2008医学考博英语统考真题

2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试

英语试卷

Paper One

Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)

Section A

1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.

B. It raised more money than expected.

C. It received fewer people than expected.

D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s abse nce.

2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.

C. A stomach problem.

D. A psychiatric condition.

3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.

C. At a rental agency.

D. In the nursing home.

4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.

5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.

C. To cruise, even without his friends.

D. To take a flight to the Maldives.

6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.

C. He’s got diarrhea.

D. He’s got a runny nose.

7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.

C. To disinfect the man’s injured.

D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.

8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.

C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.

D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.

9. A. She will apply to Duke University.

B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.

C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.

D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.

10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.

B. She was almost run over by a truck.

C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.

D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.

11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.

B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.

C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.

D. The medicine is not available to the patient.

12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.

C. It was the last article on sale.

D. It was a good bargain.

13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.

14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.

C. She will certainly not buy the car.

D. This is the car she has been wanting.

15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.

C. The weather is lousy this week.

D. He has been working under pressure. Section B

Passage One

16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.

C. He has got bone cancer.

D. He has got heartburn.

17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.

C. To be nut on chemotherapy.

D. To have his bowel removed.

18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.

C. A miracle in his coming years.

D. A life without any inconveniences.

19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.

20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.

B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.

C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.

D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.

Passage Two

21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.

C. How to quit smoking.

D. How to prevent lung cancer.

22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.

C. With a lung problems.

D. At age 40 or over.

23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.9427

24. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.

B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.

C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.

D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.

25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.

B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.

C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.

D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.

Passage Three

26. A. A hobby B. The whole world

C. learning experience.

D. A career to earn a living

27. A. Her legs were broken

B. Her arms were broken

C. Her shoulders were severely injured

D. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.

28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.

C. She learned to be a teacher.

D. She learned a living skills.

29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.

B. She was a college instructor.

C. She was a social worker in a clinic.

D. She worked as elementary school teacher.

30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.

C. Humorous and funny.

D. Kind and reliable.

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration n. 恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.

A. account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占

B. call for 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊

C. look for 寻找

D. make for 导致；有助于；走向

32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的

___________ of your time to the nursing home.

A. affliction n. 苦难；苦恼；折磨

B. alternative adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的n. 二中择一；供替代的选择

C. allocation n. 分配，配置；安置（location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）

D. alliance n. 联盟，联合；联姻

33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.

A. expensively

B. exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地

C. exhaustively adv. 耗尽一切地

D. exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地

34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.

A. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的

B. conditional adj. 有条件的；假定的n. 条件句；条件语

C. inseparable adj. [数] 不可分割的；不能分离的n. 不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友

D. cardinal n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的

35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.

A. cohesive adj. 有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的

B. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的

C. collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. 集团；集合体；集合名词

D. comic adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物

36. Mortgage vt. 抵押n. 抵押房屋抵押贷款___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.

A. defects n. 缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi. 变节；叛变

B. deficits n. 赤字；不足额

C. defaults vi. 拖欠；不履行；不到场n. 违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt. 不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n. 故障；[地质] 断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi. 弄错；产生断层）

D. deceptions n. 欺骗，欺诈；骗术

37. The symptoms n. [临床] 症状；症候；病徵may be __________ by certain drugs.

A. exaggerated adj. 夸张的，言过其实的v. 夸张，夸大

B. exacerbated vt. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒=aggravate

C. exceeded adj. 非常的；过度的；溢出的v. 超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出

D. exhibited adj. 展出的v. 展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）

38. Her story was a complete adj. 完整的；完全的；彻底的vt. 完成_________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.

A. facility n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧

B. fascination n. 魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated着迷的；被深深吸引的）

C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt.fabricate制造；伪造；装配）

D. faculty n. 科，系；能力；全体教员

39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out 排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.

A. salvage n. 打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt. 抢救；海上救助

B. safeguard n. [安全] 保护；保卫；保护措施vt. [安全] 保护，护卫

C. sabotage vt. 妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi. 从事破坏活动n. 破坏；破坏活动；怠工

D. sacrifice n. 牺牲；祭品；供奉vt. 牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi. 献祭；奉献

40. The government always _________ on the background n. 背景；隐蔽的位置vt. 作…的背景adj. 背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.

