外文翻译---浅谈高层建筑供配电系统设计

中文4322字

外文资料翻译

Power supply system of high-rise building design Abstract: with the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described.

Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation

1 Project Overview

The commercial complex project,with a total construction area of 405570m2,on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m.

2 Load Calculation

1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the "national civil engineering technical measures" Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high.

2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes.

3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations.

Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups .

3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the "unified technical measures" is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the

distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6.

3 substations set

Load calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project in northern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A);

3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B two office supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues【8】.

4 small fire load power supply

In the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 "fire protection design of tall buildings," rule "should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs." Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means "from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated." In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop.

5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductor

Commercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the

needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; current transformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes.

6 layer distribution box set

According to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A ~ K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load. Prerequisites

The loop that you want to auto-tune must be in automatic mode. The loop output must be controlled by the execution of the PID instruction. Auto-tune will fail if the loop is in manual mode.

Before initiating an auto-tune operation your process must be brought to a stable state which means that the PV has reached setpoint (or for a P type loop, a constant difference between PV and setpoint) and the output is not changing erratically.

Ideally, the loop output value needs to be near the center of the control range when auto-tuning is started. The auto-tune procedure sets up an oscillation in the process by making small step changes in the loop output. If the loop output is close to either extreme of its control range, the step changes introduced in the auto-tune procedure may cause the output value to attempt to exceed the minimum or the maximum range limit.

If this were to happen, it may result in the generation of an auto-tune error condition, and it will certainly result in the determination of less than near optimal suggested values.

Auto-Hysteresis and Auto-Deviation

The hysteresis parameter specifies the excursion (plus or minus) from setpoint that the

PV (process variable) is allowed to make without causing the relay controller to change the output. This value is used to minimize the effect of noise in the PV signal to more accurately determine the natural oscillation frequency of the process.

If you select to automatically determine the hysteresis value, the PID Auto-Tuner will enter a hysteresis determination sequence. This sequence involves sampling the process variable for a period of time and then performing a standard deviation calculation on the sample results.

In order to have a statistically meaningful sample, a set of at least 100 samples must be acquired. For a loop with a sample time of 200 msec, acquiring 100 samples takes 20 seconds. For loops with a longer sample time it will take longer. Even though 100 samples can be acquired in less than 20 seconds for loops with sample times less than 200 msec, the hysteresis determination sequence always acquires samples for at least 20 seconds.

Once all the samples have been acquired, the standard deviation for the sample set is calculated. The hysteresis value is defined to be two times the standard deviation. The calculated hysteresis value is written into the actual hysteresis field (AHYS) of the loop table.

Tip

While the auto-hysteresis sequence is in progress, the normal PID calculation is not performed. Therefore, it is imperative that the process be in a stable state prior to initiating an auto-tune sequence. This will yield a better result for the hysteresis value and it will ensure that the process does not go out of control during the auto-hysteresis determination sequence.

The deviation parameter specifies the desired peak-to-peak swing of the PV around the set point. If you select to automatically determine this value, the desired deviation of the PV is computed by multiplying the hysteresis value by 4.5. The output will be driven proportionally to induce this magnitude of oscillation in the process during auto-tuning.

Auto-Tune Sequence

The auto-tuning sequence begins after the hysteresis and deviation values have been determined. The tuning process begins when the initial output step is applied to the loop output.

This change in output value should cause a corresponding change in the value of the process variable. When the output change drives the PV away from setpoint far enough to exceed the hysteresis boundary a zero-crossing event is detected by the auto-tuner. Upon each zero crossing event the auto-tuner drives the output in the opposite direction.

The tuner continues to sample the PV and waits for the next zero crossing event. A total of twelve zero-crossings are required to complete the sequence. The magnitude of the observed peak-to-peak PV values (peak error) and the rate at which zero-crossings occur are directly related to the dynamics of the process.

Early in the auto-tuning process, the output step value is proportionally adjusted once to induce subsequent peak-to-peak swings of the PV to more closely match the desired deviation amount. Once the adjustment is made, the new output step amount

is written into the Actual Step Size field (ASTEP) of the loop table.

The auto-tuning sequence will be terminated with an error, if the time between zero crossings exceeds the zero crossing watchdog interval time. The default value for the zero crossing watchdog interval time is two hours.

Figure 1 shows the output and process variable behaviors during an auto-tuning sequence on a direct acting loop. The PID Tuning Control Panel was used to initiate and monitor the tuning sequence.

