英文论文雾都孤儿性格分析
Contents
ⅠIntroduction (1)
ⅡOliver’s Kindness (2)
2.1 His Kindness to the Poor (2)
2.2 His Kindness to the Thieves (3)
2.3 His kindness to Nancy (4)
2.4 His Kindness to Companion (5)
ⅢOliver’s innocence (5)
ⅣOliver’s Honesty (7)
ⅤOliver’s Filial piety (8)
ⅥOliver’s Bravery (9)
ⅦConclusion (10)
Reference (12)
ⅠIntroduction
Oliver Twist was Dickens’ second novel, which marked the beginning o f Dickens’ literary life. It concentrates on the hard years of an orphan, Oliver Twist, who was against the criminal world of London. It is the first novel that readers are led to a very sad world. The hero of this novel was Oliver Twist, an orphan, while reading the tragic experiences of the little Oliver; he was thrown into a world full of poverty and crime. He suffered big pain, such as hunger, thirst, beating; I was shocked by his sufferings. I felt sorry for the poor boy, but at the same time I detested the evil Fagin and the brutal Bill. To my relief, as was written in all the best stories, the goodness eventually conquered evil and Oliver lived a happy life at the end. One of the plots that attracted me most is that after the berry, little Oliver was allowed to recover in the kind care of Mrs. Maylie and Rose and began a new life. He went for walks with them, or Rose read to him, and he worked hard at his lessons. He felt as if he had left behind forever the world of crime and hardship and poverty.
The good and honest Oliver was born a person of morality who knew how to thank others for their helps; as for the character of Fagin who was of the quality of craftiness, ferocity and miserliness, at last, he was given a capital punishment which he rightly deserved; and the character of Nancy was of the quality of kindness which was defeated by her evil, the most complex character Nancy fell in love with Sikes and the persistent love affair, but she had the tendency to become a kind-hearted person
The description of the criminals of London that little Oliver lived brought Dickens a new class of many readers interested in social reform... People started to think about social reasons for all of those criminal phenomena exposing the dark sides of people lived out that time. Dickens carried the good traditions of realism novels since 18th century of England and also developed it; he established the base of critical realism and had effect upon the development of the whole European realism novels. Oliver Twist was Charles Dickens’ first authentic novel and also was the first time that he led readers into a real but terrible life of underworld. This novel was a vivid picture
and Charles Dickens was an excellent realist.
Dickens is one of the founders of critical realism in the 19th century, who was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, and one of the most popular of all time. He created some of literature's most iconic characters; Oliver Twist is one of the most important social novels in Dickens’ ea rly works.
Ⅱ Oliver’s Kindness
2.1 His Kindness to the Poor
In the life of his working in the coffin shop, he expressed sympathy to the poor who were more misfortune than him. For example,” A man and an old woman stood near the body, Oliver was afraid to kook at them.” why did Oliver don’t want to see them? That’s because he was too kind to have the heart to the poor. Even though he knew himself also was a poor boy, that’s not the reason that he didn’t care about the other poor, but why did he do like that? He couldn’t offer them money, after all, he was poor too, and he also couldn’t give them encouragement. Because they didn’t need that, so all he could do was feeling sorry to them,:” so how did you like it, Oliver?’ asked so we were later, as they walked home.’ not very much, sir’ Oliver answered truthfully. Oliver wondered how long that would take, and remains silent all the way back to the shop, thinking about everything that he had seen and heard.” you may be want to ask that :Oliver did nothing, where was his kindness?; but you couldn’t forget that he was poor, too. And we also know that’s also related to the society. The society was full of selfishness and crimes, people in that time were mostly poor. The people’s relationship were desolated, this rel ationship can be seen in adults abundantly. However as a child who was only ten years old, he was kindhearted to the poor, he wasn’t influenced by that world. We can compare the behaviors of Oliver and the priest.” when at last he came, he hurried through the buried prayers, and as quickly as possible (it was only a job, after all) the coffin was put into”. This was the behaviors of the priest. Even though it was his job, it’s his responsibility to the woman’s bury he even be late for the burial, with all p eople were waiting for him.