A. takes up 拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)

B. checks up 检查；核对（check out 检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）

C. works out 解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼

D. looks into 调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看

Section B

41. The 19th century physiology n. 生理学；生理机能was dominated vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi. 占优势；处于支配地位by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass 体重and activity.

A. boosted adj. 升高的；升压的；加力的v. 提高，推进；宣传（boost的过去式）

B. governed v. 管理（govern的过去式和过去分词）；统治；支配

C. clarified adj. 澄清的；透明的v. 阐明（clarify的过去分词形式）；澄清

D. pioneered v. 倡导；作先驱（pioneer的过去式）

42. Surely, it would be sensible adj. 明智的合乎情理的通情达理的意识到的，能感觉到的to get a second opinion before taking any further action.采取进一步行动，进一步的行动

A. realistic adj. 现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的

B. sensitive adj. 敏感的；感觉的；[仪] 灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的n. 敏感的人；有灵异能力的人

C. reasonable adj. 合理的，公道的；通情达理的

D. sensational adj. 轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的（economic sanction经济制裁）

43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors n. 祖先；被继承人in great veneration.n. 尊敬；崇拜（Ancestor veneration祖先崇拜）

A. recognition n. 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认

B. sincerity n. 真实，诚挚

C. heritage n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权

D. honour n. 荣誉；尊敬；勋章vt. 尊敬；[金融] 承兑；承兑远期票据

44. I worked to develop the requisite skill 必要技能（requisite adj. 必备的，必不可少的；需要的n. 必需品）for managerial adj. [管理] 管理的；经理的post.n. 岗位；邮件；标杆vt. 张贴；公布；邮递；布置vi. 快速行进

A. perfect adj. 完美的；最好的；精通的vt. 使完美；使熟练n. 完成式

B. exquisite adj. 精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；n. 服饰过于讲究的男子

C. unique adj. 独特的，稀罕的；[数] 唯一的，独一无二的n. 独一无二的人或物

D. necessary adj. 必要的；必需的；必然的n. 必需品

45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity 维修活动and an index n. 指标；指数；索引；指针vi. 做索引vt. 指出；编入索引中of physiological age生理年龄, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.二者择一的；要么…要么…

A. instance n. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例

B. indicator n. 指示器；[试剂] 指示剂；[计] 指示符；压力计

C. appearance n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面

D. option n. [计] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权（potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）

46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise剧烈运动.（strenuous adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的）

A. arduous adj. 努力的；费力的；险峻的

B. demanding adj. 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的v. 要求；查问（demand的ing形式）

C. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的

D. continuous adj. 连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的

47. The hospital should be held accountable for 负责，对…应付责任the quality of care 护理质量it delivers.

A. practicable adj. 可用的；行得通的；可实行的

B. reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的n. 可靠的人

C. flexible adj. 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的

D. responsible adj. 负责的，可靠的；有责任的

48. Greenpeace n. 绿色和平组织（保护动物不遭捕猎等）has been invite to appraise vt. 评价，鉴定；估价the environment costs of such an operation.

A. esteem vt. 尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n. 尊重；尊敬

B. appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别vi. 增值；涨价

C. evaluate vt. 评价；估价；求…的值vi. 评价；估价

D. approve vt. 批准；赞成；为…提供证据vi. 批准；赞成；满意

49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.adj. 阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的

A. chilly adj. 寒冷的；怕冷的

B. dismal adj. 凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的n. 低落的情绪

C. promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）

D. fanatic n. 狂热入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj. 狂热的；盲信的

50. These were vital adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的decisions n. 决定，决心；决议that bore upon （bear upon ）有关；瞄准；对…施加压力the happiness of everybody.

A. ensured vt. 保证，确保；使安全

B. ruined n. 废墟；毁坏；灭亡vt. 毁灭；使破产vi. 破产；堕落；被毁灭

C. achieved vt. 取得；获得；实现；成功vi. 达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿

D. influenced n. 影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt. 影响；改变

Part III Cloze (10%)

Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence n. 智力；情报工作；情报机关；理解力developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent 在一定程度上；在某种程度上our intelligence is given us at birth生下来时（innate adj. 先天的；固有的；与生俱来的）, and no amount of 即使再大（或再多）的…（也不）special education can make a genius n. 天才，天赋；精神___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand另一方面, a child who lives in boring adj. 无聊的；令人厌烦的environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intell igence are fixed at birth, but whether or

not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.

