因果逻辑关系在雅思阅读中的运用

因果逻辑关系在雅思阅读中的运用
因果逻辑关系在雅思阅读中的运用

因果逻辑关系在雅思阅读中的运用

既然是因果关系,那么就存在谁因谁果的问题,世间没有无因之果,也没有无果之因,cause和effect是相互依存的,在任何一个句子中出现了表述原因的词,必然能看到其结果,反之亦然。

我们以《剑四》第二套第一篇LOST FOR WORDS为例,来看看其中summary 第一题是如何运用因果逻辑关系的:

There are currently approximately 6800 languages in the world. This greatvariety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But intoday's world, factors such as government initiatives…

按照常规的做题法,我们肯定会首先了解这句话的含义,并判断出这里需要一个名词,在用某一个或者两个名词去定位。把这句话翻译过来就是"这种多样性的产生是地理……的结果",那么我们在选定位词的时候,首先会选择variety,或者language这样的名词,但是对于language这样的词汇对于定位时没有意义的,因为本文的主题就是语言的消失,因此它是一个绝对的高频词汇,而只有variety一个名词是肯定不够的,因为对于非特殊定位词的选择,我们至少要选择两个或者两个以上。所以接下来很多人考虑选择geographic这个形容词。

这是常规做法,那么我们用这样的方法去定位,看看得出什么样的结论。以6800为大定位,也就是该总结题的起点,从它往下读,那么会有什么结果呢?

我发现会有四种结果:

第一种:对于只认识variety,或者只知道variety是名词的学生来说,这无疑是个"餐具",因为本文既没出现过variety,更没出现过geographic。彻底无望,三五分钟过去了,绝望而去;

第二种:对于词汇量较大的同学,如果知道variety的同近义词,那么他们会找到diversity,而文章里一共出现过三次该词,"neverbefore has the planet's linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace,""Isolationbreeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languagesspoken by only a few people,""the key to foster diversity is for people to learntheir ancestral tongues, as well as the dominantlanguage."按照顺序原则,部分学生会选取最前面的那句话,从里面生抽了一个名词出来作为答案,或者是planet,或者是pace,结果又"杯具"了;

第三种:对于词汇量不错,而且又比较聪明的学生,他会发现"Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as aresult, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a fewpeople,"这句话里,有一个和问题相似的词组:as aresult,于是他从这里找出一个名词词组出来作为答案,因为题目要求不超过两个单词,于是他选择了isolation breeds,于是又成了"被洗具"。

第四种:真正理解了因果逻辑关系真谛的学生会是这样去解答:通过题目的as a resultof看出里面缺少了语言多样性的原因,自然在文中要体现出这样的因果关系,而且要寻找的是原因,而文中"Isolation breeds linguisticdiversity"正是这么一句体现因果关系的句子。于是乎正确的答案自然就是"isolation"。

很多人就不明白了,这句话是如何体现出因果关系的呢?这就涉及到breed 这个词的用法了。这个词本意是“繁殖""饲养”,也有“滋生""产生”的意思,也就是说当我们把breed用作谓语时,根据上下文可以将其翻译为“主语产生了宾语”,换句话说,就是主语导致了宾语的产生,这就是一个很明显的因果逻辑了,在这

里,breed的意思跟cause并无二致。因此文中的这句话我们可以将其翻译为"隔绝导致了语言多样性的产生"。那么答案自然就是"isolation",就算考生不认识该词,但从其逻辑结构也完全可以将题解答出来。

我们在考试中会运用到很多类似breed的动词,乍一看,这些单词完全和因果逻辑没有联系,但实际上仔细一分析,你会发现它们连接的两个要素其实就是一因一果,常见的类似的词还有:

Produce,generate,lead to,resultin等等,我把这些动词或者词组叫做"前因后果",也就是说,它们的主语为原因,宾语为结果。

反之,有些动词则是主语为结果,宾语为原因的,比如result from,originate from,stem from等等。

还有一些是常常引导原因的介词词组,比如:due to,because of,as result of……

正确运用这些因果逻辑关系词,不仅对做summary这样的特别强调题目与文章结构一致性题目非常有效,而且也能运用到判断题中,还有流程图中。

大家都很熟悉《剑五》第二套里那篇关于塑料的制作流程图吧,对于其中的第4,7,8三道题,只要抓住了因果逻辑关系,5,6抓住了并列逻辑关系,整个流程图用时最多不超过3分钟就可以搞定。

最后,希望各位努力考鸭的同学们,在备好单词,学好语法的基础上,多多体会逻辑关系词带来的便捷,省时省力,争取高分。

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学生答:名词! 我问:如果现在有两个名词,bicycle和importance,你会选择哪一个? 学生答:bicycle 我说:很好! 并不是所有的名词我们都会选,我们常常会选择具体细节的名词,而不是抽象名词,因为抽象名词不稳定,易变。 我再问:大家已经知道雅思阅读考到最后,其实就是同义改写,也就是说你可以换词,换词组,换句式,但是你可不可以换了我的逻辑关系?比如说因果,否定。 学生答:不会! 我问:所以第三类定位词是什么? 学生答:逻辑关系词! 我说:你们太厉害,自己都知道答案!(亲爱的读者,你是否也一样清晰?) 我再问:这三类词有什么共性?变还是不变? 学生答:不变! 所以,就是一个简单的逻辑推理,要想快速定位,我们自然希望或者说奢望选择的定位词回到原文不变,因为只有不变,才会给我们最直接的视觉冲击,才会吸引你的眼球!那么,你自己就会思考:什么样的词才不会变?首先就是最稳定的特殊的词,如果没有特殊的,在句子主干中,我们会倾向选择较稳定的具体细节的名词,最后无论进行如何的同义改写,逻辑关系是无法更改的,所以自然就成了我们第三个保险的定位词。 接下来,我们就实战练习一下: Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser. 看到题干,优先特殊的定位词,所以会选择Diels,很多人又忙着回去定位了,这时切记另外一点:不要在一棵树上吊死!只选择一个词回去定位,不安全,万一它出现的地方跟题干没关系,岂不是要重新审题?我们要一步到位,所以我们要再去找一个定位词,没有特殊的,也没有明显逻辑关系,就去找具体名词,那就是主语power companies.一般来说,一个句子主谓宾,我们常常会选择主和宾作为定位词,也就是句子的头跟尾,如果没有出现明显考点,就选择谓语动词作为考点词。因为动词决定了一个句子的方向,也是牵着主和宾的那根线!

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ACADEMIC READING 60 minutes READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPR!. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go.' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down,' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing. their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from

雅思阅读模拟试题精选

雅思阅读模拟试题精选

雅思阅读模拟试题精选 1. Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike —vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2. Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, and freezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information, they say, needs to be hammered home among the

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