissions疏漏）that you identify in the book.

[I'd appreciate it very much if you could give him a chance to study at your university.]

IX.Nouns名词）

The following points must be paid attention to.

1. A noun phrase may be used attributively.

(1) as a premodifier

The first term项）can be integrated积分）by multiplying乘）the x dx + y dy factor因子）by 2.

These microwaves are emitted in pulses of less than one millionth of a second duration at a rate of 1,000 per second.

American Society学会）of Photogrammetry摄影测量）and Remote Sensing遥感）Annual Convention年会）Aerospace Applications of Artificial Intelligence Annual Conference

[the Access to Information Act]

(2) as a postmodifier★—expressing size, value, etc. (As a matter of fact, “of” is omitted before the noun phrase, it seems to me.)

A generation or two ago, a consumer products manufacturer the size of Sega would have had perhaps ten percent of its workforce designing products.

Standard chains are made in widths approximately 1.5to 12 times the pitch节距）.

Recent study has shown that many“rock”摇滚）musicians have suffered hearing losses typical of persons65 years of age.

Wires one hundredth the diameter直径）of a silk thread丝线）are used to connect the components in the chip.

the size of = as large as

the height of = as high as

the length of = as long as

the depth of = as deep as

the diameter of = as thick as

2. A noun (or noun phrase) may be used adverbially状语地）.

(1) Expressing quantity★, distance or time

It is often necessary to multiply乘）a quantity by itself a number of times.

In this case, most of the channels信道）will be idle most of the time.

It is not physically possible to have a function (either voltage or current) change a specified amount特定的量）in zero time.

(3)Expressing “aspect方面）or manner方式）” (In fact,this belongs to a type of word formation. There used to be a

hyphen连字号）between the two words.), in which case there is no article before the noun

①Expressing “aspect”

This solution解法）is time efficient.

（=… efficient in time）

The output from the bridge电桥）is amplitude幅度）stabilized by the thermistor热敏电阻）.

（= ... in amplitude）

control unit单元）is instruction dependent.

（= … dependent on---）

Transistors晶体管）are temperature sensitive.

（= … sensitive to---）

This material is acid酸）resistant.

(= ... resistant to any acid)

②Expressing“manner”

This instrument phase相位）tracks跟踪）a voltage controlled oscillator振荡器）.

(= …through phase ;…by voltage)

We must air cool these devices.

（= … with air）

Address assignment指定）is switch selectable.

（= ...can be selected by a switch）

The material in this book has been class tested.

(= … in class)

B-52s carpet bombed Taliban塔利班）positions阵地）yesterday.

（… like a carpet）

****************************************************

Independent Work in Class:

I. E/C Translation

1. The steering控制作用）is accomplished完成）by a circuit which operates similar to an up-down升降）counter 计数器）.

2. Where there is too much of it, the poisonous waste有毒废料）may do great harm to the things around us.

3. Although they follow the same basic pattern mentioned above, TV receivers will be dealt with separately.

4. There are races种属）between animals large and small.

5. Aiken’s machine was limited in speed by its use of relays继电器）rather than electronic devices.

6. Logic equations逻辑方程式）come in all shapes and sizes, and their algebraic simplification代数简化）is not always easy.

II. C/E Translation

1.（resistor上的电压（voltage）。（using an emphatic sentence pattern）

2.他们使用了与桥同宽的。（using a noun phrase to express the underlined part）

3.。

****************************************************

More exercise in class

I. Translate the following into English by using the abbreviated简略的）forms for the nouns in blocks which can only be used once.

1.方程（1-3和（1-4描述了这一点。

2.第1.1和1.2节。

3.图（2和（3画出了两种特殊情况。

4.习题列在第1～5页。

II. E/C Translation:

1.Our analysis of the various gate families门电路系列）will be made in the next chapter.

2. Since transformers变压器）are large, heavy, and expensive,their elimination消除）from the circuit results in considerable savings.

3. The coming years will witness the arrival of microprocessors with performance and complexity levels so high that such devices would have been inconceivable不可想象的）only a decade ago.

设施）continue to protect their physical machine far better than they do their data.

3. A noun phrase may act as an appositive to the whole sentence (or part of it) before, so as to make a long, complex sentence

a simpler one.★★[In this case, the words “which is” are omitted, it seems to me. Here “which” introduces a non-restrictive relative clause modifying the sentence before, with the meaning of “this.”]