It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 在一定程度上；在某种程度上___55___ we are born with. The closer the blood relationship 血统；血缘关系between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins [遗] 同卵双胞胎；[妇产] 单卵性双胎they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.

___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

53. A. amounts n. 数量，总额（amount的复数）v. 总和（amount的第三人称单数形式）

B. qualities [统计] 品质

C. limits n. 限制；限度；界线vt. 限制；限定

D. scores n. 分数；二十；配乐；刻痕vt. 获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下vi. 得分；记分；刻痕

54. A. disposition n. 处置；[心理] 性情；[军] 部署；倾向

B. perception n. 知觉；[生理] 感觉；看法；洞察力；获取

C. endowment n. 捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资

56. A. in advance adv. 预先，提前

B. for effect 为了给人良好的印象；为了得到效果

C. at random 胡乱地；随便地；任意地

D. under way 进行中；航行中；在行进

57. A. similar adj. 相似的n. 类似物

B. various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的

C. appropriate adj. 适当的；恰当的；合适的vt. 占用，拨出

D. inborn adj. 天生的；先天的

Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)

Passage One

1.Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would di e. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.四处走动；供应；（消息）流传

2.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up 基因组成，遗传构成of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to 使...可接受humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome vt. 克服；胜过vi. 克服；得胜（come over过来；顺便来访；抓住）our immune rejection 免疫排斥to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants vt. 移植；迁移；使移居n. 移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vi. 移植；迁移；移居by the year 2008.

3.That prospect n. 前途；预期；景色vi. 勘探，找矿vt. 勘探，勘察, however, has stirred up 激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起strong opposition n. 反对；反对派；在野党；敌对among animal fight activities. They protest vi. 抗议；断言vt. 抗议；断言n. 抗议adj. 表示抗议的；抗议性的that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的and unjust.adj. 不公平的，不公正的；非正义的.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传unknown diseases to humans.

4.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable adj. 可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial adj. 人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的organs.

5.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off 起飞；脱

下；离开the waiting list in a year.

61. What is the problem the passage begins with?

A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.

B. A malpractice n. 玩忽职守；不法行为；治疗不当in heart transplantation.

C. An unusual case of organ transplant.

D. A shortage of human organs.

62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue技术问题, according to the passage but also it _________________________.

A. introduces an issue of inhumanity n. 不人道，无人性；残暴

B. raises the issue of justice n. 司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员in medicine

C. presents a significant adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n. 象征；有意义的事物threat to human nature人性；人类本性

D. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits

63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.

A. are to narrow adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路vt. 使变狭窄the scope n. 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程vt. 审视of organ transplants

B. switch to v. 切换到；转到；转变成t he development of artificial organs

C. come up with 提出；想出；赶上alternatives to the current problem

D. set out to 打算，着手,开始purchase n.购买；紧握；起重装置vt.购买；赢得vi. 购买东西better ways of treating heart disease

64. It can be inferred from推断the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.

A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplants

B. the present supply of human organs still has potential n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的（potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）to be explored vt. 探索；探测；探险

C. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposes n. 目的；用途；意志vt. 决心；企图；打算

D. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed

65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.

A. enlightening adj. 使人领悟的；有启发作用的v. 启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）

B. unbelievable adj. 难以置信的；不可信的

C. imaginative adj. 虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的（imaginable可能的；可想像的）

D. factual adj. 事实的

Passage Two

1.There is a great irony n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事adj. 铁的；似铁的of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of 数以亿计people lack adequate adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的food as a result of economic inequities n. 不公平，不公正, political corruption政治腐败（corruption n. 贪污，腐败；堕落）, or warfare n. 战争；冲突, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of 达到…的程度increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity n. 肥大，肥胖is a worldwide phenomenon n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert vt. 转移；使…欢娱；使…转向scarce resources 稀有资源（scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv. 仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有）away from food security 粮食安全；食品安全；食物保障to take care of people with preventable adj. 可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的heart disease and diabetes.n. 糖尿病；多尿症

