2019年长春理工大学英语方向考研考试大纲

2019年长春理工大学英语方向考研考试大纲
2019年长春理工大学英语方向考研考试大纲

长春理工大学外国语言文学专业研究生

入学考试大纲

英语方向考试大纲

总体说明:考试时间均为180分钟,考试形式闭卷。

251二外日语或252二外俄语或253二外法语;

612英语实践;

821语言学与英美概况或822语言学与英美文学。

612英语实践考试大纲

一、考试目的:

考察学生英语基础知识包括文字、词汇、阅读理解、文章分析和翻译、写作等方面的水平和语言综合运用能力。

二、考试要求:

1、能阅读较高难度的英语文章,并能把握文章中的关键词和中心思想,能

概括出全文主旨;

2、具备较高文章的翻译水平;

3、能根据要求写出语言准确、表达得体,具有一定思想深度的文章。

三、考试题型及考试内容:

本考试客观试题与主观试题相结合、单项技能测试与综合技能相结合。

第一大题:词汇

本题为词汇题。词汇量要求为8000----10000。主要考察词汇的辨认、辨析与搭配、近义词等等,题型为四选一。

第二大题:阅读理解

旨在测试考生语篇水平上的综和理解能力,获取信息的能力,概括与推理判断的能力,阅读速度以及语言的实际运用能力。阅读材料题材广泛,包括社会,文化,科普,史地,日常生活,人物传记等内容;体裁多样,包括叙事,议论,描述,说明文体等;文章为英语专业八级考试难度。

第三大题:完型填空

本题综合考查语法、词汇和篇章知识,共20道小题。要求考生根据所给选项在短文的20个空白处选择正确选项,使之形成一篇完整的文章。

第四大题:翻译

包括英译汉和汉译英。选材多为考生比较熟悉的文化、教育、社会、政治、科技等方面的文章,也可以是文学作品或一般文章,不涉及非常专业化的内容。评分办法为总体印象评分法,根据译文忠实原文的程度和流畅性给出一个总分。第五大题:英语作文

本题要求考生就给出的作文题目写一篇300字左右的英语作文,作文的形式为论说文,不能写成小说或诗歌。评分办法为总体评分法,内容和语言综合考虑。

821语言学与英美概况或822语言学与英美文学考试大纲

第一部分:英语语言学

一、考试目的:

考察学生英语语言学的基本理论知识和对英语及其它语言中一些语言现象的分析能力。

二、考试要求:

1. 熟悉语言学的基本概念和基本理论;

2. 具备运用相关理论分析语言现象的基本能力;

三、考试题型与考试内容:

本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合的方法,包括填空、单选、名词解释、分析题、简答题

考试内容:(供参考)

1. Introduction

Definition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing; functions of language(s).

2. Phonetics and Phonology

Definition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features.

3. Morphology

Definition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of word-formation.

4. Syntax

Word classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled tree diagrams.

5. Semantics

Definition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis; predication analysis.

6. Pragmatics

Definition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.

7. Socio-linguistics / Language and Society

Speech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect; register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching. 8. Language and Culture

Relationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.

9. Historical Linguistics

The purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family

10. First and Second Language Acquisition

Language learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis, error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner factors

四、参考书目:

1.《新编简明英语语言学教程》(第二版),戴炜栋,上海:上海外语教育出版社。第二部分:“英美概况”

一、考试目的:

考察学生的综合人文素质及语言使用情况。

二、考试要求:

要求考生掌握英美国家的基本概况,包括地理、历史、社会、政治经济、文化传统及语言的使用等诸方面的情况。

三、考试题型和考试内容

1.填空题:本题一般针对英美国家概况中的知识点,主要考察考生对英美国家的社会、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的常识的把握情况。2.名词解释:本题考察考生对英美国家概况中的重要历史事件、重要运动、重要概念等方面的准确把握。

3.简答题:要求考生对英美国家的政治制度、历史发展或者社会变革等方面的重要问题进行阐述。

考试内容(供参考)

Britain

Section One The Country and the People

1.Full name and four countries of Britain.

2.Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone

2.1The highest point: Ben Nevis

2.2The Backbone of England: The Pennines

3.Climate and Weather

3.1Mild and changeable

3.2Factors influencing climate and weather

4.Inland Water

4.1Thames River

4.2Lake District

5.People and languages:

5.1the native Celts, Celtic language

5.2Anglo-Saxons, English.

