园艺专业英语课文.doc.docx
Lesson 1
The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation
Selected and rewritten from u The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by Il? Zvi Enoch and Yaeln Enoch, in Greenhouse Ecosyslems20, echled by G? Stanhill and H? Zvi Enoch, a series book of Ecosystems ofthc World (Li Yaling, Shanxi Agricuhural University)
This lesson briefly describes the development of the greenhouse from antiquity to the present day. Il includes a discussion of p「o(ec(ed cropping in cokband ho(?f￥ames, glass cloches, lean-to houses, winter gardens? orangeries, conservatories and glasshouses in their varied forms, and plastic-clad plant enclosures of all sizes ranging from low tunnels ? walk-in tunnels, to large plastic houses?
For the purpose of this lesson, the greenhouse is defined as a transparent enclosure designed to grow or temporarily protect plants ? Thus the definition does not include enclosures for growing mushrooms or tissue cultures?
In antiquity, however? there were probably no greenhouses in the sense defined here> but there were various practices adopted to provide out-of-secison flowers and vegetables?
The cultivation of out-of-season plants was intensely studied in ancient Athens and Rome? This Can be seen for instance in the work of Theophrastus [who lived from 372 to 287 BCE (before the common era)]. He mentioned moving plants into the peristyle (verandah iii a dosed courtyard of a Greek house) at night and heating soil by mixing it with decaying manure or compost.
Growers in China> Mesopotamia? Egypt, Israeh Greece and Rome grew valuable plants in pots and placed them indoors at night or during cold periods to protect them ? Sometimes? plants were grown on wheelbarrdws that could easily be brought into a grotto? cellar or room at night. Chinese plant culture may have included greenhouses that? xcording to tradition, go back to antiquity. A Chinese greenhouse(Fig. 1-1 in the text book ) consisted of a brick wall oriented east-west. On its southernside, a transparent surface consisting of bamboo sticks covered with oiled paper was placed at an angle 30 ?40 to the horizontal. During the day, the brick wall became heated by the sun and at night it released its heat ? In add it ion> at n ight the paper window was covered by rush mats which acted as thermal insulation. Similar simple greenhouses are in use today? and it is claimed that they increase the night temperature by up to 69C ?In the 20th century > in both northwestern Europe and North America > there was a development from smaller to larger greenhouse units 9 usually even?span or ridge? and furrow multi-span houses?The Use of small electrical motors allowed automated climate control, including the opening of vents ?Heating by thermsiphon hot water circulation was replaced by forced circulation? Electrical putnps were used for irrigation and to operate shading systems, etc.
Lean-to glasshouse slowly became obsolete and heating by smoke flues disappeared in the first decades of the 20thcentury?However> these changes all occurred very gradual!y?An example of this
development in the Netherlands is outlined below?
Simple over-winter sheds were used in Aalsmeer, the Netherlands, up to the 1920% and storc-framcst placed against the walls to protect vines in the Westland region were photographed in 1928.
At the beginning of the 20th century, 90 % of the area used for protected cultivation in the Netherlands consisted of cold frames or hotbeds (heated by decomposition of manure and compost)? By 1950, the area was still about 30%, and in 1964 it was 10% ?
The use of Dutch lights was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, only single-span frames were used； double -light frames date from about 1920? Comparing the building practices in the Netherlands with those in the more advanced United States? one sees that in 1904, 90 % of the glass-covered area in the Netherlands con sisted of light frames ? while 25 % of the glass?covered area in the US A in the year 1900 was of proper glasshouses ? The area under glass in the Netherlands increased from 1.6 km2 in 1904 to 4.0 km2 in 1912, to 32. 9 km2 in 1950, reaching 60.2 knf in 1964.
Heating and carbon-dioxide fertilization of hotbed through the decomposition of mixtures of horse manure and plant residues was widely used in the Netherlands at the beginning of the last century, and remained the com IT Ion way for growing cucumbers and melons until horses were replaced by tractors in the years after the Second World War.
