质量控制和安全施工外文翻译
本文献来源于：
[1] 董祥. 土木工程英语. 2010（9）：145-151
质量控制和安全施工
1在施工中存在的质量和安全问题
质量控制和安全问题对项目经理来说变得越来越重要。施工过程中的设备缺陷或故障可能会导致非常大的成本。即使有轻微缺陷, 也可能需要重新建设使设施运营受损。导致成本的增加和延误结果。在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害甚至死亡。在施工过程中的事故可能导致人身伤害和巨大的花费。保险，检验和监管的间接成本迅速增加，会导致直接成本的增加。好的项目经理应尽量确保在第一时间完成任务，并且在工程中没有重大事故发生。
随着成本的控制，关于已完成设施的质量的最重要的决策是在设计和规划阶段，而不是在施工阶段。正是在该组件的配置，材料规格和功能性能这些初步阶段而决定的。施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保其是否符合原先的设计和规划决策。
虽然符合现有的设计决策是质量控制的首要重点，但也有例外的情况。第一，不可预见的情况下，错误的设计决策或希望通过在设备功能的所有者权益变动，可能在施工过程中要求对设计决策进行重新评估。虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量，但他们意味着随之而来的所有目标和限制因素都要进行重新设计。至于第二种情况，一些明智且适当的设计决策就是取决于施工过程本身，例如，一些隧道要求在不同的位置作出一定数量支护的方法，就是根据土壤条件，观察在隧道里面的过程而做出的决策。由于这样的决定是基于有关工地的实际情况，因此该设施的设计可能会更符合成本效益的结果。任何特殊的情况下，重新设计的施工过程中都需要考虑各种因素。
在施工过程中以讲究一致性作为质量的衡量标准，质量要求的设计和合同文件中的说明将变得极为重要。质量要求应该是明确的、可验证的，能使项目中的各方都能够理解的一致性要求。本章的大部分讨论均涉及到发展和建设的不同质量要求，以及确保符合性的相关问题。
建设项目中的安全性也在很大程度上影响到规划设计过程中的决策。一些设计或施工计划本身就是又危险又很难实现的，而其他类似的计划，则可以大大降低事故发生的可能性。例如，从施工区域内修复巷道使得交通分道行驶可以大大降低意外碰撞
的可能性。除了这些设计决策，在施工过程中安全在很大程度上取决于教育，提高警惕，合作。工人应对可能发生意外保持时刻警惕，避免不必要的风险。
2组织的质量和安全
在施工过程中，各种不同的组织均可对质量和安全进行控制。一个常见的模式是由一个组负责质量保证而另一个组则主要负责集团内的安全组织。在大型的组织中，各部门致力于确保质量和安全，可能会指定专人来承担这些具体项目的责任。对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理可能会承担相应责任。在任一情况下，确保安全和质量建设是项目经理在除人事、成本、时间和其他管理问题以外必须重点关注并全面负责的。
检查人员和质量保证人员将代表各种不同的组织共同参与一个项目。跟项目直接相关的各方都可能有自己的质量和安全检查，包括业主，工程师/设计师，和各种构造公司。这些检查员可以从专业的质量保证机构组织选择担任。除了现场检查，材料样品通常会由专门的实验室测试，以确保其权威性。为了保证符合监管要求，相关部门也将参与其中。常见的例子是当地政府建设部门的督察，环境机构，和职业健康与安全机构。
美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）与获批准的国家检验机构合作，定期对工作场所进行实地考察。OSHA的检查人员必须依法对所有违背标准的行为进行采证。以保障安全标准规定的各种机械措施和程序; 例如，梯子的安全有超过140个法规。在极端不符合标准上面法规的情况下，安全检查员可以停止在一个项目的工作。然而，只有一小部分的建筑工地是由OSHA督察巡视的，大多数施工现场的事故并非由违反现有标准造成的。因此，安全问题在很大程度上应由现场管理人员而非公共督察负责。
而施工过程中的众多参与者都需要检查人员的服务，也不能过于强调检查人员只检查质量控制的过程。好的质量控制应该是一个项目团队所有成员的首要目标。管理者应承担维护和提高质量控制的责任。员工参与质量控制包括引入了新的思路都应该被奖励。最重要的是，质量改进可以作为提高生产率的催化剂。良好的质量控制可以通过提出新的工作方法，避免返工，并避免长期的问题，达到自给自足。业主应促进良好的质量控制，并寻求能保持这样的水准的承包商。
除了参与质量控制的各种组织机构，质量控制问题在几乎所有的建筑活动功能区均出现过。例如，确保准确和有用的信息是保持质量性能的重要组成部分。质量控制
的其他方面包括文件控制（包括在施工过程中的变更），采购，现场检查和测试，以及设施的竣工验收。
3工作和材料规范
工作质量的规格是设备设计的一个重要特性。要求的质量和部件的规格代表了必要的文件来描述一个设备的一部分。通常情况下，这个文件包含了施工期间使用的设备设计文件和公认的规范的任何特殊规定，作为参考。
工作质量一般规格在许多领域都是在如美国材料与试验协会（ASTM），美国国家标准协会（ANSI），或施工规范协会（CSI）等组织的刊物上发表。不同规格的形式为特定类型的建设活动，如由美国焊接协会颁发的焊接标准，或特定设施的类型，如由美国协会的国家公路和运输官员颁发的公路桥梁的标准规范。这些一般规格必须进行修改，以反映当地的条件，政策，提供的材料，地方性法规及其他特殊情况。
施工规范通常由一系列的具体操作指令或禁令组成。例如，下面的文章说明了一个典型的对在这种情况下的挖掘结构的规范：