5.3The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English,

Modern English)

6.Religion

6.1The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament

6.2Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of

Scotland (Presbyterian)

Section Two The British Government

1.Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.

2.The Monarch

2.1 Function of the monarch

2.2 Significance of the monarch

2.3 Royal palaces

3.Parliament: legislative branch

3.1The structure of the Parliament

The House of Lords and noble titles

The House of Commons

3.2 The function of the Parliament

4. The government: executive branch

4.1 Parliamentary government

4.2 Three-tier system of the British government

Section Three Politics and Law

1. Two-party system

1.1 Conservative party

1.2 Labor party

2. Elections: parliamentary election

3. Elements of the British law

4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitors

Section Four National economy and Cities

1. Economic system and structure

2. British Disease and Thatcher’s prescription

3. Main industries in Britain

4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Section Five cultural and Social Life

1.Class structure: upper, middle and working class

2.Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper

https://www.360docs.net/doc/9f3598871.html,cation:

3.1Compulsory education

3.2Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools

and comprehensive secondary schools

3.3GCSE and A Level

3.4Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University

4.Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)

4.1NHS

4.2Social security program

4.3Personal social service

History

1. Origin of the English Nation

1.1The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language

1.2The Roman invasion

1.3The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy

1.4The Norman Conquest (1066)

2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament

2.1 Henry II’s Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice

2.2 King John and the Great Charter

2.3 Beginning of Parliament

3. Decline of Feudalism in England

3.1 The Hundred Years’ War.

3.2 The Black Death

3.3 The peasant uprising

3.4 The Wars of the Roses

4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie

4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church

4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I

4.3 Renaissance

5.Bourgeois Revolution

5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey 5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament

5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector

5.4 Glorious Revolution in 1688

6. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement

6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution:

6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution

6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution

6.4 The Chartist Movement

6.5 Victoria Age

7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

7.1 Foreign expansion

7.2 British empire

7.3 British Commonwealth

America

Section One The United States and Its Natural Conditions

https://www.360docs.net/doc/9f3598871.html,s and position

2.Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies

3.Rivers and lakes

Mississippi River

Rio Grande River

Potomac River

The Great Lakes

Section Two American People

1. The composition of the population

2. The Indians

3. Immigration into America

4. Melting pot & Mosaic

Section Three Government and Politics

1. Three government principles

2. Separation of power

2.1The legislative branch

Main functions of Congress

The Senate

The House of Representatives

2.2. The executive branch

Powers of the U.S. president

General election: the winner-gets-all policy

2.3. The judicial branch

3. comment on check and balance system

Section Four National Economy

1.Factors contributing to the development of American industries

2.Economic system

3.Types of businesses

4.Main industries

Section Five Culture and Holidays

1. Traditional American values and beliefs

2. Holidays and Festivals

3. American education

4. Social welfare

History

Section One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies

1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus

2.Founding of colonies

three kinds of colonies

Jamestown in 1607

Plymouth in 1620

Mayflower Compact

Section Two The War of Independence

1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War

2. The First Continental Congress

3. The Second Continental Congress

4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of Independence

Section Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington

Administration

1.The Constitutional Convention

2.The American Constitution

3.The Bill of Rights

Section Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century----an Era of Expansion

1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson

2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England

3.Causes and effects of the Mexican War

Section Five The Civil War

1. Conflicts arising from the slavery

2.Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation

3.Effects of the Civil War

Section Six The United States After the Civil War

1.Situation after the Civil War

2.Monopoly businesses

3.Social Reforms

4.The war with Spain

Section Seven America During and After World War I

1.America’s entry into the First World War

2.New Culture

3.The Lost Generation

4.The Great Depression

5.New Deal

Section Eight America During and After World War II

1.America’s entry into the War

2.Cold War

3.Beat Generation

4.Vietnam War

5.War against terrorism

四、参考书目:

《新编英美概况》,来安方,郑州:河南人民出版社。

第二部分英美文学

一、考试目的:

考察学生英美文学基本理论、知识的掌握和对英美文学作品的分析能力。二、考试要求:

1.掌握英美文学基本知识,包括英美文学流派、思潮、作家作品等。

2.具备根据所学的英美文学基本理论知识对特定选文的写作风格、思想内容等进行初步分析的能力。

三、考试题型和考试内容:

考试题型:客观试题与主观试题相结合,包括术语概念解释、填空、选择、简答问题、专题评论、实例分析等。

考试内容:(供参考)

英美文学考试内容包括英国文学和美国文学两部分:

1.英国文学部分:

(1)早期和中古时期英国文学:了解古英语时期、盎格鲁-萨克逊时期和诺曼底侵略后的英国文学产生的历史、文化背景,理解该时期文学创作的基本特征,掌握该时期重要的文学作品及乔叟的创作思想、艺术特色和代表作品。(2)文艺复兴时期英国文学:了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮及其产生的历史、文化背景,理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张,掌握该时期重要作家莎士比亚、培根、马洛、斯宾塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。

(3)十七世纪英国文学:了解保皇派作家、玄学派和清教徒作家的历史背景、基本主张,掌握该时期重要作家弥尔顿、班扬、约翰?邓恩等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。

(4)启蒙运动时期英国文学:了解启蒙运动、现实主义小说、感伤主义和新古典主义文学流派及其产生的历史背景、主要特征和基本主张,掌握该时期重要作家斯威夫特、笛福、蒲柏、菲尔丁等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。

(5)浪漫主义时期英国文学:了解浪漫主义文学产生的历史、文化背景,理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张,掌握该时期重要诗人彭斯、布菜克、华滋华斯、科勒律治、拜伦、雪菜、济慈等的诗歌创作思想、艺术风格及代表诗作,小说家斯各特、奥斯汀等的写作特点,艺术特色及代表作品。

(6)维多利亚时期英国文学:了解19世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景,理解19世纪批判现实主义小说在思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革,掌握该时代主要作家狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。

(7)二十世纪英国文学:了解20世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景及其对现代主义文学作品的影响,理解现代主义文学的特色,掌握该时期主要代表作家哈代、萧伯纳、高尔斯华绥、劳伦斯、乔伊斯、伍尔夫等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。

2.美国文学部分:

(1)殖民时期美国文学:了解美国殖民时期文学产生的历史、文化背景,理解该时期文学创作的基本特征,掌握该时期代表作家安妮?布拉德斯特里特、爱德华?泰勒、托马斯?潘恩、本杰明?富兰克林、乔纳森?爱德华兹等的创作思想、写作风格及代表作品。

(2)浪漫主义时期美国文学:了解美国浪漫主义时期文学产生的历史、文化背景,理解美国浪漫主义的定义、特点及其与英国、欧洲浪漫主义运动的异同,掌握该时期主要作家欧文、爱默生、霍桑、惠特曼、梅尔维尔等的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。

(3)现实主义时期美国文学:了解美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景,理解地方特色主义和美国自然主义的特点,掌握该时期重要作家马克?吐温、亨利?詹姆斯、杰克?伦敦、西奥多?德莱塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品。

(4)20世纪20年代美国文学:了解20世纪20年代美国的历史背景和社会思

潮,掌握意象主义及以庞德为代表的意象派诗人的创作思想和诗歌特点,掌握“迷惘的一代”时期特点,以及代表作家菲茨杰拉德、海明威、艾略特等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品分析,掌握南方文艺复兴时期特点,及代表作家福克纳的创作特点、写作风格及代表作品。

(5)20世纪30年代美国文学:了解20世纪30年代美国的历史背景和社会思潮,掌握这一时期主要代表作家帕索斯、斯坦贝克、波特及主要剧作家奥尼尔、米勒、威廉斯等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。

(6)战后美国文学:了解战后诗歌流派、小说特点及美国黑人文学,理解后现代主义、元小说、自白派诗人、纽约派诗人、垮掉的一代、荒谬派等重要文学流派和术语,掌握该时期重要作家海勒、冯内古特、厄普代克、贝娄、艾里森、莫里森、谭恩美等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。

四、参考书目:

《美国文学简史》常耀信南开大学出版社

《英国文学简史》刘炳善上海外语教育出版社

2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考16 定语从句(讲解)