2.To reverse n. 背面；相反；倒退；失败vt. 颠倒；倒转adj. 反面的；颠倒的；反身的the obesity epidemic adj. 流行的；传染性的n. 传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行, we must address vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n. 地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧；称呼the fundamental cause根本原因. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended vt. 花费；消耗；用光；耗尽in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable adj. 可消费的；排出的；不重复使用的；可牺牲的n. 消耗品income into consumers of aggressively adv. 侵略地；攻击地；有闯劲地（侵略=aggress; aggression; invade; invasion）（exaggerated adj. 夸张的，言过其实的v. 夸张，夸大aggravate vt. 加重；使恶化；激怒）marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value营养价值, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary adj.

久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.

3.Moreover adv. 而且；此外, food is so overproduced vt. 过度生产that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than 远远超过，多得多的they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n. 极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物example, most adults of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census vt. 实施统计调查n. 人口普查，人口调查categories n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴–are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required vt. 需要；要求；命令by many adults. Overabundant adj. 太充足的；过多的food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns vi. 作战；参加竞选；参加活动n. 运动；活动；战役directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery n. 食品杂货店, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists n. 说客；活动议案通过者to discourage vt. 阻止；使气馁government from doing anything to inhibit vt.抑制；禁止=bar ；restrain ；control ； stay overeating.

66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.

A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive adj. 反作用的；抵抗的；反对的n. 反作用；抵抗，对抗；反对measures

B. the insufficient and superfluous adj. 多余的；不必要的；奢侈的consumption of food

C. the scarce natural resource and the green of food source

D. the consumption n. 消费；消耗；肺痨of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases

67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.

A. to improve political and economic management

B. to cope with 处理，应付the energy imbalance issue

C. to combat vt. 反对；与…战斗n. 战斗；争论adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的diet-related chronic diseases

D. to increase investment in global health

68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to 参考；涉及；指的是；适用于_____________.

A. affluence n. 富裕；丰富；流入；汇聚and obesity

B. food energy and nutritional value

C. food business and economic prosperity经济繁荣；发展生产（prosperity n. 繁荣，成功）

D. diseases of civilization n. 文明；文化and pathology n. 病理（学）; 异常状态of inactivity

69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.

A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basis

B. complain about food overproduction

C. have to raise their food expenses

D. are driven towards 朝...方向驱使（Drive Towards The Light驶向光明drive towards south照南开Drive Towards Zero零排放）weight gain

70. Which of the following can be excluded vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出as we can understand based on the passage?

A. The economic dimension. 经济局面（层面）

B. The political dimension 政治方面（层面）

C. The humane adj. 仁慈的，人道的；高尚的dimension. 人文方面（层面）

D. The dietary n. 饮食的规定；食谱adj. 饮食的，饭食的，规定食物的dimension饮食层面

注：dimension n. 方面;[数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的

3-dimension三维

Passage Three

1.Women find a masculine adj. 男性的；阳性的；男子气概的n. 男性；阳性，阳性词（muscle n. 肌肉；力量vt. 加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出）face with a large jaw n. 颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt.

教训；对…唠叨and a prominent adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的brow n. 眉，眉毛；额；表情more attractive when they are more likely to conceive vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有，according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation n. [生理] 月经；月经期间；有月经，however, they seem to be drawn to 被…所吸引less angular adj. [生物] 有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的, more “feminine” adj. 女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的male faces, the researchers report.

2.“Other studies of female preference n. 偏爱，倾向；优先权, mainly for odors n. 气味；名声,show changes across the menstrual cycle生理] 月经周期,” says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual adj. 视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的preferences and see if they changed also.

3.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite n. 复合材料；合成物；菊科adj. 复合的；合成的；菊科的vt. 使合成；使混合male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features 面部特征；面容to differing degrees. The women preferred vt. 更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升images with more masculine features 男性特性when they were in the fertile adj. 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的phase n. 相；阶段；[天] 位相vt. 使定相；逐步执行of their menses n. [生理] 月经；[生理] 行经but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.