I think the reason that his later was the buried woman was poor very much. He couldn’t get enough money form her family, so “he hurried through the buried prayers” but Oliver, as a poor boy, he could express kindness to the poor. That’s valuable.
2.2 His Kindness to the Thieves
We know that in the London with the thieves, though they were vicious, Oliver also expressed kindness to them, the first one, Fagin was deceitful, he didn’t believe in anybody. he treat the other thieves fiercely, that could be seen from the scene:” he looked at the jewelry with pleasure, then replaced them what a good thing hanging is .he murmured,’ dead man can never talk or betray old friends,’ so bad a man, he not only felt sad for his companions, but also afraid that the other thieves might betray to him, they were all worked for him, and they were only children. The another scene that Fagin even get very angry to Dodger and charley Bates, he even knocked them both down the stairs and sent them to bed with no dinner, because they had returned with nothing .he also treat bad to Oliver when Oliver was caught to Fagin’s house again, Fagin picked up a long piece of wood, he hit Oliver hard on the shoulders with stick, even though he was so bad, Oliver also keep a kind attitude to him. When Fagin was in the prison, Oliver even went to see him, he said “yes, Will you pray with me?’ how kind he was, what he thought at that time was the good that Fagin to him. we can see that the aim he went there was pray for him , I think Oliver had not hate him ever , he also remembered that if there was no Fagin who gave him a place to live , he might be dead already . He was not only kind but also knew absolutely.
The second is one to monks. Monks was Oliver half brother, but monks treat him bad. Because of the inheritance, Monks wanted to hold all the in heritance, therefore Monks tried to kill him. For once, after Monks listen to Fagin’s plan for a while, angry very much, he said “It was badly planned, could you make the boy into an ordinary thief, and then seeing let the polices arrested him, and sent out of the country for his all life.’ form these sentences said by Monks, we should know that Monks hate his half brother very much. He was a cruel man .Even though Monks did like that; he
finally got forgiveness from Oliver. After all mysteries were ended, Monks shouldn’t get the money from the inheritance by law. In other words, all the money should have gone to Oliver alone, but as to Oliver’s kindness, Monks was give the ot her half of money and what’s more, Oliver was glad to accept it. How kind a boy! Was there anyone who could do like Oliver? Even to our people living in present society. One society was peaceful, so we usually have a kind heart, that’s due to our kind envi ronment. However, we can’t meet with Oliver I think, because our toleration is limited, if someone treats our like that, we usually can’t pardon monks. Let’s have a look at the social atmosphere of Oliver. The society was dark, miserable, criminal, mostly of the people lived in poor, many workhouses were hypocritical and cruelty of parish, living in that atmosphere, Oliver also kept a heart which was more kind than our. His kindness to Monks showed his wide bosom, and the love to half brother. No matter how had those monks to him.