符合标高和尺寸正负0.10英尺的容差范围内的计划显示，从地基和基础延伸足够的距离，允许放置及拆除混凝土模板，安装服务，其他建筑，并进行检查。在挖掘挖掘地基和基础时，当心别影响基坑开挖。用手挖掘并最终分级来填置钢筋混凝土。调整（挖掘的）最底层到需要的路线和坡度，留下坚实的基础去填充坚实（的混凝土）。
这一组规范要求应用判断，是由于有些项目不能精确地指定。例如，开挖必须延长“足够”的距离，以便进行检查和其他活动。显然，“足够”这个词，在这种情况下，可能会受到不同的解释。相反，一个规范，公差内加或减十分之一英尺则是直接测量。然而，由于网站的设施或特征的具体要求，可能会使得十分之一英尺的标准公差变得不合适。书写规范通常需要在假设有关各方在诸如“充足”与预指定所有操作的努力和可能的解释不准确的话双方的部分合理的行为之间的权衡。
近年来，性能规格已经被开发运用于许多施工作业。这些规范是指所要求的性能的成品设施或质量，而不是指定所需的施工过程中的规范。而如何从其中获得此性能的具体方法则是留给建筑承包商的。例如，传统规格为沥青路面中指定的沥青材料，沥青组合物的摊铺温度，压实过程。相反，一个性能规格沥青所需的详细性能是关于路面的抗渗性及强度等。如何达到所期望的性能水平则要依靠铺路承包商。
质量控制（Ⅰ）
1全面的质量控制
在施工质量控制一般包括投保符合材料和工艺上最低准则，以便根据设计，以确保设备的性能。这些最低标准都包含在上一节中描述的规范。对于符合保险的目的，随机抽样和统计方法通常用于为基础，接受或拒绝工作完成，材料批次。一批拒绝是基于不符合或违反有关设计规范。这种质量控制的实践过程在下面的章节中描述。
在这些传统的质量控制方法的一个隐含的假设是可以接受的质量水平，这是不良品的允许分数的概念。由一个组织进行供应商或工作组获得的材料进行检查，如果估计有缺陷，但是所占百分比是在可接受的质量水平，让供应商和工作组来判断判断是否通过验收。如果是材料或货物的问题则是在产品交付后校正。
与此相反，质量控制这种传统的方法是全面质量管理的目标。在这个系统中，施工过程中的任何地方都不允许有次品。而完美的目标却是永远无法达到的，它提供了一个目标，让组织永远不会满足于它的质量控制程序，使得缺陷在年复一年的大量减少。这个概念和质量控制的方法最初是开发制造在日本和欧洲的公司，但已蔓延到许多建筑公司。最有名的质量改进的正式认证是国际标准化组织ISO 9000标准。ISO 9000强调良好的文档，质量目标和一系列的周期规划，实施和审查。
全面质量管理是一个对质量的承诺，表现在组织的各个部分，通常涉及许多元素。设计审查是确保安全和有效的施工程序的一个主要元素。其他因素包括大量的人员培训，转移检测产品缺陷的质量控制员的责任，并不断维护设备。在质量圈中的工人小组定期开会，提出质量改进的建议，但工人参与改进质量控制往往是形式化的。材料供应商也需要确保交付货物的零缺陷。首先，从供应商的所有材料进行检查，有缺陷的商品被分批次退回。能证明自己信誉优良的供应商，则可以在之后完成检查。
质量控制的传统微观经济学的观点是有缺陷的项目的“最优”的比例。努力实现比这更大的最佳的质量会大幅增加检验成本，降低员工的工作效率。然而，许多公司都发现，致力于全面质量控制可以产生可观的经济效益，这是一个曾经一直不受重视的传统方法。全面质量控制使得返工，废钢和保证与库存相关费用均减少，并且改善工作人员的积极性和工作决心。客户往往喜欢更高质量的作品，并会为其高质量支付高价。其结果是，完善的质量控制成为了一个竞争优势。
当然，全面的质量控制是很难应用的，尤其是在建设中。各设施的独特性，劳动力的变化性，众多分包商，教育和程序进行必要的成本投资，使项目全面质量控制的实施难度大。然而，一个组织虽不能保证达到完美的目标但却一直致力于提高质量，那么它可以是一个真正为大家造福的组织。
附外文原文：
Quality Control and Safety during Construction
1 Quality and Safety Concerns in Construction
Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects，re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.
As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decisions.
While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For
example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations.
With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance. Much of the discussion in this chapter relates to the development and the implications of different quality requirements for construction as well as the issues associated with insuring conformance.
Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.
2 Organizing for Quality and Safety
A variety of different organizations are possible for quality and safety control during construction. One common model is to have a group responsible for quality assurance and another group primarily responsible for safety within an organization. In large organizations, department dedicated to
