英语专业词汇学复习提纲
第五章词的意义
课程内容：
一、“意义”的意义：
所指、概念、语义的内容以及他们之间的区别
二、词义的理据：
词义的理据主要有四种：拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据
词义的理据与“约定俗成”的关系
三、词义的类别
词义主要包括：语法意义、词汇意义、概念意义、关联意义、内含意义、文体意义、感情意义、搭配意义
要求：运用本章所学知识增强词义的理解能力，做到用词更加准确和得体
第六章语义关系
一、多义关系
多义关系的形成。多义关系的两种研究方法。词义发展的两种模式：辐射型、连锁型
二、同形同音异义关系
同形同音异义词的定义、类别、来源。同形同音异义词与多义词的区别及其修辞特色。
三、同义关系
同义词的定义、类别、来源和区别同义词的方法。
四、反义关系
反义词的定义、类别、特点及其使用。
五、上下义关系
上下义词的概念。上义词和下义词的特点及其使用。
六、语义场
语义场的概念。英语语义场与汉语语义场之间的异同。
第七章语义的演变
课程内容：
一、词义变化的种类
词义的扩大、词义的缩小、词义的升华、词义的降格以及词义的转移
四种变化方式在英语词汇发展中的作用
二、词义变化的原因
词义的演变的语言外部原因：历史原因、阶级原因、心理原因。语言内部原因：缩略、借用、类推。
第八章语义与语境
课程内容：
一、语境的种类
非语言语境。语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境
语境对词义的影响
二、语境的作用
语境如何消除歧义，限定所指和提供线索
要做到利用语境知识猜测词义
第九章英语习语
课程内容：
一、英语习语的特点
英语习语的特点可概括为两点：语义的整体性和结构的稳定性
二、英语习语的分类
英语习语有不同的分类原则，根据习语的语法功能可分为名词性习语、形容词性习语、动词性习语、副词性习语和句式习语
三、英语习语的使用
习语的文体色彩；修辞色彩，包括各种修辞格;习语的变异形式。
注意收集习语，并分析它们的构成形式、语法功能和修辞特色。
第十章英语词典
一、词典的种类
单语词典与双语词典；语文词典与百科词典；大型词典、案头词典和袖珍词典；专用词典。
这些词典的范围、内容和特点。
二、词典的使用
选用词典应注意的问题：双语词典或单语词典；综合性词典或专用词典；英国词典或美国词典；早起版本的词典或后期版本的词典。
选用词典应注意的问题：内容、特点、出版日期
选用恰当的词典解决学习和工作中遇到的实际语言问题。
三、三本常用词典
《朗文当代英语词典》新版、《科林斯合作英语词典》和《汉英词典》修订版的内容范围和特色。
能系统地介绍三本词典：收词范围、语言特色、语法标注、例句说明等。
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11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
《英语词汇学》教学大纲
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(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
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Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
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Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
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英语词汇学复习题（A） （2012-05-29） Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．sound C．combination of sounds D．group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．as quickly as C．more rapidly than D．not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （） A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （） A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（）A．one B．two C．three D．four 9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（） A．works B．prewar
词汇学复习资料
论述题 一、一般词汇与基本词汇的关系 基本词汇和一般词汇都有各自特点，因此，它们是语言词汇中两个完全不同的部分。但是，基本词汇和一般词汇又有非常密切的联系，它们相互依存，共同发展，都是语言词汇中不可缺少的部分。 第一，基本词汇是语言的基础，它也是一般词汇形成的基础，一般词汇中的大多数词都是在基本词汇基础上形成的。 第二，一般词汇反映社会的发展是非常敏感的，它几乎经常存在不吨的变动之中，因此，语言词汇中的新成分往往首先出现在一般词汇中，然后个别成分再进入基本词汇中，促成基本词 汇的发展。从这一角度讲，一般词汇又可以充当基本词汇发展的源泉。 第三，基本词汇和一般词汇中的个别成分又是可以互相转换，在词汇发展的过程中，随着社会交际需要的改变，某些基本词转化成一般词，而某些一般词也能转化为基本词汇，如过去的 基本词“鬼、窝窝头”等，现在已成了一般词，又如过去的一般词“党”，现在已经由一 般词转化成基本词，成为“共产党”的简称。 总之，基本词汇和一般词汇就是在这样相互依存不断转化的关系中间共同发展和丰富起来。它们的发展又形成整个词汇的形成。 二、词义发展的概况 1、新词的增加。语言是随着社会的发展而发展的，在这发展过程当中，词汇又是最敏感的部分， 因此，社会上的一切都会在词汇中有所反映，这就促成了语言中新词的不断增加。 2、双音词的增多。随着汉语的发展，词汇中的双音词逐渐增多起来，由单音向双音发展，是汉语 词汇发展的一种必然现象。因为随着社会的发展，交际的需求越来越纷繁复杂，需要表示的事物越来越多，有限的单音节形式就必然造成语言中同音词的大量出现。因而给人们的交际带来许多不便，汉语词的双音化就此发展起来。 3、实词虚化现象的发展。主要表现在两个方面：一方面是由实词类变为虚词类，如“因”原为 “原因”，而后发展为“因为”，充当连词使用；另一方面，是由可以充当词根词素的实词虚化成了附加词素，如“了”原为“了结”虚化成了“好了”。“了结”是实词，后来虚化成了词尾词素，读为“le”附在动词后面，表示完成体的语法意义，如“看了”、“做了”。 4、造词和构词方面的发展。汉语造词和构词的情况发展到今天已有了很大的变化，不但造词方法 已多样化，而且构词的方式也更加丰富和精密了。如新词语的创制、汉语的造词法和构词法也是不断丰富和发展的。 5、同义词、多义词和抽象词语的发展。同义词组的不断出现，多义词和抽象词语的不断增多，都 是人们认识能力发展的结果，同时，这些现象也标志着语言极大词汇的丰富和完善。其中汉语词汇中很早就存在着同义词现象，多义词的发展是语言词汇发展的必然趋势之一。抽象词语的发展不但取决于人们认识的发展，而且和社会科学文化的发展也分不开。 6、词义的发展。词义的发展是词汇发展的一个重要方面。词义的发展可以从很多方面促成整个词 汇系统的变化和发展。 7、旧要素的消亡。词汇的发展和变化不但表现为新要素的不断发展和增加，同时也表现在旧要素 的消亡。一般表现为旧词的消亡、义项的消亡和词素的消亡。汉语词汇的发展纷繁复杂，我们在认识和分析词汇的发展时，不能只看由简趋繁的一面，也应同时注意由繁趋简的发展现象。 只有这样，才能更好的认识、更正确的理解词汇的发展。 三、词汇的系统性(P13) 1、词的结构的系统性。词的结构由共性，这个共性可以概括为类型，如并列、表述、偏正、支 配等等。每一类型都联系一大批词。绝大多数词都可以归入少数几个结构类型中。由此可以 看出，词杂I结构上是很有规则地联系在一起的，表现出词的组织结构的系统性。 2、词义关系的系统性。一般认为，从词的意义关系来说，词可以构成层次关系词群和非层次关 系词群。层次关系有上下位关系（如：植物—树木—柳树）、整体部分关系（如：手—手掌 —手心）、亲属关系（如：祖父—父亲—儿子）、等级关系（如：军长—师长—团长）等。 非层次关系词群的成员一般都是同位关系，同位关系中词义叠合或大部分叠合的词就是同义