2.3 His kindness to Nancy.
Maybe many people want to ask that Nancy is the benefactor of Oliver, I admit that if there is not Nancy, Oliver maybe chased by Fagin and Monks. But we shouldn’t forget that Nancy played an important role in Oliver’s arrested. We know that at first, Oliver was rescued from Fagin by Mr. Brownlow; he had lived a happy life with Mr. Brown after Mr. Brownlow’s looking after carefully. but Nancy made it changed,”Oliver hurried through the streets to the book shop, thinking how lucky he was, suddenly there was aloud scream behind him, “oh, my dear brother”, before he could look around, a pair of arms was thrown tightly around his neck ......suddenly Oliver recognized the woman he had seen in Fagin house, “it’s Nancy.’ he said, without thinking.” That was how Nancy broke Oliver’s happy life. When Oliver was arrested to the Fagin’s house, he was hit by Fagin and after that he involved in robbery which made him wounded deeply. Yet Oliver was so kind that he forgot it, all he remembered was what Nancy did for him. Therefore, when Oliver got to know that Nancy was killed by Sikes, he behaved so sadly, he thought that Nancy’s killing was his fault. Was there anyone else can do like that? I think us can’t. We fall short of
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哈姆雷特性格解析英文
英语翻译1301 2013011275 The specific analyzes of characters of Hamlet Hamlet is a humanist of which involved in the contradictory of ideal and reality, and a person who has some beautiful views on the world human and society . But the cruelty and hideous of the real world have destroyed his expectation and broke his faith of humanism. As a humanist ,his hesitation on the way of revenge indicated the great gap of power between the humanism and feudalism. The author is aim at pointing out his introspection of The Renaissance and preoccupation of fate of human and our society. Humlet is the model of humanism idealist in the period of Renaissance. Although he wears the black suits , been serious at the first time when he showing up as a melancholy prince. But before story begins he is a happy prince studied in the Wittenburg, the headquarter of humanism. He has a fully rational faith to human. The mankind ,how a amazing craft he is, how nobly his rational is, what a great power and glamorous character he has , behaves like an angle, be intelligent as a god, the essence of the world and universe. But the world changed so fast, the sudden death of his father ,the idealized king in his mind, broke his life. His