Claassen and Haze loop (1933)mentioned that at that time flue heaters were only used by a few growen; in the Netherlands? whereas in Belgium* most of the 4.40 kirT used for fruit-growing in 1939 was heated by flues. Dutch greenhouses suitable tor a variety of crops were developed gradually over half a century. In 1900, at Loosduinen? a steel-framed greenhouse was built which became the forerunner for the “\Enlo Warenhuis?\ a house that could be used for different crops ? This glasshouse? first built in 1937, consists of large sheets of glass held within the grooves of the two sides of a separating narrow steel bar, permitting the maxinium transmission of light?V?nlo-typc structures (Fig?1?2) were becoming popular ill Westland of the Netherlands iii the 1950's ? Burning natural gas for the supply of carbon dioxide to greenhouse crops began in the Netherlands in 1961? following work done by J? Stender from the Institute of Horticultural Engineering in Wageningen, and became globally applied over the next decade? Glossary 1.glass cloche园艺用钟形玻璃西(E钟形玻璃罩，一种通常呈钟状的罩子，主耍用丁保护植物避免严寒冻害)
2.cold-and hot-frame 阳畦和温床
3.Ican-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室
4.winter garden冬季花园(或菜园)
5.orangery 柑橘温室，橘园,养橘温室(a sheltered placet especially a greenhouse?used for the cultivation of orange trees in cool climates)
6? conscrvatoiy 话人室(a greenhouse。especially one in which plants arc arranged aesthetically for display, as at a botanical garden)
7.enclosure 111住■围栏(四周有篱笆或围墙的场地,这里指房屋);transparent enclosure透明房屋；plastic-clad plant enclosures塑料覆盖的植物房子
8.tunnel 拱棚；low【unncl 小拱棚；walk-in tunnel 中拱棚；large plaslichousc 幫料大棚
9.tissue culture 组织培养
10.out-of-season flowers and vegetables 反季节的花卉和蔬菜
https://www.360docs.net/doc/9618737480.html,mon era 基督时代与公元相符合的时期(the period coinc id uig with the Christian era,可以缩写为C. E.)
I2?decaying manure or compost腐熟的农家肥或堆肥
13.grotto洞穴，岩穴.人工洞室
14.cellar地窖，地下室
15?bamboo stick竹片?竹竿
16.oiled paper 油纸
17.rush mat草席［灯心草或类似物（通常是水生植物）如蒲草编制的席子
18.thermo-siphon热虹吸,热虹吸管
19? forced circulation 强制循环
20.smoke flue烟道加热管；flue咒.烟洞,烟道，暖气管；flue heater烟道暖气管,烟道加热器
21.even-span 等屋面的;single-span 单跨：multi-span 连跨，多跨
22 ? ndge. and furrow multi-span house 嘴沟连跨温室
23?store-frame贮藏室
24.Dutch lights荷兰土温室（lights在这里特指见光面）
25.double-light frame 双而进光骨架
26? km2平方千米（=squarc kilometert lkm2= 1 OOha）
27?hotbed温床
28.Aalsmeer荷兰的一个地名（是世界著名的花卉拍卖中心所在地）
29.Westland荷兰酋部地区（是温室集中发展的区域，乂名glass city）
30.\fenlo荷兰的一个地名［是荷兰温室\fcnlo-type greenhouse（芬洛式温室）的起源地］
31 ? \fcnlo warenhuis 荷兰语，英语应为\fcnlo warehouse
32. Ix）osduinen荷兰的一个地名
33?Mesopotamia 索不达米亚（地X，位于西南亚地区）
Questions
A. Please answer the following questions in English ?
1 ? How is the greenhouse defined according to this lesson?
2? What docs a Chinese solar-grccnhousc look like?
3? Please describe the development of greenhouse culth ation in the Netherlands ?
4? Could you please think about the development of greenhouse cultivation in China?
5? Please list protected facilities currently used in China.
B? Please translate the following paragraphs into English?
1.设施园艺是指在不适宜园艺作物生长发育的寒冷或炎热季节，利用保温、防寒或降温、防雨设施，人为地创造适衣园艺作物生长发育的小气候环境，使园艺作物的生产不受或少受自然季节的影响。由于其生产季节往往是在露地自然环境下难以生产的时节，故又称其为“反季节栽培”、“不时栽培”、“促成栽培”。
2.风障、阳畦、温床、塑料棚及温室可为轉地和保护地培育各种蔬菜幼苗，或保护咐寒性蔬菜的幼苗越冬，以便提早定植，获得早熟产品。
3.从设施类型看，我国园艺设施栽培面积最大的是熨料拱棚和单屋面温室，尤其是不加温的
节能型日光温室，已经成为我国温室的主导类型。n前大型温室或连栋温室的发展也开始起
步。
The Geographical Distribution of the Greenhouses
Selected and rewritten from “The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by H? Zvi Enoch and Yacln EnOch, in house Ecosystems 20, edited by G? StanhillandH? Zvi Enoch, a scries book of Ecosystems of the World (Li Yaling? Shanxi Agricultural University)
It is not simple to find reliable information about the world-wide area distribution of greenhouses ? The total world-wide area was 43. 143 ha (431 km2) in the 1970 s according to Hanan et al ?(1978)：180, 000 ha (L 800 km2) according to Meiigaard (1995)： 265, 800 ha (2, 658 km2) greenhouses and high tunnels and 40. 700 ha (407 km2) glasshouses according to Wittwer and Castilh(1995) and 93. 570 ha (936 km2) greenhouses according to Boulard (1996)? Wittwer (1993) estimated that there were 198, 700 ha of plastic greenhouses and no less than 658, 700 ha law tunnels and soil mulches in the world ? The area of greenhouses in individual countries is frequently noted, but the figure is typically the estimate of informed research, as for instance Ain iram( 1987)and Castilla and Hernandez (1995)?