2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍—定语从句 【知识方法】 先行词:名词或代词 定语从句 关系代词 关系词 关系副词 【知识清单】 定语从句 知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点! 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词后面。定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。本章只介绍限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that、which、who、which、whose和关系副词where 、when,关系代词和关系副词是引导词,在定语从句中担当某一成份。 关系代词、副词作用先行词例句 that,who,whom(只做宾语) 主语 宾语 表语 人Do you know the girl who/that is standing under a tree? 你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗?

that,which 主语 宾语 表语物、时间、 地 点、原因 She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her. 她有一台她的父母买给她的电脑。 whose 定语人物The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. 他的爸爸是医生的男孩学习非常刻苦。 The classroom whose window is open is mine. 窗户开着的那个教室是我的教室。 when 状语时间I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing. 我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。 where 状语地点This is the school where my mother works. 这就是我妈妈工作的学校。 why 状语原因 Could you explain the reason why you were late?你 能解释一下你迟到的原因吗? 二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法(关系代词作宾语时可省略): 1.that指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 This is the pen that you are looking for. The girl that has long hair is my sister. 2.which指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well. The fish which we bought were not fresh. 3.who, whom指人,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 The boy who broke the window is called Tom. The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲。(宾语) 4.whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。 The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann。(指人)

2019考研英语语法解析:一般现在时_毙考题

2019考研英语语法解析:一般现在时_毙考题通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。 动词be和have(表示拥有)各人称的单数形式为: 一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下: 动词be 与have(表示拥有):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表: I am    not (I rsquo;m not)   I have    not (haven rsquo;t)   Am i ?  Have    i ?  You are    not (aren rsquo;t)   You    have not (haven rsquo;t)   Are    you ? Have    you ? He is    not (isn rsquo;t)   He has    not (hasn rsquo;t)   Is he     ?  Has he     ? 

动词be 与have(表示拥有):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表: I am    not (I rsquo;m not)   I have    not (haven rsquo;t)   Am i ?  Have I     ?  You are    not (aren rsquo;t)   You    have not (haven rsquo;t)   Are you     ?  Have    you ?  He is    not (isn rsquo;t)   He has    not (hasn rsquo;t)   Is he     ?  Has he     ?  注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。 行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does) Do I    not (Don rsquo;t I) study ?  Yes, I    do. No, I don rsquo;t. 

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2019考研英语语法解析:副词 学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的,英语水平要提升,语法知识点必须要熟练掌握。基础复习阶段,对于遇到的相关语法一定要弄懂弄会。小编分解各个语法知识点,帮助大家一一攻克。下面是副词语法知识点解析: 2019考研英语语法解析:副词 副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。 例句: disappointment. (1997年第3题) 分析:该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语。 译文:我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。 一、副词的分类 1. 时间副词,如now, yesterday, today, ago, then, lately, soon, shortly, immediately, finally, recently, before, tomorrow。 例句: Americans 选自2004年Text 4) 分析:该句是简单句。 译文:现在美国人不重视智力。 2. 地点副词,如here, there, above, below, downstairs, upstairs, home, somewhere, everywhere, elsewhere, down, up, anywhere等。 例句:Here is an example, which I he because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (选自2002年Text 1) 分析:该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story,前一个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。 译文:比如说,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事,因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。 3. 程度副词,如fairly, rather, very, almost, too, quite, enough, so, much。 例句: She had clearly no intention of doing any work, although she was very well paid.(1997年第34题) 分析:该句是复合句,although后面跟的是让步状语从句。 译文:虽然付给她的报酬丰厚,但她无意去工作。 4. 频率副词,如sometimes, often, usually, always, frequently, constantly, rarely, seldom, never, occasionally。 例句: according to the functions that need to be served. 分析:该句是简单句,其中意为内嵌式的。在方式状语中,that need to be served 为定语从句,修饰the functions。 译文:此外,根据需要满足的功能,设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。 5.方式副词,表示动作发生或进行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully,well, properly, roughly, angrily, rudely。 例句:You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look like the inside of a restaurant. 分析:该句是复合句,if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。 译文:如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样,你可能会大吃一惊。 6.疑问副词,如when, where,how,why, who。 例句:So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? (选自2002年Text 3)

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即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时; 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时; 在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 (三)时态详解 16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