Patterns:

(1)a/an + adj. + n. (+a prepositional phrase or sth. else)

Translation techniques:这是一种[个]……～。”

这种[个]是……。”

～,

relative clause★

(2) a fact [something] participial phrase★

a/an+n. +a postmodifier adjective phrase

appositive clause

Translation technique:这一[种]→……”(translated according to the word order)

Examples of(1)

If x were outside this range, the potential位的）energy would exceed the total energy,an impossible situation.

If a body weighs 10 N牛顿）, the earth pulls down on it with a force of 10 N, and the body pulls up on the earth with a force of 10 N,another example of an action-reaction pair.

Standing-wave-ratio驻波比）measurements must be made at many frequencies,a rather time-consuming and tedious 烦人的）task.

A power factor功率因子）of 60% means that 1 Kva千伏安）of power must be supplied for every 600 watts瓦）of power actually consumed消耗）,an uneconomical situation.

For convenience in the present discussion, we are taking clockwise torques顺时针力矩）to be positive,the opposite choice from that used in preceding sections.

Examples of(2)

Increasing levels of carbon dioxide二氧化碳）and other pollutants污染物）are responsible for a rise in global temperature,a phenomenon called global warming.

AC can be changed into DC—a process known as rectification整流）.

The reverse反向的）current is several microamperes微安）at room temperature in germanium锗）pn junctions 结）and only a few picoamperes皮安）in silicon硅）diodes,a difference related to the basic properties of the two semiconductors.

Host name主机名）conflicts would occur constantly unless names were centrally managed集中管理），something unthinkable in a huge international network.

In every atom in its normal state, the number of protons equals the number of electrons,a fact [something] which is directly related to the electrical properties of the proton and the electron.

A stove炉子）warms a room chiefly through the actual movement of heated air,a process called convection对流）.

Computers are electronic devices capable of processing informatio─a process which previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.

***A special case:

A decrease in the number of carriers载流子）yields带来）an increase in resistivity电阻率）,in agreement with observations. [ = …, which is--- (= a fact that is---)]

1.In some cases, the appositive to the subject may come before the subject because of its being long or just for stress. (In

this case, a comma must be used before the subject.)

One of the foremost最重要的）pioneers先驱）in the development of military electronics电子设备）, Westinghouse 西屋公司）has produced over 35,000 radars for air, sea, ground and space applications.

A new technology introduced in the 1960’s, laser can pierce穿透）the hardest substance such as diamond金刚石）.

An Ivy League university长青藤名牌大学）located in Philadelphia, Penn was founded by Benjamin Franklin and has been a pioneer in education and research for more than two hundred years.

*** In some cases, the appositive同位语）to a word can also be treated in this way:

i C = 0,v CE =V T ln (1/ R),a positive voltage.

In this case,v CE = 0.12 V,a value which is closer to our assumption of 0.1 V.

Chapter 2 Word Collocations词汇搭配）and Sentence Members句子成分）

I.Word Collocations词汇搭配）

1. Set phrases固定词组）—in a word, take place,as usual, as a matter of fact,…

2. Habitual collocations习惯搭配）

(1) Some nouns must go with definite verbs.

质量improve the quality

效率raise [increase] the efficiency

提高能力increase the ability

认识deepen one’s understanding

警惕enhance [heighten] the vigilance

成就[进步]make achievements [progress]

一致意见reach complete agreement of views

取得教训draw lessons

成功achieve success

同意obtain consent

作一分析[；研究]

make an analysis [a comparison; a study]

作一介绍[；说明]

give an introduction [a description; an explanation]

（2）Some verbs, adjectives, and nouns must go with definite prepositions.

Laser beams are sent at the moon.

send

point

aim rush[冲向]

(vt.) shoot … at～(vi.) fire at～[向…开火]

emit shout[朝…欢呼]

throw

(be) representative of = represent

(be) descriptive of = describe

(be) characteristic of = characterize

(be) indicative of = indicate

(be) symptomatic of = symptomize [symptomatize]

Emphasis should be laid on the collocation of a noun with a preposition, which may present much difficulty to the Chinese students, especially in writing.

①A fixed preposition goes before or after a noun.

ⅰ. Before a noun

。

，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。

At this temperature, the metal melts.

on a large scale（）

to a great [large] extent [point, degree]在很大程度上）

(a) great [large] measure在很大程度上）

at a rate

at a point

ⅱ. After a noun

。

They are attending an international conference on mobile communications.