哈姆雷特中若干人物形象分析
哈姆雷特中若干人物形象分析 莎士比亚地经典悲剧《哈姆雷特》塑造了众多活灵活现地人物,他们之中既有善良地, 懦弱地,又有狡猾地,阴险地. 哈姆雷特： 莎士比亚和他同时代地人文主义者一样,对“人”总抱有美好地看法.因而在塑造人物性格地时候,莎士比亚将哈姆雷特地复仇变为了一种哲理性地思考.在实施复仇地过程中,他反复想着“生存还是毁灭”这样地问题,总是耽于沉思冥想,步履为艰,明明有理由,有决心,有力量,有方法去复仇,却又迟迟不肯行动.如在第三幕第三场中,哈姆雷特放过了正在独自做祷告地克劳狄斯,在他看来,“现在他正在洗涤他地灵魂,要是我在这个时候结束了他地性命,那么天国地路是为他开放着,这样还算是复仇吗？不！收起来,我地剑,等候一个更惨酷地机会吧；当他在酒醉以后,在愤怒之中,或是在荒淫纵欲地时候,在赌博、咒骂或是其他邪恶地行为地中间,我就要叫他颠踬在我脚下,让他幽深黑暗不见天日地灵魂永堕地狱”.于是,好好地一次刺杀地机会就这样失去了,这其中地一部分原因在于哈姆雷特有着很强地宗教观念,而另一部分也在于他性格中地迟疑和懦弱.一方面他害怕自己杀人地末日审判,而另一方面他要掩盖自己地这种懦弱,为他不复仇地行为寻找道义上地借口. 每当遇到切实地问题地时候,哈姆雷特总会成为“思想地巨人,行动地矮人”,只会坐思右想,发表评论,在行动上显得极其迟缓和软弱.在哈姆雷特地性格中,另外突出地一点是喜欢把个别现象一般化,从一个小点就扩充到一个面,打击一大片人,最后更是伤害了他自己,甚至让他身边地人们都或主动或不自觉得离开了他.比如他与奥菲利娅地一段对话中 态度就很能说明问题———— 哈姆雷特：哈哈！你贞洁吗？ 奥菲利娅：殿下！ 哈姆雷特：你美丽吗？ 奥菲利娅：殿下是什么意思？ 哈姆雷特：要是你既贞洁又美丽,那么顶好不要让你地贞洁跟你地美丽来往. 奥菲利娅：殿下美丽跟贞洁相交,那不是再好没有吗？ 哈姆雷特：嗯,真地,因为美丽可以使贞洁变成淫荡,贞洁却未必能使美丽受他自己地感化； 这句话从前像是怪诞之谈,可是现在地时世已经把它证实了.我地确曾经爱过你. 奥菲利娅：真地,殿下,您曾经使我相信您爱我. 哈姆雷特：你当初就不应该相信我,因为美德不能熏陶我们罪恶地本性.我没有爱过你. 奥菲利娅：那么我真是受了骗了. 哈姆雷特：进尼姑庵去吧！为什么你要生养一群罪人出来呢？我自己还不算是一个顶坏地人, 可是我可以指出我地许多过失；一个人有了那些过失,他地母亲还是不要生下他来地好.我很骄傲、使气、不安分,还有那么多地罪恶,连我地思想里也容纳不下,我地想象也不能给它们形相,甚至于我没有充分地时间把他们实行出来.像我这样地家伙,匍匐于 天地之间,有什么用处呢？我们都是些十足地坏人,一个也不要相信我们,进尼姑
雾都孤儿英语论文
Character analysis of Nancy in Oliver Twist 班级：Class 1 姓名：项久桐
Introduction. Charles Dickens, he is the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era. He writes many famous works. Oliver Twist is one of them. In this novel, Dickens presents the everyday existence of the lowest members of England society. During that period, Enclosure Movement and poor laws makes the situation more difficult. This paper mainly focuses on the analysis of Nancy. She is one of the characters in Oliver Twist. From her, we can find double characters. She is a distinctively contradictory person. It truly shows us the miserable life of the London at that time by Nancy’s fatality. Through analyzing the causes of Nancy’s character, we could perspective the decadence and sunless of the whole British social political system. We could learn that London is filled with unfairness and oppress the poor. It is this kind of society system and her nature that killed Nancy finally. Even if Nancy is not the main character of the novel, but she is the key character. Many readers