2019年考研英语一阅读理解答案

2019年考研英语一阅读理解答案 考生可点击进入考研网提别为大家整理的《2019年考研真题及答案专题》查看各科2019年考研真题及答案信息。 英语一的题材涉及到第一个我们的银行家变现时间变长,目的是避免因为眼前的利益伤害到长远的发展,所以这篇文章能够归为经济类的话题。第二篇文章讨论的是分数,分数水涨船高,学校考试的分数越来越高,分析背后的原因,把这个题材归为教育。教育的话题是近几年考的比较多的。前几年英语二考过家庭作业的问题,谈到间隔年的问题,还谈到法律和教育的交集,就是律师收费越来越贵了,是因为攻读律师专业的时间越来越长,经济负担越来越高。第三个话题是人工智能,以及最后的法律,就是在线的收税。所以今年话题非常的平均。 英语二从文章的题材来讲有一个特点,以第四篇为例,谈到的环境保护,这是写作的时候是特别容易出现的一个话题。文章一上来说我们搞定当前的塑料这个环境污染大敌是很简单的事情,我们说欲扬先抑,这里是捧杀,我们批判的对象焦点是注重了个人,而且举了几个例子,他说我确实能够摒弃掉使用塑料吸管,我能够买更环保的东西而开车去很远的地方,但是开车更远也是一种浪潮就是燃油,所以这是一个批评性,你只聚焦个人,所以要算一个经济账,归根到底,为了利,作者的观点,应该呼吁的是政府。 第二篇文章,又是环保话题,话题是森林。森林吸收的是二氧化碳,导致世界气候的变化。但是在我们的文章里却谈到,我们的森林本身也会释放大量的二氧化碳,所以为了一个平衡要控制我们森林的面积。 第一题基本上题目都是按照定位好的句子,难度不大,类似于四六级的考法。首先第一题四个选项中全部都有“may”。我们的森林本身本来是解决问题的,但是它也能够成为问题。

2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考12 动词时态(讲解)【带答案】

2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍—动词时态 【知识方法】 一般现在时:谓语动词用动词原形或第三人称单数形式 一般过去时:谓语动词用动词的过去式的形式 一般将来时:谓语动词用will/be going to +动词的原形 动词的时态 现在进行时:谓语动词用am/is/are +动词原形的形式 过去进行时:谓语动词用was/were+动词的现在分词 现在完成时:谓语动词用have/has+动词的过去分词 知识清单 动词的时态 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去

进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。 知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点! 1.一般现在时 1)一般现在时态的构成:主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时,作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下: 一般情况+s 以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾+es 以辅音+y结尾去y变i+es 2)一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例): 主语肯定式否定式疑问式 第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? 3)一般现在时态的用法: 现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作。例如: I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week. 现在的状态例如: My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school. 客观真理例如:

历年考研英语语法完全版归纳

英语语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1.可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时,名词前可加不定冠词a/an;复数时,前面可加数词,名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词,只要在单数名词之后加“s”,“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行,如:an umbrella, twelve umbrellas;a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆,如:a mouse, ten mice;a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词,如sheep,works(工厂),Chinese等,它们的单复数同形:a sheep, four sheep;a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外,还有一些可数名词只有复数形式,如clothes,trousers,cattle,police,people(人,人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词,它们的复数形式有三种可能:1)后面的部分变成复数形式:grown-ups,boy students,grandchildren。2)前面的部分变成复数形式:passers-by,lookers-on,sons-in-law。3)前、后都变成复数形式:men doctors,women drivers。 2.不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化,前面也不能加a/an,或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量,单复数表现在量词上,如:a piece of paper;two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下,不可数名词也可用a/an,表“一种”、“某种”的意思,如have a wonderful time,receive a good education,be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大,不可数名词的后面也可加“s”,如sands,ashes,waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候,特别要记住英语中有一些名词,它们无论在什么情况下,前面都不能用a/an,后面也不可加“s”,如weather,information,等。 3.有的名词既可是可数名词,也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词,既可以是可数,也可以是不可数,它们的意义有时略有不同,有时则完全不同。如:difficulty, success, time, work,paper,glass,等。 4.用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如:few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如:little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是:a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1.通常被看作单数的主语部分 1)不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2)表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin. 3)数学式子。 eg. Two plus five is seven. 4)书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。 eg. The Times is published daily. The United States is a big country. 5)前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。 eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather. 6)代词either, neither作主语。

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