。

Professor Wang is an expert in [on] radar.

the answer [key; solution]to (a problem)

the preface to (a book)

an exception to (a rule)

the research on [into; with; for] image processing

the current through (a component)

the voltage across (a component)

a tangent to…

a correction for [to;of]

increase [decrease; rise; fall reduction; variation]in…

condition [requirement; algorithm, technique, method; language; skill, equation; expression]for…

②An important format of word collocation★(which has fixed patterns of its translation into Chinese)

Format:noun of A preposition B

[A and B here are also nouns.]

which can be further classified as the following three sub-classes:

ⅰ. The “noun” is an ordinary abstract noun.

Translation pattern:“A…B～”

月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。”

温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。”

本节讨论AC与DC。”

月亮对地球的吸引力引起了潮汐。”

the ratio of A to B

the effect of A on [upon] B

the superiority of A to B

the relationship of A to B

the attraction引力）of A for B

the susceptibility of A to B

the sensitivity of A to B

the applicability of A to B

perpendicularity of A to B

the immunity of A to [from] B

familiarity of A with B

ⅱ. The “noun” comes from an intransitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical subject of the logical action expressed by the “noun.”

Translation pattern:“A。。。B～”

This curve shows the dependence of the output on [upon] the input.

The control engineer is usually interested in the response of a control system to unit step单位阶跃）, ramp斜波）, and parabolic抛物）functions.

The interaction of the ball with the ground is called friction.

图1画出了电。”

the variation of current with impedance.

Fig. 1 shows as a function of impedance

the graph of current against impedance.

impedance.

the passage of A through B

the motion of A round [around] B

the departure of A from B

the deviation of A from B

the reaction of A to B

the interaction of A with B

*** A special case:

rise (fall)

the increase (decrease)in [of] A with B“A随B～”

reduction

A gradual increase in resistance with speed is characteristic of friction between the boat’s bottom and the water.

ⅲ. The “noun” comes from a transitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical object of the action expressed by the“noun.”

Translation technique:The “noun” is put into a transitive verb so that the“V-O” pattern is used.

In solving the problem, the resolution of this force into x- and y-components is necessary.

The definition of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.

The separation of aluminum from its ore was very difficult at that time.

In this case,exposure of the body人体）to sunlight helps to overcome anemia贫血）and stimulate刺激）metabolism 新陈代谢）.

The most familiar example is the attraction of iron or steel objects to a permanent magnet.

The relation of Eq. (7- 21)to Eq. (7- 22) is shown in Fig. 8.

a comparison of A with B

the transformation of A into [to] B

the use of A as B

the exposure of A to B

the separation of A from[into] B

the protection of A from B

the isolation of A from B

the transfer of A to B

the conversion of A to [into] B

One More Pattern:

noun(from vt.)of A[logical object]by B[logical subject]

What is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus?

The formulation确立）of the theory of relativity相对论）by Einstein was one of the most significant events of the 20th century.

Niels Bohr, in 1913, first applied these ideas to the emission of light by atoms.

***************************************************

E/C translation exercise in class:

1. The second and subsequent随后的）flip-flops触发器）toggle翻转）at frequencies one-half or less that of the first.

2. In this case it is necessary to move the binary point二进位点）n places to the left.

3. If the basic relation I C = I B were to hold here, we should have I C = 100 mA, and V CE = 10– 100 =– 90 V, an impossible situation.

4. It is possible to produce an interference pattern干涉特性图）by using two identical相同的）lasers, something that cannot be done with ordinary light sources.

5. Faraday法拉第）was unable to calculate the velocity of propagation传播）of electromagnetic waves电磁波）, a task which required the mathematical precision精度）of Maxwell麦克斯韦）, which Faraday entirely lacked缺乏）.

6. This property justifies使…）our choice of the above constant常数）as positive.

7. The importance of this device in modern communications systems is largely due to its realization实现）as an integrated circuit集成电路）.

寻址方式）are sometimes computer specific.

II. Sentence Members

The following points may be important.

1. Positions of an appositive (Pay attention to its translation into Chinese.)

(1) normal positions

①▲immediately followed by

②★set off by a comma from

noun③set off by a colon from appositive

④set off by a dash from

⑤set off by an introducing word or phrase from (namely, that is, such as, for example, ...)

The term "sensitivity"灵敏度）is often used in radio engineering.

The word“radar” comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.

