英美报刊中常见的借喻词和提喻词
英美报刊中常见的借喻词和提喻词
借一事物的名称指代另一事物, 称为借喻或借代法(metonymy), 如以the Crown喻指“皇室事务”, Hungary喻指“匈牙利事件”。
以局部代表全体, 或以全体喻指部分, 这称为提喻或举隅法(synecdoche), 在现代报刊中用得比较普遍, 例如：London年代表英国, Kremlin(克里姆林宫)代表前苏联, (现)俄罗斯, Washington代表美国, 还可代表东部, 如Washington mafia既可指华盛顿帮或圈子,
也可指东部权势集团, cutthroat代表assassin(暗杀)或murder。
人们看问题的角度不同而对有些词是提喻还是借喻词各执一词, 如Washington喻美国、联邦政府或美国政府时, 有人认为这既可被视为借喻, 也被视为提喻。严格地说, 属提喻法更合适。不过这里的目的不是让读者探讨修辞法, 而在于知道这些词的词义理据(semantic motivation)和喻义。
为避免用词重复、使读者产生联想等原因, 作者常使用这两种修辞手段。在报刊文章中, 这两种喻义词尤其多。如Foggy Bottom(雾谷), 是美国首都华盛顿一地名, 国务院所在地, 因其外交政策常像雾蒙蒙的深山低谷一样模糊不清, 令人难以捉摸, 颇像“…雾?底洞”, 因而常被用来喻“国务院或其政策”。再如bear(熊)的特征是体形大而迟钝, 被激怒时反应强烈, 因而用来喻前苏联或现俄罗斯。现将报刊中常见的这两种喻词列举如下：
例词本义喻义
Bald eagle 白头鹫秃头政治领导人
Boll weevil 棉铃象甲虫 (美国南方)民主党温和派
Broadway 百老汇大街(纽约一街名) 纽约戏剧业, 美国戏剧业
capitol 美国州议会或政府大厦 (美国)州议会, 州政府
Capitol (美国)国会大厦, 州议会大厦美国国会, 州议会
Capitol Hill 国会山(国会大厦所在地) 美国国会
Coonskin 浣熊皮战利品
Donkey 驴美国民主党
Dove 鸽鸽派, 主和派, 持温和路线者
Elephant 象美国共和党
ends of Pennsyl- 宾夕法尼亚大街(首都华美国国会和行政当局, 白宫和
vania Street 盛顿一街名)两端国会大厦, 美国行政和立法部门
fat cat 肥猫大腹便便的有钱阶级；竞选运动的主要资助人floo-floo bird 向后飞的鸟保守派
green berets 绿色贝雷帽 (美国)特种部队
gypsy moth 舞毒蛾 (美国东北部)共和党温和派
hawk 鹰鹰派, 好战派, 持强硬路线者
Hill =Capitol Hill 美国国会
Hollywood 好莱坞(洛杉矶一地名) 美国电影业、电影界或娱乐业John 约翰(美国人常用名) 美国人
Langley 兰利(弗吉尼亚州一地名) 中央情报局
Madison, Avenue 麦迪大街(纽约一街名) 美国广告业
Oval Office 椭圆形办公室美国总统办公室, 总统(职务), 权力中心Pentagon 五角大楼美国国防部
Silicon Valley 硅谷(美国加州一地名) 美国高科技集中地
stalking horse 掩护马打掩护的候选人
1600 Pennsylva- 宾夕法尼亚大街 (美国)白宫, 总统府, 行政当局
nia Street (华盛顿一街名)
Uncle Sam 山姆大叔美国政府, 美国人
Wall Street 华尔街(纽约一街名) 美国金融界
War horse 战马老练的政客
Washington 华盛顿(美国首都) (美国)联邦政府, 美国政府
White House 白宫总统府, 行政当局, 总统职位
wheel horse 驾辕的马忠实可靠的党员
Buckingham (英国)白金汉宫英国王宫, 英国王室
Palace
Carey Street 凯里街(伦敦一街名) 破产
City 伦敦城英国金融界；英国商业界
Downing Street 唐宁街(伦敦一街名) 英国首相府；英国首相；英国政府；英国内阁
Fleet Street 舰队街(伦敦一街名) 英国新闻界, 英国报业
Lion 狮英国
London 伦敦英国；英国政府
Scotland Yard 苏格兰场(伦敦一地名) 伦敦警方, 伦敦警察局, 该局刑
事调查(侦缉)处
Ulster 阿尔斯特(在爱尔岛北部) 北爱尔兰
Westminster 威斯敏斯特(伦敦西部一英国议会, 英国政府
住宅区)
Windsor 温莎(英格兰东南部一城英国王室
市)
Whitehall 白厅(伦敦一街名) 英国政府及其政策
Brussels 布鲁塞尔(比利时首都) 前欧洲共同体；欧洲联盟；北大西洋公约组织
East 东方以前苏联为首的东欧集团；东
方国家, 亚洲
West 西方西方国家
North 地球北半球工业发达国家
South 地球南半球工业不发达涸家
Andes 安第斯山脉拉丁美洲
Blue helmets 蓝盔帽蓝盔部队, 联合国维和部队
Horn of Africa 非洲之角索马里和埃塞俄比亚
Elysee Palace 爱丽舍宫法国总统府, 法国总统职位
Quai d?Orsay凯道赛(巴黎一码头名) 法国外交部
Kremlin 克里姆林宫前苏联；前苏联政府；俄罗斯；
俄罗斯政府
Moscow 莫斯科前苏联；俄罗斯；俄罗斯政府Gulag 古拉格群岛 (前苏联)劳改营, 劳动改造
管理总局
Evan 伊凡(前苏联和俄罗斯人前苏联人；俄罗斯人
常用名)
Zhongnanhai 中南海中国；中国政府
Beijing 北京中国；中国政府
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《英美报刊选读》答案教学提纲
《英美报刊选读》答 案
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预约booking/reservation 售票处booking-office/ ticket-office 长筒鞋boot/shoe 圆顶黑色高帽bowler/derby 裤子的吊带braces/suspenders 小憩时间break/recess 中途下车breakone"s journey /stop over 白洋布、印花布calico/ printed cloth 旅行队，篷车caravan/ trailer 客车carriage/coach 游览车charabanc/sightseeing bus 药局chemist"s shop /drugstore 支票cheque/check 衣柜chest-drawers/ bureau 教名Christianname/ first name 电影院cinema/picture house 寄物处，衣帽间cloakroom /checkroom 光头close crop/crew out 衣夹clothes-peg/ clothes-pin
英美报刊文章阅读
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英语新闻中常用高频词汇大全