In the following, we have based our estimates on a survey made by a Dutch horticultural marketing company? HORTIMARC B? V? Amsterdam, in November 1995? This shows the total world-wide area o{greenhouses to be currently about 800, 000 ha(8, 000 kmO), or about I ? 3 square meter per pcn>on in the WOrld? Obvious 1 y? most of the world * s population(6X 10??? pcrsons)do use greenhouse Droducts ? The largest area of protected cuhivation can be found in China > which has 60(), ()()() ha(6?000 km2)or about three-quarters of the total global a「ca? Ncarlv allthe greenhouse area in China consists of simple plastic?clad houses? mostly used for vegetable production around large cities ? Glasshouses in China arc onlv used to a minor extent, mainly for research ?'「he second?kirgest area of greenhouses?42, ()00 ha (420 km~), is found inJapan(5 ? 3% of world area)? only 2, 000 ha (20 km2) of which consists of glasshouses ?This is followed by Italy with 28, 750ha(287km2X3. 6%), Spain with 25. 000 ha (250km2)(3. 2%) and the Netherlands with 10, 1 ()0 ha (101 km2) (1. 3%), most of which is glasshouses ?
Thus, out of the total global greenhouse area, the bulk now consists of simple plastic houses, with the exception of a few European countries? such as the Netherlands > Italy, GermanyFrance and Denmark, in which a considerable proportion of protected cultivation still is in glasshouses ? The general world ?widc trend of the greenhouse ecosystem has thus gone full circle, from simple plant shelters, used two millennia ago? through complex and expensive glasshouses back to simple inexpensive plastic shelters ?The reason for this development can be found in the two alternatives to greenhouse cultivation by which the consumer can obtain out-of-season food and flower 洪oducts, namely transport and storage ?The consumer requiring a year-round supply of fresh fruit, vegetables and flowers can be supplied either by：
?Changing the climate of a greenhouse covered by plastic or glass:
? Storing fruit, flow ere and vegetable products after the n onnal harvest season until a later marketing date：
?Transporting the produc t across climate zones? from where it grows naturally to where it is marketed.
All three alternatives are in use at the present? The greenhouse ecosystems of northwestern Europe provide? at great cost, the climate changes needed to produce flowcrs(c? g? roses) and vegetables(e? g ? tomatoes)in the winter. Consumers can also receive the same goods by importing them from warmer counties ?
Some plant products, for instance carnation flowers, can be stored for prolonged periods ? The stored carnations are then marketed at a period when their price is high ?
Some crops arc grown ouldoors and flown to their markets in other countries ? A typical example is orchids ? A large proportion of the world' S orchid production is grown outdoon; in Thailand, harvested ?and flown to their markets in Japan, Australia ?Europe and North America. There is no lack of knowledge about how to grow orchids in heated greenhouses in those countries where they are marketed, but apparently it does not pay to produce them locally ? Roses are grown during the winter in Israel and elsewhere along the South coast of the Mediterranean? and Sold in Europe, exactly as roses from Egypt competed with localfy produced flowers from protected cultivation in Rome two millennia ago.
Enoch (1978) analyzed these three options-that is climate change, storage, and transport over climate zones-and calculated their different energy expenditures ? Currently , economic considerations and not energy optimizat ions arc paramount ? If i( is cheaper to produce field crops? or to store or transport products, then this will be done in preference to making the necessary climate changes within greenhouses ? even if it is more expensive in energetic terms.
There is every reason to expect that in the future transport over climate zones and longer storage will become more efficient and thus cheaper?thereby decreasing the commercial importance of the greenhouse aS an agricultural production system. However? greenhouses will almost certainly survive for the same reasons that first favored their development ? namely as a provider of luxuries for the rich, for their aesthetic and recreational importance? and their role in botanical and ecosystem research?