are influenced by her complex and tragic life. Her existence lets us think about a lot of things. What is good? What is evil? Through her change, we can get the writing aim of the novel. As if everybody gives a little love, this world would become more colorful and sweet. Ⅰ. Analysis of Nancy’s double character. A.Nancy’s negative nature Nancy is a typical character of the novel. Oliver Twist’s fate is closely related with Nancy. Nancy as a thief lives in the bottom of the society. That kind of environment rubs down her self-esteem and the sense of shame. Just because of this, she tries everything to protect her group and has no courage to expose the criminal gang. What she receives forms her negative and screwy world outlook, value, and view of life. As you brew, so must you drunk. Nancy hurts others and herself both. 1.The protection of thieves. Nancy is a thief. And she thinks she is one part of the group with time passing. When Nancy decides to help Oliver get out of Monk’s trap, she also expresses the protection of the
哈姆雷特性格分析
哈姆雷特性格特征： 一个人文主义者的悲剧————————内心犹豫的忧郁王子这是一个充满矛盾的形象。哈姆莱特是古代丹麦的一个王子，他是一个人文主义形象，这和他在“威登堡大学”里所受的教育有着很大的关系。一方面他接受了人文主义的影响，心中充满了美好的理想，希望生活中的一切如理想一样完美。而现实生活的一系列意外打破了他的理想。他像一个思想家那样地思考许多哲学问题，却找不到答案。于是他要为父报仇，可是他内心又是矛盾，因为他想的不光只是为父报仇，而是扭转整个乾坤。在这样艰巨的任务面前，他想要行动也行动不起来。 最突出的特点是忧郁，一系列伤天害理的事变突然发生,打破了他关于人生、世界、爱情、友谊、前途等一系列人文主义的幻想，他以哲学家的深刻洞察力,解剖现实,深揭被掩盖着的社会罪恶，使其忧郁积重难返，从他穿着丧服登场,到古堡待父,到破相装疯,到戏中作戏,到后宫劝母,到海上窥奸,到墓场葬礼,到宫庭比武,一直到他最后毁灭,忧郁一直没有离开过他。 其次是犹豫，比如在剧中，哈姆雷特偶遇到叔父在为自己的罪孽祈祷时，复仇的想法只是在他脑中一闪而过，他不是义无反顾地一剑刺向敌人，而是在一旁作“To be, or not to be”的思想斗争，他觉得时机欠妥、方式不佳，他怕背负罪名。于是，他一直在延宕。他是哲学
家而不是实干家,他敏于思索而拙于行动,他在没有切实可行、十拿九稳的办法之前,只会冥思苦想,他从思考到行动需要一个比常人更为复杂的过程，等待时机,而时机不来,一旦到来,又坐失良机;幻想行动,却一拖再拖,空有报国之心,而无匡世的行动。 他的悲剧既有罪恶势力过于强大的客观原因，也有其内存性格弱点的主观原因。所以，哈姆莱特的悲剧是时代的悲剧，是人文主义者的悲剧。
名著名篇《哈姆雷特》人物性格分析
《哈姆雷特》人物性格分析 1601年。剧作写的是丹麦王子哈姆雷特对谋杀他的父亲、骗娶他的母亲并篡夺了王位的叔父进行复仇的故事。哈姆雷特是体现作者人文主义理想的典型形象。剧作通过描写他与现实之间的不可调和的矛盾，和他在复仇过程中的犹豫彷徨、忧伤苦闷及其惨遭失败的悲剧结局，深刻地体现出人文主义者要求冲破封建势力束缚的强烈愿望，同时也揭示出英国早期资产阶级的局限性。而正是哈姆雷特的这种人文主义理想与现实的不可调和的矛盾导致了他人生悲剧的必然。 个月就改嫁丈夫的弟弟葛夫，而这个婚礼在当时引起全国人民的注意，。因为葛夫是个邪恶、性情卑劣之人，自然而然在人民的心里起了一个疑心，是葛夫谋杀了前任国王。他十分不明白为何母亲判作两人，在父亲去世未满两个月，就再婚了。他的母亲及新任国王让他快乐，但他依旧穿著丧服，不肯脱去，他怀疑叔父给他父亲致死的理由─被毒蛇咬死的真实性。他一直认为母亲和葛夫就是那毒蛇，共同谋害了他的父亲，这个疑虑使他心神不安。现在又有一个谣言满天飞，有一个十分像先王的鬼魂出现在午夜十二点时，他欲言又止，一下子就消失。于是哈姆雷特就前去观看，他看见了那鬼魂，于是追了去，来到一空地，鬼魂终于开口说道“儿啊！我是你的父王，我是被我的弟弟葛夫害死的，他趁着我睡着时，拿着毒草汁渗入我的耳里，使我悲苦的灵魂无法安睡。儿啊！