quality assurance and to safety might assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects. For smaller projects, the project manager or an assistant might assume these and other responsibilities. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.
Inspectors and quality assurance personnel will be involved in a project to represent a variety of different organizations. Each of the parties directly concerned with the project may have their own quality and safety inspectors, including the owner, the engineer/architect, and the various constructor firms. These inspectors may be contractors from specialized quality assurance organizations. In addition to on-site inspections, samples of materials will commonly be tested by specialized laboratories to insure compliance. Inspectors to insure compliance with regulatory requirements will also be involved. Common examples are inspectors for the local government's building department, for environmental agencies, and for occupational health and safety agencies.
The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) routinely conduct site visits of work places in conjunction with approved state inspection agencies. OSHA inspectors are required by law to issue citations for all standard violations observed. Safety standards prescribe a variety of mechanical safeguards and procedures; for example, ladder safety is covered by over 140 regulations. In cases of extreme non-compliance with standards, OSHA inspectors can stop work on a project. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused by violations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors.
While the multitude of participants involved in the construction process require the services of inspectors, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that inspectors are only a formal check on quality control. Quality control should be a primary objective for all the members of a project team. Managers should take responsibility for maintaining and improving quality control. Employee participation in quality control should be sought and rewarded, including the introduction of new ideas. Most important of all, quality improvement can serve as a catalyst for improved productivity. By suggesting new work methods, by avoiding rework, and by avoiding long term problems, good quality control can pay for itself. Owners should promote good quality control and seek out contractors who maintain such standards.