Glossary
1?informed research已有的研究
2.carnation flower荷兰石竹，康乃馨
3.energy expenditure 能?il：支出,能花费
4.in preference (o 优先于
5.agricultural production system 农业生产系统
6.orchid砲.兰，兰花，淡紫色：砌.淡紫色的
Questions
1 ? Which countries ? have most of the j^rotected cultivat ion in form of glasshouses?
2? 'Vhat is the general world-wide trend of the greenhouse ecosystem? Please give some reasons ? 3?What are the three options for supplying fresh vegetables and flowers year-round?
4.Why can we assure that u greenhouses will almost certainly survive ?
5.Please give some information about the development and changes of protected cultivation from 1980s to the present in China?
Lesson 2
Goals of Greenhouse Climate Control Selected and rewritten from "?Climate and Crop Growth and Development11by H?Challa in General Principles of r,Pn)lected cultivation99. syllabus of Wagcningcn University (Li Ya ling, Shanxi Agricultural University)
The use of climate control can influence the most important above?ground growth factors. These factors arc light, CO2 concentration, temperature and air-humidity. The quantity of light is determined in most cases by the weather conditions outside the greenhouse, although the use of shades or supplementary light ing allows the grower to control this to some extent. Through the use of climate control, the grower has mote influence over the other factors? What are the most important goals in the control of greenhouse climate? These can be summarized briefly:
?high production;
?optimal harvest pkuiniiig;
?optimal product quality;
?risk management (prevention of calamities);
?environmental goals (use of pesticides and energy);
?optimal crop condition (on behalf of previously named goals);
?cost management (energy CO>, labor).
At the same time, one must also consider that protected cultivation is an economic activity. Climate control must be seen within the framework of the total business situation. In this serme, climate control is always considered in relation to business goals, such as high production of good quality products, at the right time, at an acceptable cost and xccptablc risk, and with an environmental impact which is as limited as possible.
Climate control cannot be seen as separate from the crop, for which one tries to create optimal conditions? The crop plays a double role: it changes its surroundings and it reacts to them? As a result of evaporation, photosynthesis and respiration, the crop influences the mass balances of CO2 and water vapor pressure of the air,於well as the energy balance?In controlling the production process, a distinction can be made between slow and fast-reacting processes. Slow-re 第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。 The practice and theory of Landscape Architecture 景观规划设计理论 【1】Landscape Architecture involves the five major components:They are natural process，human factors，methodology，technology，and values，whatever the scale or emphasis of operation，these five components are consistently relevant.Social and nature factors clearly permeate every facet of a profession that is concerned with people and land. Problem solving，planning，and design methods apply at all scales.Good judgment is consistently required. 风景园林设计包含五个主要方面:自然进程、社会进程、方法论、技术、价值观,无论规模尺度或运作的重点各不相同,这五个要素一贯是相关的。社会因素和自然因素的因子充斥着这个关系到人与土地的领域的方方面面。解决问题,规划、设计方法都会用到所有的尺度。正确的判断判断是一贯必须的。 【2】Consider how natural factors data are relevant to both planning and design.At the regional scale，the impact of development or change in use on a landscape must be known and evaluated before a policy to allow such action is set.An inventory of the natural factors，including geology，soils，hydrology，topography，climate，vegetation and wildlife，and the ecological relationships between them is fundamental to and understanding of the ecosystem to which change is contemplated.Equally important is an analysis of visual quality .Land use policy can thus be made on the basis of the known vulnerability of resistance of the landscape.In other circumstances the natural processes which add up to a given landscape at a give moment in its evolution may，as at Grand Canyon and other unique places，be considered a resource to be preserved，protected，and managed as a public trust.On a smaller scale，soil and geological conditions may be critical in the determination of the cost and the form of building foundations: where it is most suitable to build and where it is not.Sun，wind，and rain are important factors of design where the development of comfort zones for human activity or the growth of plants is a primary objective.Thus，in many ways natural factors influence land use，site planning，and detailer design. 