The rigid body刚体）,a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape, is itself an idealized model.

Arithmetic,the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics.

The decibel is one tenth of a bel,a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.

[In the last three examples, the appositive is often translated into a separate sentence.]

Salt water盐水）,a mixture, is made up of two compounds化合物）,salt and water.

(2) special positions (a summary)

①appositive, subject～

②～,appositive (a noun phrase)

[The appositive is translated into a separate sentence.]

2. Parenthetic clause插入句”(Parenthesis with an S-V structure)—which may appear in the main clause and in sub-clauses (mainly in a relative clause)

*** A rule for its judgment: Its being crosse d out won’t affect the meaning and the structure of the whole sentence.

(1)in the main clause

Living things too,it now seems certain, obey the laws of physics and chemistry.[≈It now seems certain that ….]√- 1 √- 1,it was agreed, should be replaceable at will by– 1.[≈It was agreed that～.]

The density密度）of a substance,we recall, is its mass质量）per unit volume体积）.

(2) in the sub-clause

Last year RCA demonstrated a new technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted would be on the consumer market “close to 1990.”

The machine seems to do many tasks which one would have thought required intelligence.

The following table lists some of the ways I feel the book may be used to teach either undergraduates or graduate students.

One of th e major problems which faced me in writing this book was “digesting” the vast literature on computer-based library systems and presenting it in what I hope is a clear and concise manner.

[Chaplin卓别林）was criticized for not being an American citizen and for his political views, which some people thought leaned倾向）toward communism. ]

（3）using “say = let us say” or some type of “what-clause”

A resistor of say 100 ohms may be connected across C2.

The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons per atom or,what is equivalen t, the number of protons per nucleus.

Now let the object and the reference axes be rotated 90o clockwise or,which amounts to the same thing, let us consider the gravitational forces to be rotated 90o counterclockwise.

which amounts to the same thing换句话说”

what is equivalent换句话说”

what is more important

what is more而且；更有甚者”

what is the same thing同样的是；换个说法（也一样）”

Negation,Tenses,Passive Voice, and Comparisons

I.Negation否定）

Translate the following first:

This parameter参数）does not change during all time intervals.

Eq. (5) can not be satisfied满足）for all values of x.

普通的窗户均承受（withstand不了如此大的力。”

1.Partial negation部分否定）—“all [both, every] + not” in a sentence

These rules will not be valid有效的）for all types of circuits电路）.

One of these two circuits may be reasonably accurate over a reasonable frequency range, but both can not be.

☆An exception:

All the stable states are circled圈起来）and all unstable present states are not.

2.Full negation全否定）—“ no [none of the,neither(of the)] + noun”

None of the existing general-purpose operating systems support hard real-time functionality硬实时功能）.

3.Transfer of negation否定的转移）★★★

Do the following E/C translation first

This figure数字）showed that the speed of light was not infinite无限大的）,as many then believed.

The presence of the minus sign indicates that the current of 1.5 A flows from C to F, and not from F to C as shown.

The HIGH-level output voltages for both OR and NOR are between–0.81 and–0.96 V rather than–0.8 V,as predicted by Eq. (2-9).

During this period, the climate oscillated摆动）between three states instead of remaining in one,as in the whole of recorded human history.

The transmission mode传输模式）is un able to distinguish time separations时间间隔）between discontinuities间）,as can reflectometry反射测量术）.

A summary

(1) The negation of the verbs expressing “belief” or “a subjective judgment” in the main clause is transferred to the sub-clause—which is familiar to you.

think

feel

suppose

not expect + an object clause

believe

imagine

reckon [认为]

(2) happen

not seem + a subject clause or an infinitive phrase▲

appear

(The negation of the verb is transferred to the clause or the infinitive.)

At first glance it does not appear that this integral积分）fits any of the forms presented up to this point.

In this case the diode characteristic二极管特性曲线）does not appear to be exponential指数的）.

This dispute争论）doesn't seem to be evaporating fast enough.

(3) not [no; rather than; instead of;un～] …...as [the way]～并不像～那样……”★

The majority of distance communication in the future could well be computer-to-computer,not person-to-person as at present.

This relation关系式）refers to a specific piece of material,not to a general property of the material as with Eq. (28- 6).☆An exception:

The sign of its charge电荷）does not affect the conclusion,as may readily be seen. [这一点…]

II.Tenses时态）

1.近年来，他们一直在研制一种新的半导体材料。”