In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. For example, insuring accurate and useful information is an important part of maintaining quality performance. Other aspects of quality control include document control (including changes during the construction process), procurement, field inspection and testing, and final checkout of the facility.
3 Work and Material Specifications
Specifications of work quality are an important feature of facility designs. Specifications of required quality and components represent part of the necessary documentation to describe a facility. Typically, this documentation includes any special provisions of the facility design as well as references to generally accepted specifications to be used during construction.
General specifications of work quality are available in numerous fields and are issued in publications of organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), or the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI).Distinct
specifications are formalized for particular types of construction activities, such as welding standards issued by the American Welding Society, or for particular facility types, such as the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges issued by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. These general specifications must be modified to reflect local conditions, policies, available materials, local regulations and other special circumstances.
Construction specifications normally consist of a series of instructions or prohibitions for specific operations. For example, the following passage illustrates a typical specification, in this case for excavation for structures:
Conform to elevations and dimensions shown on plan within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.10 foot, and extending a sufficient distance from footings and foundations to permit placing and removal of concrete formwork, installation of services, other construction, and for inspection. In excavating for footings and foundations, take care not to disturb bottom of excavation. Excavate by hand to final grade just before concrete reinforcement is placed. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive concrete.
This set of specifications requires judgment in application since some items are not precisely specified. For example, excavation must extend a "sufficient" distance to permit inspection and other activities. Obviously, the term "sufficient" in this case may be subject to varying interpretations. In contrast, a specification that tolerances are within plus or minus a tenth of a foot is subject to direct measurement. However, specific requirements of the facility or characteristics of the site may make the standard tolerance of a tenth of a foot inappropriate. Writing specifications typically requires a trade-off between assuming reasonable behavior on the part of all the parties
concerned in interpreting words such as "sufficient" versus the effort and possible inaccuracy in pre-specifying all operations.
In recent years, performance specifications have been developed for many construction operations. Rather than specifying the required construction process, these specifications refer to the required performance or quality of the finished facility. The exact method by which this performance is obtained is left to the construction contractor. For example, traditional specifications for asphalt pavement specified the composition of the asphalt material, the asphalt temperature during paving, and compacting procedures. In contrast, a performance specification for asphalt would detail the desired performance of the pavement with respect to impermeability, strength, etc. How the desired performance level was attained would be up to the paving contractor. In some cases, the payment for asphalt paving might increase with better quality of asphalt beyond some minimum level of performance.
Quality Control (Ⅰ)
1 Total Quality Control
Quality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications described in the previous section. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications. Procedures for this quality control practice are described in the following sections.
An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is an allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective
percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.
In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe, but has since spread to many construction companies. The best known formal certification for quality improvement is the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 9000 standard. ISO 9000 emphasizes good documentation, quality goals and a series of cycles of planning, implementation and review.
Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization
an
17 Civil Engineering Management Ⅲ: Quality Control
17.1.1 Passage
Quality Control and Safety during Construction
1 Quality and Safety Concerns in Construction
Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects，re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.
As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decisions.
While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the
d typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insur
e safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. Other elements include extensive training for personnel, shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers, and continually maintaining equipment. Worker involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups o
f workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.
The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there are an "optimum" proportion of defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantage.
Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.