自然因素的考虑与规划和设计都有关系。在区域尺度上，关于利用方面的开发变化的影响，在政策制定之前，必须了解和评估景观的脆弱性和敏感性。详细的自然因素,包括地质的、土壤的、水文的、地形地貌的、气候的、植被的和野生动物的、以及它们之间的生态关系是理解它将要改变的生态系统的基础。同样重要的是视觉质量的分析。土地利用政策的基础是由于了解到景观的脆弱性和抗损性的基础上建立的。在某些发展进化的过程中，一些在特定的时刻作用到特定的景观的自然进程会产生一些公共资源,比如科罗拉多大峡谷，让我们后人去保护它和管理它。在小尺度上，土壤和地质条件是决定建筑的成本和建筑基础形态的关键要素——哪里适宜建立以及哪里不适宜。设计是为人类发展活动找到适宜的空间或者以植物的生长为主要目标，因此，阳光,风和雨是设计最重要的要素。因此,场地和区域的自然要素在景观规划和设计的许多过程当中相互作用。 【3】The social factors apply equally at various scales.In site planning and landscape design，cultural variation in the use and appreciation of open space and parks and the physical and social needs of the young and old are some of the many variables to be considered in a design process that aims to be responsive to social values and human needs.In decisions relates to appropriation of landscape for recreation and aesthetic value people’s perception of t he environment and the 第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。 第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署 萼片sepal 花瓣petal 雄蕊stamen 心皮carpel 转化transform 突变体mutant 花的floral 繁殖的reproductive 草坪dormant 休眠 turfgrass 草坪草 lawn 草坪草 mower 割草机 mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt) mulch applicator 覆膜机 Lolium 黑麦草属 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅 perennial 多年生的 annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj） ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草 productive高产的 productivity 生产力 cultivate栽培，耕作 cultivar 品种 cultivation under cover保护地栽培 cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践 culture system栽培系统 forage 草料 翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of the world and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennial r yegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. These cultivated forage grasses provide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year. tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖vi. 分蘖 apical dominance 顶端优势 agronomic traits 农艺性状 agronomist农艺学家，农学家 density 密度 plant stature （height）株高 mow用镰刀或割草机割草 Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the most 园艺词汇合集 Aalsmeer 荷兰的一个地名 Abbott 艾博特(猕猴桃品种) abrtion 败育 adscission 脱落 abscission zone 离区 accentuate 突出，强调，着重强调 ackonwledgement 承认，确认，感谢 acre 英亩 acrylic 丙烯酸 Actinidia 猕猴桃属 actual yield 实际产量 adult mite 成虫 aechmea fasciata 美叶光萼荷，又名蜻蜓凤梨，淡玫瑰花色aesthetically 审美地，美学观点上的 agamous 无性的，无性生殖的 age distribution年龄分布，树龄分布 ageing 腐熟，熟化 aggregation 集合，团聚作用 agricultural prodution systen 农业生产系统 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 根癌农根菌 agroecosystem 农业生态系统 agronomic 农艺学的，农事的 agronomist 农艺学家，农学家 alfalfa 紫花苜蓿 allocation 分配 alluvial deposit 冲积物 alphabetical 依字母顺序的，字母的 alternate bearing 大小年结果amendment 调理剂 ample 充足的 anatomical 解剖的 aneuploid 非整倍性(的) anion 阴离子 annual 一年生植物，一季生植物 anther 花粉囊，花药 anthocyanin [植]炭疽病 antibiotic 抗生素 anti-drop film 无滴膜 土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020 Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数 中英文对照表 树体器官： 芽bud 侧芽lateral bud 顶芽terminal bud 花芽flower bud 叶芽leaf bud 腋芽axillary bud 混合芽mixed flower bud 纯花芽simple flower bud 休眠芽dormant bud 潜伏芽latent bud 根际Rhizosphere 茎stem 花粉anther 徒长枝water sprout 长枝long branch 短枝short shoot 结果枝bearing branch 叶leaf 叶腋axil 叶上表皮leaf epidermis 叶柄Petiole 叶脉leaf vein 叶缘leaf margin 叶肉Mesophyll 花flower 柱头stigma 雌蕊Pistils 雄蕊stamen 花萼Sepal 花托Receptacle 花瓣petal 子房ovary 果实fruit 果肉Pulp；flesh 果柄carpopodium 树干trunk 树冠crown 坐果fruit set 生理作用： 光合作用Photosynthesis 碳水化合物Carbohydrate 光合产物Photosynthate 养分Nutrient 同化作用Assimilation 异化作用Dissimilation 补偿点Compensation point 呼吸作用Respiration 有氧呼吸Aerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸Anaerobic respiration 生理干旱Physiological drought 固氮作用Nitrogen fixation 水分不足Water deficit 新陈代谢Metabolism 伤流现象Guttation 休眠dormancy 花期Florescence 授粉Pollinate 种间杂交Interspecfic cross 人工授粉Artificial pollination 杂交Intercrossing 蒸腾作用transpiration 水肥营养： Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版
风景园林专业英语(第一二课翻译)
土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译
土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)
园艺专业英语
园艺专业英语词汇合集
土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
土木工程专业英语
园艺中英文对照表
土木工程专业英语修正版
(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