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26.Halloween 万圣节(节) 27.Hariem 哈雷特(黑人区) 28.Harvard University 哈佛大学 29.Oxford University 牛津大学 30.Camoridge University 剑桥大学 31.Holiday Inn 假日酒店 32.Hollywood 好来坞 33.home computer 家用电脑 34.home video 家用录像 35.hot dog 热狗 36.Independence Day 独立日 37.Michael Jordan 麦克尔·乔丹 38.Michael Jackson 麦克尔·杰克逊 39.Helen Keller 海伦·凯莉 40.Kennedy Assasination 肯尼迪暗杀案 41.Kentucky Fried 肯德鸡 42.Bill Jean 比尔·金 43.Martin Luther King 马丁·路德金 44.Kodak 科达 45.Korean War 朝鲜战争 46.Lincoln Memorial 林肯纪念碑 47.Little Rock 小万城 48.Los Angeles 洛杉机 49.Bruce Lee 李小龙 50.McDonalds 麦当劳 51.Madonna 麦当娜 52.Marijuana 大麻 53.Marlboro Man 万宝路人 54.Mickey Mouse 米老鼠
英美报刊选读 passage 13 the decline of neatness (含翻译)
The Decline of Neatness 行为标准的蜕化 By Norman Cou s ins Anyone with a passion for hanging labels on people or things should have little difficulty in recognizing that an apt tag for our time is the “Unkempt Generation”. 任何一个喜欢给别人或事物贴标签的人应该不难发现我们这个时代合适的标签是“邋遢的一代”。 I am not referring solely to college kids. The sloppiness virus has spread to all sectors of society," People go to all sorts of trouble and expense to look uncombed, unshaved. unpressed.3 我说这话不仅仅是针对大学生。邋遢这种病毒已经蔓延到社会各个部分。人们刻意呈现一幅蓬头散发、边幅不修、衣着不整的形象。 The symbol of the times is blue jeans—not just blue jeans in good condition but jeans that are frayed, torn, discolored. They don't get that way naturally. No one wants blue jeans that are crisply clean or spanking new. 如今时代潮流的象征是穿蓝色牛仔裤--不是完好的牛仔裤，而是打磨过的，撕裂开的，和褪色了的牛仔裤。正常穿着磨损很难达到上述效果。没有人喜欢穿干净崭新的牛仔裤。 Manufacturers recognize a big market when they see it, and they compete with one another to offer jeans（that are made to look as though they've just been discarded by clumsy house painters after ten years of wear. ）生产商意识到这将是个潜力巨大的市场，于是展开了激烈地竞争，生产出的
英美报刊选读期末考试题
I.Read the following short passages and choose the best answer. (20 % ) Passage 1 GENEVA-A 38-year-old Spanish man briefly hijacked 抢劫a French airliner on Majorca Sunday and threatened to blow it up to protest 抗议France's plans to resume nuclear testing, then surrendered in投降放弃Geneva without a struggle after releasing 298 passengers and crew. An official at Geneva's Cointrin Airport described the man as unbalanced. a ．A Spanish man hijacked a French airline to protest France's nuclear testing. b. A Spanish man who had threatened to blow up a French airline surrendered in Geneva. c. A Spanish man who had hijacked a French airline surrendered in Geneva. Passage 2 TOKYO-When Compaq Computers康帕电脑and Dell Computer invaded 进入the Japanese market three years age with personal computers selling for half the price of the local varieties当地品种, rival竞争对手Japanese companies braced for trouble准备应付动乱. But instead of killing the Japanese personal computer industry, the American onslaught猛攻liberated 放纵it. Proceed by what is known as the “Compaq Shock康帕冲击,” Japanese manufacturers have become fiercer competitors, cutting their prices drastically. The result has been a boom in sales that is benefiting the Japanese manufacturers as much as the Americans. a. American and Japanese computer companies compete to