统计过程控制和全面质量管理【外文翻译】
本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 原文： SPC and Total Quality Management Abstract The seven basic tools of Statistical Process Control (SPC) are articulated, together with an understanding of how SPC is an essential element of Total Quality Management. The criteria to establish a Total Quality Operation are also discussed and the presentation will include case histories of problems examined and benefits realized. The creation of a Total Quality operation It must be recognized that improvements in any aspects of a business operation may possibly lead to a state of continuous quality improvement, but Total Quality will only be achieved by a radical, co-ordinated approach throughout the entire operation, and that demands leadership. The creation of a Total Quality operation demands a balanced amount of attitudinal change, use of a management control system, together with application of appropriate tools and techniques. The common thread is management leadership and a dedicated passion to improve. A system without passion will not succeed, neither will passion without a system. However, improvement in general cannot be achieved without specific improvements being identified and realized. It is this focus on many specific improvement opportunities which produces a radical improvement in quality levels to break through existing barriers. Such intensive focus on specific improvement opportunities (sometimes called problems) demands the creation of teams with membership specific to the improvement action; the detailed knowledge and use of process improvement tools and techniques; together with dedicated management leadership. The creation of a Total Quality operation is the result of the optimal use of total human resources
施工组织设计外文翻译
摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1．编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2．施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工
安全工程专业英语部分翻译
Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩
效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果
房地产信息管理系统的设计与实现 外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
酒店服务质量管理外文文献翻译
文献出处：Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry [J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25. 原文 Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry Borkar; Sameer Abstract It is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords:Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process. Introduction It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques
施工组织设计外文翻译
XXXXXXXXX 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学生姓名： 院（系）： 专业班级： 指导教师： 完成日期：
施工组织设计的重要性 摘要： 建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。施工组织是项目建设和指导工程施工的重要技术经济文件。能调节施工中人员、机器、原料、环境、工艺、设备、土建、安装、管理、生产等矛盾,要对施工组织设计进行监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证工程项目高质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。 关键词： 项目管理施工组织方案重要性 施工组织设计就是对工程建设项目整个施工过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施工组织管理工作的核心和灵魂。其目的是使工程速度快、质量好、效益高。使整个工程在施工中获得相对的最优效果。 1.编制施工组织设计重要性的原因 建筑工程及其施工具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞大与施工周期长这三对特点。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必须进行施工组织设计。这是因为：其它一般工业产品的生产都有着自己固定的、长期适用的工厂。而建筑施工具有流动性的特点，不可能建立这样的工厂，只能是当每一个建筑工程施工时，建立一个相应的、临时性的，如同工厂作用性质的施工现场准备，即工地。施工单件性特点与施工流动性特点，决定了每一建筑工程施工都要选择相应的机具和劳动力组织。选择施工方法、拟定施工技术方案及其劳动力组织和机具配置，统称为施工作业能力配置。施工周期的特点，决定了各种劳动力、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也比较长，这就产生了与施工总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施工组织设计内容。由此可见，施工组织设计在项目管理中是相当重要的。 2.施工组织设计方案的重要性 建筑产品作为一种商品，在项目管理中工程质量在整个施工过程中起着极其重要的作用。工程建设项目的施工组织设计与其工程造价有着密切的关系。施工组织设计基本的内容有：工程概况和施工条件的分析、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划、施工总平面图。还有经济分析和施工准备工作计划。其中,施工方案及施工工艺的确定更为重要,如:施工机械的选择、水平运输方法的选择、土方的施工方法及主体结构的施工方法和施工工艺的选择等等,均直接影响着工程预算价格的变化。在保证工程质量和满足业主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,优化施工方案及施工工艺是控制投资和降低工程项目造价的重要措施和手段。 2.1施工组织方案在很大程度上影响着工程质量，因此合理的施工组织方案 不仅是确保工程顺利完成的基础，也是工程安全的依据。施工组织设计是建筑工程设计文件的重要组成部分，是编制工程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标文件的
安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)
Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。（P67） 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并干扰人们说话。（P68） Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。（P119） Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded（hot）conductor 未接地（高压）单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时，在返回
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
管理信息系统外文翻译
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
会计信息质量外文文献及翻译