Notice how the auto-tuner switches the output to cause the process (as evidenced by the PV value) to undergo small oscillations. The frequency and the amplitude of the PV oscillations are indicative of the process gain and natural frequency.

7 public area distribution box set

Taking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points:

①question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004 "Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2.

②In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point.

③the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out.

④control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely, C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts.

Design of distribution box 8

In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below.

User distribution box design

9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuits

Large-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance

and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese national standard requirements:

①All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated.

②number to simple and clear, not too long.

③distinction between nature and type of load.

④law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the different conditions, using two slightly different ways. Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and APE, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribution box, APE on behalf of the emergency power distribution box); BI on behalf of the basement; 1 / 1 for partition 1, I fire box. Above ground is more complex, more fire district, and on the fire district does not correspond to the lower, according to shaft number is better, such as AL-1-A1, AP, and APE, letters and numbers mean: 1 represents a layer; A1 on behalf of A, No. 1 shaft fed a distribution box. Fed a low-voltage circuits, such as the number of uses: W3-6-AL-1-A1, W3-6) indicates that the route back to power supply transformer 3, 6, feed the power distribution cabinet, AL-1-A1, said the then the first loop of the distribution box for the AL-1-A1 and so on, and so on.

10 Conclusion

With more and more complex commercial design projects, designers need to continually improve the design level, designed to make fine. These are only bits of the design in the business lessons learned, and the majority of designers want to communicate

浅谈高层建筑供配电系统设计

摘要：随着城市规模的不断发展，高层建筑越来越多，因此，高层建筑电气设计就成为设计者不得不面对的问题。本文结合工程实例，介绍了高层建筑电气设计中一些比较典型且具有普遍意义的问题，结合某工程的实际做法阐述了问题的解决方法。

关键词：高层建筑；电气设计；配电；负荷计算

1工程概况

本项目商业综合大楼，总建筑面积为405570m2，地上建筑面积272330m2，地下建筑面积133240m2,主体高度99m。项目组成为：办公楼两座，建筑面积为70800m2，28层，标准层高为3.2m。

2 负荷计算

1）负荷特点:用电负荷大,远大于《全国民用建筑工程设计术措施》中大120W/m2的指标,尤其是餐饮的用电负荷更大，而且不同类型、不同饮食文化背景的餐饮差别也很大。

2）负荷的不确定性大，因为商业地产往往根据市场租的需求，不断调整商铺的性质，使得负荷在动态变化之中。

3）目前的规范和技术措施没有对商业项目中不同类别商铺的参数指进行细化，工程设计中的负荷计算缺少据，大多数情况只能靠设计人员凭借以往工程经验进行计算。

负荷参数的选择：针对以上遇到的问题，进行负荷计算时，首先与开发商销售部门进行良好的沟通，确定各层的业态形式商铺面积和性质，这是电气负荷计算的基础依据；其次确定商铺内单位面积参数指标也很重要且复杂，因为规范中没有明确的指标可以参考；而且不同城市间的经济发展水平不均衡，用电指标也不同；便在同一城市不同区域的消费群体也有差异。

3）需要系数的选择：参数确定后，需要进行负荷计算。一般采用需要系数法，计算过程不再赘述。需要探讨的是需要系数的选择，这在现行规范、手册及《统一技术措施》中也没有明确的要求，根据多年的设计体会认为，在配电最末端商铺内户箱或层配电箱计算时Kx一般取1，在各回路干线计算时取0.7～0.8，在变电所各配电变压器计算时取0.4～0.6。

3变电所设置

根据负荷计算结果，本工程的变压器总安装容量为43400Kv.A，经与供电公司反复协商，分别在本工程的北、中和南三段设置3个变电所为三段建筑供电，1#变电所设6台2500Kv.A变压器,承担北段供电；2#变电所设4台1600Kv.A变压器,加6台2000Kv.A变压器,承担中段的供电，另外还有5台10Kv.A高压冷水机组（合计4000Kv.A）；3#变电所设2台2000Kv.A加2台1000Kv.A变压器，承担南段A、B两座办公楼供电。本工程配置两处10Kv电源引入点，每处为两路10Kv线路,根据供电公司对10Kv电源容量的规定：每路最大负荷为11000Kv.A

左右，两路即为22000Kv.A，设计1#、3#变电所合用一处10Kv,电源进线，总容量为21000Kv.A；2#变电所内变压器和10Kv,冷水机组共用一处10Kv电源进线，总容量为22400Kv.A。在变电所平面布置的设计中，除了满足规范要求以外，还需要考虑高压柜、变压器和低压柜按供电顺序布置，尤其是低压配电柜馈出电缆的走向顺畅，值班人员巡视方便等问题如不认真考虑，会造成施工时电缆交叉多、绕远路、浪费建筑面积以及巡视不方便等问题。