win the Japanese market. b. “Compaq Shock,” has benefited Japanese market. c. Fierce competition between American and Japanese computer companies has helped the computer sales boom in Japan. Passage 3 PARIS-A bomb 炸弹exploded at a crowded street market in Paris near the Place de la Bastille Sunday morning, leaving four people slightly hurt. The police said that the bomb, packed into a pressure cooker and hidden in a bag under a vegetable stand, did not cause greater damage because of a malfunction.功能失常But the incident clearly left a deep impact on Government
美英报刊文章阅读课程期末复习指导
《美英报刊文章阅读》课程期末复习指导 一、课程说明：本课程采用的文字教材为《美英报刊文章阅读》，由9个单 元，30课书组成。考虑到该课程教学时数的限制和教材本身所含的信息量大,学生学习负担可能偏重等因素,特规定以下15课为必学内容。这15课内容在18周内完成,平均每周1课,余下的三周用作期末复习. 15课必学内容为:Lessons1,3,4,5,6,8,13, 15, 17,19，20，21,24,28,30。其余内容供学生自学. 二、课程性质：本课程属于中央电大的统设课,省管选修课. 三、阅读美英报刊必须打好下列两项基本功： 1、新闻词语： 新闻语言与我国学生在中学和大学低年级所学课文的规范语言不完全相同。学生们以前所学的内容大多是关于学习和人生哲理的一些小故事，对新闻语言很陌生，词义面也窄，一见到run, race, juice, measure, Speaker, gunship, establishment, take a walk, go fishing, high profile, dry, wet, He blinked和I’m a family man就容易本能地分别认为是“跑”、“竞赛”、 “汁”、“措施”、“发言人”、“炮舰”、“建立”、“散步”、“去钓鱼”、“高姿 态”、“干”、“湿”、“他眨眼睛了”和“我是一个有家室的人”；而在时事英文中，这些词语很可能分别为“竞选”、“竞选”、“神通”、“议案”、“议长”、“武装直升机”、“权势集团”、“退党”、“与党离心离德”、“引人注目或公开的”、英国保守党中的“强硬派”、“温和派”、“他顶不住而退让了”和“我是一个治家有方、治国（或治州、治市）有道的人”等词义。由此可见，初学者必须拓宽词义，逐渐掌握一定数量的新闻词语，尤其要注意一词多义，不能一见到culture, challenge, resources story等就想当然认为只是“文化”、“挑战”、“资源”和“故事”的词义。 2、国际知识： 学英语不能仅仅局限于学语言，还要注意积累各方面的知识，有了比较广泛的知识，才能收到更好的学习效果。美英报刊涉及的面极广，政治、
报刊英语常用术语词汇
常见缩略 ABC: American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司 AMA: American Medical Association 美国医药协会 AP: Associated Press 美联社、联合通讯社 APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚洲和太平洋经济合作组织 asap: as soon as possible 尽快 ATM: automatic teller machine 自动取款机 Ave.: Avenue 大街 AFP：Agency France Press （法国）法新社 AIDS：acquired immune deficiency syndrome 艾滋病 BBC：British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司 CPC：the Communist Party of China 中国共产党 DVD：digital versatile disc or digital video disc 数码多用途光盘GPS：global positioning system 全球定位系统 HKSAR：the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 香港特别行政区 ISO international standard organization 国际标准化组织 HIV：Human Immunodeficiency Virus 人体免疫缺损病毒，艾滋病病毒 UFO：unidentified flying object 不明飞行物 WB：World Bank，世界银行
大三英语专业英美报刊选读期末考试卷子
Note: This exam should be completed in ENGLISH. Part I: Explain the following phrases. (20 points, 2 for each) Oprah Winfrey: American Dream: Filibuster： Host Culture: Stolen Nation: Sooner: Exit Polls: Op-Ed Article: Abramoff Effect: Watergate: Part II: Give answers to the following questions. (30 points, 10 for each) 1.Explain features of English newspaper headlines.