你的母亲不能为我守节，证明她的虚伪，你可以为我报仇，但绝不能加害于你的母亲，就让她听天由命好了，让她受天良发现的责备好了。”就这样，鬼魂消失了，哈姆雷特答应为他父亲报仇。哈姆雷特要他的部属不准透露他遇见了鬼魂，但实际上他的精神已受到惊吓，他有点恍惚。一方面他害怕他报仇的计画引起叔父的疑心，另一方面又害怕叔父有加害于他的心态，于是他决定伪装于疯癫之下。他们认为他一定是太思念先王而如此的或是因为爱情的缘故。因为哈姆雷特爱慕一位名叫可莉的女孩，她是大臣的女儿，在他发疯之前，曾送过情书及戒指给她，在他发疯之后，更是有过之而不及，因此哈姆雷特的叔父及母亲都认为一定是爱情的缘故。可莉是个好女孩，并不因为哈姆雷特变成如此，而远离他，反而更加的怜悯他、关爱他。哈姆雷特心中有着疑惑，他开始怀疑他当日看见的鬼魂，以及他是否真要报仇，于是他找来一批伶人演戏，试探着叔父的反应。那些伶人照着哈姆雷特的指示上演了一出弟弟杀害哥哥的戏码，结果这出戏令叔父不悦，借故生病离席了，这举动更加让哈姆雷特信心大增，原来那鬼魂所言不假。当天夜里，王后将哈姆雷特唤去，告诉他，他的新父王是葛夫，不准在上演这令人不悦的戏码，哈姆雷特不悦，和母亲起了争吵，母亲害怕已疯癫的哈姆雷特，就在此时，躲在屏风后面的大臣喊了出来，反令哈姆雷特吃惊，拔了剑，刺了过去，杀死了可莉的父亲。这样一来，哈姆雷特被放逐了，但他已明确的把话说给母亲听，已引起她良心的谴责。葛夫将他送往英国，那时英国是丹麦的管辖之下，葛夫秘密的写了一封信要他们一到英国就杀了哈姆雷特。哈姆雷特早就发现事有蹊跷。于是偷了信将人名给改了，一到英国哈姆雷特就被释放了，不久后哈姆雷特搭船要回丹麦，结果那艘船被海盗船给攻打了，哈姆雷特刻意表现其英勇的行为，反被海盗们所佩服。海盗们要哈姆雷特将来在朝中可以酬谢他们的不杀之恩，于是他们带着哈姆雷特回到丹麦。一回到城内，哈姆雷特就听到可莉的丧礼，原来自从可莉的父亲被哈姆雷特刺死之后，她的神志就恍惚了，一日
雾都孤儿文学评论-nancy性格分析
《Oliver Twist》is one of my favourite novels, the characters and the delicate stories move me deeply.《Oliver Twist》, a realistic novel wrote by English writer Dickens is published in 1838. In this novel, Nancy’s character is complex and ambiguous, and she is just like a unit of angle and evil. On the one hand, she has done numerous crimes under control of Fagin as a young female thief. The first thing which can prove her evil is her effort in the process of recapturing Oliver Twist. Her twice courses of action can prove that the evil inside of her characteristics. On the other hand, she tries all her best to help Oliver out from the thief gang with the awareness of disgrace in herself and evil in her fellow gang, gradually, she wakes up and regrets, stands up and defenses against evil and oppression. Nancy’s good nature mainly embodies in her protection of little Oliver. These words are enough to show her kindness to shock the readers. At last, she overcomes evil by making the sublimating of spirit and break through of nature. It’s just this double nature that well reflects the reality at that time. Nancy in Oliver Twist has also become the most typical image in the literature field. Nancy is not just a signal of simple character but a vivid and unique figure which leaves deepest impression to readers. The significance lies in a scathing indictment of the capitalist society. In despite of the happy ending of Oliver painted a layer of bright color for the novel, it will never cover up critical significance of Na ncy’s double character.