4较小消防负荷的供配电

在大型商业项目设计中经常会遇到消防用电设备负荷较小且分布较分散，若均由变电所馈出，会使得变电所低压柜馈出很多小电流回路，对断路器分断能力和导体的动、热稳定带来一定的影响。根据GB50045-1995《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》规定“消防用电设备应采用专用的供电回路，其配电设备应设有明显标志”。对供电回路的条文解释系指“从低压总配电室（包括分配电室）至最末一级配电箱，与一般配电线路均应严格分开”。在本设计中，采用了增加一级配电的方法，即从变电所不同母线段上分别馈出一条消防专用回路，在适当位置设置两台配电柜，再由此配电柜放射式配至末端双电源互投箱，这样既满足了规范对专用供电回路的要求，又避免在变电所级馈出许多小电流回路。

5断路器及导体的选择

由于商业地产项目房间用途的不确定性，在选择断路器和导体时必须考虑一定的裕量以满足调整造成的负荷变化。根据这一特点，在设计中较多地使用了插接母线供电，既可以满足大载流量的要求，又使供配电灵活性加大，在每层竖井中均预留备用插接箱，以便在变化时，可根据上下层负荷的变化，进行调整。例如：某竖井一段母线负责1～3层供电，当1层由于变化容量增大，而3层容量减小时，就可使用1层的备用插接箱把3层富裕的容量配给1层使用。在变电所这级配电中，选择断路器时要选整定值可调整的断路器，以便在末端负荷变化时调整整定值；在母线和互感器的选择上一般按断路器框架值来选。例如：某段干线设备容量530Kv，Kx取0.7，计算电流为704A，选择断路器框架值为1000A，整定值为800A；电流互感器为1000/50；母线载流量为1000A，此路最大可满足1000A电流的负荷使用要求，即便有调整，配电开关及线路也可不必作大的变动。

6层配电箱的设置

根据各层防火分区的划分，分别在各层编号为A～K竖井内设置层照明配电箱为各商铺供电,各商铺的供电采用一对一放射式供电。需要指出的是由于各层的业态比较复杂各层的防火分区上、下层不对应，使得有的竖井在负责本防火分区供电的同时，还要负责相邻的防火分区的供电。在设计时，采用了就近原则，同时也考虑到整条干线负担的负荷情况，尽量使各个竖井内负荷比较平衡。先决条件

您要进行自整定的回路必须处于自动模式。回路的输出必须由PID指令来控制。如果回路处于手动模式，自整定会失败。

在启动自整定之前，您的控制过程应该达到一种稳定状态。这种稳定状态是指过程变量已经达到设定值(或者对于P调节来说，过程变量与设定值之间的差值恒定)并且输出不会不规律地变化。

理想状态下，当自整定启动时，回路的输出值应该在控制范围中心附近。自整定过程在回路的输出中加入一些小的阶跃变化，使得控制过程产生振荡。如果回路的输出值没有处于控制范围中心附近，自整定的这种阶跃变化会导致输出超限。

如果这种情况发生，会使自整定发生错误，当然也会使推荐值并非最优化。

自滞后和自偏移

滞后参数给出一个相对于设定值的正负偏移量，过程变量在此偏移量范围内时，不会导致控制器改变输出值。这个值用于减小过程变量中噪声的影响，从而更精确地计算出过程自然振动频率。

如果您选用自动计算滞后值，PID自整定会生成一个滞后运算队列。该队列包含一段时间内的过程变量采样值，然后根据采样结果计算出标准偏移。

为了得到具有统计意义的采样数据，至少要有100个采样值。如果回路的采样周期为200 ms，100个采样值就需要20秒时间。回路采样周期更长会需要更多的时间。即使您使用的回路采样周期小于20ms，从而使得采样100次用不了20秒时间，滞后运算队列仍然需要至少20秒采样时间。

当得到足够的采样值以后，就可以算出样本的标准偏移。滞后值等于两倍的标准偏移。计算后得到的滞后值被写入回路表中的实际滞后(AHYS)域中。

提示

在自滞后计算过程中，正常的PID运算会停止。因此，在启动自整定之前，控制过程应处于稳定状态。这样可以使滞后值的计算收到好的效果，同时也可以保证在自滞后运算过程中，控制过程不会失控。