2.List at least eight types of compound adjective. (two examples for each type) 3.List at least ten types of journalistic leads and explain their functions respectively. Part III: Re-organize the order of the following paragraphs according to the logical sequence of the story structure. Attention: all you need to do is to write in the box below the numbers for the corresponding paragraph. (20 points, 2 for each) Program endorsed to develop shanghai (1) ―But more important, it should rely on the support and efforts of the people of Shanghai.‖ (2) ―Developing Pudong is an event of im portant strategic significance both to Shanghai and the whole country. The central government will provide necessary support and the whole country should give active support,‖ Wen said. (3) ―I hope the comrades in Shanghai will do a better job in developin g Pudong and gaining new momentum for Shanghai,‖ Wen said. (4) ―This is another important plan for us to deepen the country’s reform and expand its opening to the outside world, ‖said Wen at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai V olkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd. yesterday morning. (5) He said that the achievements of the two projects are the outcome of reform and open policy. (6) In Shanghai, Wen also attended the celebrations for the start of production of the 300,000-ton ethylene project in the Shanghai Petro-chemical Complex and the start of cold-rolling mill in Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex.
《英美报刊选读》重点词汇整理.
一，who we are now 1.But the president was openly ambivalent, too. 2.Because who we are now-a country in which traditional barriers of race, age and gender are crumbling-flows in many ways from what LBJ did then. 3.Why exhume the long-dead Johnson on the occasion of one of the most engaging inaugural since George Washington took the oath at Federal Hall… 4.His conflicting language underscores the nation’s occasionally wary view of the changes wrought by immigration. 5.There is something quintessentially American about a lumbering white man from Texas… 6.In the understandable thrill of the inaugural season, all eyes are turned to this single man, all ears attuned to his voice. 7.Whatever your politics, the election of the 44th president represents a kind of redemption from the long and tragic history of blacks… 8.If you count a generation as roughly 21 years, he was off the mark, since the rapidly inspired backlash shaped politics for more than 40 years 9.In 1909,…proposed a literary test to restrict the influx of the “Italians, Russians,Poles,Hungarians”… 10.Then,in1952,Congress passed the…Act,which essentially made naturalization colorblind.(平等的对待不同肤色的人) 11.The tension between assimilation and separation is eternal, but there is no doubt that this flood of immigration and the breaking down of barriers between previously estranged (疏远的，隔离的)groups within the country has created a much more fluid culture than… 12.The key cohort is the 75 million-strong generation known as the millennials(1980-2000) 13.perennial:lasting for a long time or forever 14.The disparity between older and younger voters was greater in 2008 than at any other time… 15.The younger cohort is more diverse than the general population, more female, more secular, less socially conservative and more willing to describe themselves as liberals. 16.In the wake of a possible terrorist attack, fear could easily lead to tension, resent and discord.