哈姆雷特的忧郁性格探析
哈姆雷特的忧郁性格探析
目录 摘要.......................................... (2) Abstract (3) 前言 (4) 一莎士比亚笔下的《哈姆雷特》 (5) 二哈姆雷特的忧郁性格社会原因 (6) 三哈姆雷特的忧郁性格根源 (7) 结语 (8) 参考文献 (9) 致谢词 (10)
摘要 《哈姆雷特》的作者莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期英国最伟大的剧作家和诗人，卓越的人文主义思想的代表，近代欧洲文学的奠基者之一。他被公认为英国文艺复兴的顶峰，是全世界最伟大的作家之一。在其创作的作品中，四大悲剧之一的《哈姆雷特》中丹麦王子哈姆雷特的形象最为著名。哈姆雷特是一个有着人文主义思想的王子，他有“骑士的眼睛，学者的辩舌，军人的利剑”，他是“国家所瞩望的娇花，时流的明镜，人伦的典范，举世瞩目的中心。”但在他性格中却有着犹豫不定，延宕的一面。但正是因为他的忧郁延宕才使得这一形象有着不朽的艺术魅力。本文主要是对哈姆雷特这一人物形象的性格浅析：通过概述《哈姆雷特》主要的故事情节，分析出哈姆雷特在《哈姆雷特》中呈现的主要性格——忧郁的性格特征。作为人文主义的代表哈姆雷特是如何在复仇中，表现出反复迟疑，犹豫不决的心理；同时有怎样体现了其处于亲情，爱情中矛盾，延宕的性格特征。论文还进一步的分析了形成哈姆雷特性格的成因和背景，从而总结出哈姆雷特忧郁，延宕的性格特征，进而表达出作者对《哈姆雷特》这部作品的看法以及作品对其的影响，达到更好的理解与挖掘《哈姆雷特》的文学价值，以及通过对《哈姆雷特》的人物分析，理解当时的社会背景，深化对英国文学作品中对人物性格的分析和理解。 关键词：哈姆雷特性格浅析忧郁延宕
雾都孤儿英文简介
Oliver Twist was born to be an orphan in a workhouse ，where children are maltreated and constantly starved. Beadles of the workhouse hate Oliver’s personality and traffic in him to an undertaker to work as an apprentice. Unable to bear the cruel abuse, Oliver run away to London. There he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves headed by old Fagin. Oliver is taught and forced to steal. He is once rescued by the kind-hearted Mr Brownlow but caught by the thieves again.It finally turns out a man named Monks is Oliver’s brother,who wants to make the boy a criminal due to the inheritance.In the end, with the help of Nancy, Oliver escapes from the menace of all the bad men and is adopted by Mr Brownlow,leading a happy life.
人物分析论文大纲怎么写.doc
人物分析论文大纲怎么写 关于人物分析论文大纲怎么写，下面文章告诉你。 小说中的人物描写是为表现人物性格，揭示作品主题思想服务的。阅读时只有了 解了人物描写的方法和作用，把握人物性格特点，才能深刻理解文章的思想内容。在 写作人物分析论文之前需要拟定大纲，接下来我们就来看看人物分析论文大纲怎么写。 拟订写作提纲。 拟订写作提纲是论文写作的开始。提纲是论文的雏形，通过它把论文的主要观点 和结构用文字固定、明确下来，使论文构思更完善，起到组织材料、思考缜密、防止 遗漏的作用。在提纲的拟订的过程中，要完成下面几项工作。 (1)明确文章的中心论点和分论点。 中心论点也叫总论点。它是作者将要在文章中阐述的核心观点。文章里的全部材 料都是为它服务的。中心论点在文章中就像血脉一样贯通全篇。但是，要想把中心论 点阐述得具体、切实，就得分解成若干个分论点。分解中心论点的根据一定要明确、 统一，前后一致。分解出的分论点，既要有紧密的内在联系，又要有外在的序列形式。每个分论点都是中心论点的构成部分，几个分论点的综合就是中心论点。全文就是根 据分论点的序列展开的。 (2)安排分论点的的序列。 明确了有几个分论点以后，要把它们排列起来。安排时，要根据中心论点的需要 和分论点的内在关系作全面分析。可以分成几个方面一一论述，也可以由主到次，由 大到小，由轻到重地论述。这也就是前面所讲的两种情况，并列关系和递进关系。 (3)材料对号入座。 把将要写到文章里的材料，根据分论点的需要分组，属于同一分论点的材料放在 一组。有几个分论点，就有几组材料。到撰写时，写到哪个分论点，就自然用到哪个 材料。 进行了上述工作之后，要形成具体的写作提纲。常用的提纲类型有两种： 第一，列项式提纲：粗线条地搭起全文的框架。用简洁、概括的词组、句子、材 料序号，把中心论点、分论点、材料一一排开，制成一个草图。例如论文“浅析学生掌 握几何概念过程中的思维障碍及其对策”的列项式提纲如下： 分析产生障碍的原因，探讨排除障碍的方法(中心论点)