偏移参数是指希望得到的过程变量相对于设定值的峰--峰值幅度。如果您选择自动计算该值，它将是滞后值的4.5倍。在自整定过程中，会适当地调节输出，使控制过程中的振动在这一范围内。

自整定序列

自整定序列在得到滞后值和偏移值之后开始执行。当初始输出阶跃实际应用到回路的输出时，整定过程就开始了。

输出值的这一变化会导致过程变量值产生相应的变化。当输出的变化使过程变量远离设定值以致于超出滞后区范围时，自整定将检测到一个零相交事件。在每次零相交事件发生时，自整定将反方向改变输出。

自整定继续采样过程变量值，等待下一次零相交事件。要完成整个序列，需要12次零相交事件。过程变量的峰--峰值和零相交事件的产生速度都与控制过程的动态特性直接相关。

在自整定过程一开始，会适当地调节输出阶跃值，促使过程变量的峰--峰值更接近想要得到的偏移值。一旦有调节产生，新的输出阶跃值将被写入回路表的实际输出阶跃幅度(ASTEP)域中。

如果两次零相交时间的时间间隔超过了零相交看门狗的间隔时间，自整定序列将被终止。零相交看门狗的间隔时间缺省值为两小时。

注意自整定是如何改变输出，来使控制过程(用过程变量值表示)经受小幅振动的。过程变量的振动幅度和频率代表着控制过程增益和自然频率。

7公共区域配电箱的设置

考虑到商业的公共区域将来需要二次装修，必须预留电源。此处的设计需要考虑以下几点：

①电量预留多少的问题，其中照明用电可根据GB50034-2004

《建筑照明设计标准》表6.1.3及其6.1.8条，商业建筑照明功率密度值计算，高档超市营业厅为20W/m2，根据“装饰性灯具总功率50%计入照明密度计算值”的规定，采用的预留标准为40W/m2。

②为方便装修设计，在每个防火分区内设置了公共区域照明配电箱和应急照

明配电箱，以便明确装修设计的电气配电分界点。

③将楼梯间、储藏间等不需要做装修的部位，单独设置配电回路或配电箱，尽量不从公共区域预留精装用电的配电箱内馈出。

④公共区域照明的控制，大部分采用两种方式，即C—BUS系统或BA系统控制，利用C—BUS的优点是控制比较灵活，可按每一路馈出控制，也可调光控制；缺点是造价较高。利用BA系统控制优点是造价低，控制简单；缺点是由于交流接触器为三相，控制时可能会三路同时开或者同时关，在装修设计时需将各接触器馈出回路岔开供电，避免造成故障时大面积停电。

8户配电箱的设计

在商业地产设计中，往往只为商铺设计一个电表箱，而出线回路由用户根据自己的需要进行二次设计，但是商铺内风机盘管的供电很难解决，无法进行空调系统的整体调试。本工程的做法是在电表箱内增加一个断路器为风机盘管供电，另一路为用户二次设计时使用。

9配电柜/箱与配电回路的编号

大型项目往往低压配电柜/箱很多，低压馈出回路就更多，往往会出现柜/箱编号及线路编号重复的问题，造成在设计图中查找及将来维护检修的困难。本工程有3个10Kv变电所，20台变压器，上百台低压馈出柜，馈出回路更多。按照国际电工委员会（IEC）及中国国标的要求：

①所有的配电编号要简单明了，不能太箱和线路编号不重复。

②编号要简单明了，不能太长。

③区分负荷性质和类型。

④规律明显便于查找，能使看图者一目了然。根据以上要求及地上、地下建筑防火分区和业态形式的不同情况，采用了两种略有差别的方式。地下部分基本为车库，用途比较单一，防火分区也比较整齐，按防火分区编号，如AL—BL—1/1、AP与APE等各字母及数字含义：AL代表照明配电箱（AP代表动力配电箱，APE代表应急动力配电箱）；BI代表地下一层；1/1代表I防火分区1号箱。地上部分比较复杂，防火分区比较多，且上、下层防火分区不对应，按竖井编号较好，如AL—1—A1、AP和APE等字母及数字含义：1代表一层；A1代表A 号竖井馈出的1号配电箱。低压馈出回路的编号采用了如：W3—6—AL—1—A1，W3—6)表示此回路由3号变压器所供电的6号配电柜馈出，AL—1—A1表示本回路所接的第一个配电箱为AL—1—A1等，以此类推。

10结束语

随着商业设计项目越来越复杂，需要设计人员不断地提高设计水平，精心设计，作出精品。以上仅是在商业设计中的点滴经验总结，希望能和广大设计人员交流