会计信息质量在投资中的决策作用对私人信息和监测的影响 安妮比蒂，美国俄亥俄州立大学 瓦特史考特廖，多伦多大学 约瑟夫韦伯，美国麻省理工学院 1简介 管理者与外部资本的供应商信息是不对称的在这种情况下企业是如何影响金融资本 的投资的呢？越来越多的证据表明，会计质量越好，越可以减少信息的不对称和对融资成本的约束。与此相一致的可能性是，减少了具有更高敏感性的会计质量的公司的投资对内部产生的现金流量。威尔第和希拉里发现，对企业投资和与投资相关的会计质量容易不足，是容易引发过度投资的原因。 当投资效率低下时，会计的质量重要性可以减轻外部资本的影响，供应商有可能获得私人信息或可直接监测管理人员。通过访问个人信息与控制管理行为，外部资本的供应商可以直接影响企业的投资，降低了会计质量的重要性。符合这个想法的还有比德尔和希拉里的比较会计对不同国家的投资质量效益的影响。他们发现，会计品质的影响在于美国投资效益，而不是在日本。他们认为，一个可能的解释是不同的是债务和股权的美国版本的资本结构混合了SUS的日本企业。 我们研究如何通过会计质量灵敏度的重要性来延长不同资金来源对企业的投资现金 流量的不同影响。直接测试如何影响不同的融资来源会计，通过最近获得了债务融资的公司来投资敏感性现金流的质量的效果，债务融资的比较说明了对那些不能够通过他们的能力获得融资的没有影响。为了缓解这一问题，我们限制我们的样本公司有所有最近获得的债务融资和利用访问的差异信息和监测通过公共私人债务获得连续贷款的建议。我们承认，投资内部现金流敏感性可能较低获得债务融资的可能性。然而，这种可能性偏见拒绝了我们的假设。 具体来说，我们确定的数据样本证券公司有1163个采样公司（议会），通过发行资本公共债务或银团债务。我们限制我们的样本公司最近获得的债务融资持有该公司不断融资与借款。然而，在样本最近获得的债务融资的公司，也有可能是信号，在资本提供进入私人信息差异和约束他们放在管理中的行为。相关理论意味着减少公共债务持有人获取私人信息，因而减少借款有效的监测。在这些参数的基础上，我们预测，会计质量应该有一
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文献出处: Phillip Yetton. The Study of Construction Organization Design [J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2015, 9(2): 33-43. 原文 The Study of Construction Organization Design Author: Phillip Yetton Abstract Building construction is a complex work, huge building products, the production cycle is long, is a collection of architectural art, architecture, function, structure, decoration, water supply, power supply, intelligent system for a wind. Need to complete a project unit, type of work well together, and in the process of implementing, also under the influence of various subjective and objective conditions around. In order to meet the quality, cost, time limit for a project, under the premise of safety goal task to complete a project, must according to the requirement of the construction unit and the characteristics of the proposed construction project, the various raw materials on the basis of full investigation, compile an used to guide the whole process of technology, economy and management of project construction comprehensive document, this document is the construction organization Keywords: Construction; Organization design; Project cost 1 Introduction Construction organization design is a construction project for the object establishment, to guide the project bidding, construction contracts, construction preparation, construction installation until the whole process of the final acceptance of the technology, economy and management comprehensive document, is to ensure that project smooth implementation effective programmatic document. Construction organization design is proper or not, will directly relate to the quality of the proposed construction project, cost, time limit, safety, etc. The smooth realization of the intended target. With the development of The Times, modern engineering project scale and the demand is higher and higher, project management has become increasingly complex, and the construction organization design also put forward higher requirements. The construction organization design, construction organization
安全工程专业外语翻译
The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components． （译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。） There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. （译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。） The purpose of a driller is to holes. （译为“钻孔”） A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes. （译为“车”） The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components． （译为“起主要作用”，不译“主要贡献者”。） There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology. （译为“完全掌握”，不译“毕业于”。） The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines. （译为“炼钢”，不译“制造刚”。） An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes. （译为“很大阻力”，不译“高阻力”） Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater. 物质可以转换为能，能也可以转化为物质。 The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。 If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B. 若A=D，则A+B=D+B。 The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky. 第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件，这使得设备又大又笨。 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development. 这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。 The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls（rough or smooth）。 水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素：管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性（粗糙或光滑）。Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds. 太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。 In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. 一般来说，金属都是良导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。 The world of work injury insurance is complex. 工伤保险是复杂的。 Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或是气体，都是有原子组成的。 In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 无外力作用，物体则保持静止状态，或作匀速直线运动。 A wire lengthens while it is heated. 金属丝受热则伸长。 Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。