4.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue vt. 继续；从事；追赶；纠缠, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for 偏爱…muscular faces was evident adj. 明显的；明白的=obvious / distinct / visible among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term adj. 短期的relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship 长期关系, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.

5.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives [药] 口服避孕药did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for 即使对于short-term relationships, indicating that 表明,正在翻译,结果表明(indicat e vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征)hormones n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙might play a role in 在……起作用determining vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定attractiveness n. 吸引力；迷惑力, Penton-V oak says.

6.Men whose faces have some feminine softness n. 温柔；柔和are perceived as “kinder’ men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, white macho adj. 大男子气概的n. 强壮男子；大丈夫features may be associated with 和…联系在一起；与……有关，与……有关系higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions n. 小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt. 警告, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior实际行为.

71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.

A. women’s menstrual cycle

B. men’s preferred female images

C. women’s visual preferences of men

D. men’s masculine and feminine features

72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.

A. grow to be feminine

B. are on oral contraceptives[药] 口服避孕药

C. are ready for conception n. 怀孕；概念；设想；开始

D. are on menstruation n. [生理] 月经；月经期间；有月经

73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by 受…的影响___________.

A. their family planning

B. the years of marriage they had

C. the length of their menstrual cycle [生理] 月经周期

D. the term or relationship they seek

74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voak implies, does not mean that __________________.

A. visual preferences do exist vi. 存在；生存；生活；继续存在

B. a woman acts this way is reality n. 现实；实际；真实

C. a man will buy into the phenomenon n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才

D. men and women prefer vt. 更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升the same image

75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?

B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?

C. Are women more emotional than men?

D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?

Passage Four

1.Well-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy n. 争论；论战；辩论has raged n. 愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi.大怒，发怒；流行，风行over whether the electromagnetic fields电磁场produced by power lines 电力线;输电线could cause cancer, especially leukemia 白血病in young children. But in Britain last week ,confusion n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reached new heights达到新的高度.

2.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back n. 后面vt. 支持；后退；背书；下赌注a controversial adj. 有争议的；有争论的but plausible adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的theory n. 理论；原理；学说；推测which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on?.

3.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent adj. 显然的；表面上的than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets水滴；微水滴，小水滴, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered vt. 发现；揭开；揭露by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature adj. 早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n. 早产儿；过早发生的事物. The extra exposure n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny adj. 微小的；很少的, and it is not obvious adj. 明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的why radon- a gas normally associated with 与…有关系；与…相联系lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.

4.The second study, which drew reassuring vt. 使…安心，使消除疑虑blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe n. 探针；调查vt. 探查；用探针探测of the statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances日用电器. It is one of several recent studies 近代研究that have failed to find a link.Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的earlier research, these newer studies involved vt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included vt. 包含，包括(exclude vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出.preclude vt. 排除；妨碍；阻止) input from major power lines if they were nearby.

5.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics n. 评论家；批评者；吹毛求疵的人（critic的复数）argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account考虑；重视；体谅(take sth into account 对某事加以考虑; 考虑; 把; 考虑某事)the surges n. 汹涌；大浪，波涛；汹涌澎湃；巨涌v. 汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder n. 惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vt. 怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj. 奇妙的；非凡的why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像vt. 计算；认为；描绘；象征in last week’s study. But neither criticism n. 批评；考证；苛求amounts to 相当于，总计为a fatal blow.致命的打击.Electrical fields cannot penetrate vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察the body significantly adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地, for example.

6.A more serious concern vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心n. 关系；关心；关心的事whether the British research provides an all-clear adj. 放行；空袭警报信号解除的；无危险信号的signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore adv. 因此；所以produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude vt. 推断；决定，作结论；结束that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.

7.In Britain the latest epidemiological study 流行病学研究can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen adj. 未预见到的，无法预料的way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.

76. Both the question “Well-d o they or don’t they?” and the question “what is going on?” suggest _______________.

A. the high incidence of Leukemia

B. the advent n. 到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节of bewilderment n. 困惑；迷乱；慌张

among people

C. the warning of the worsening air pollution

D. the tense relation between Bristol and London

77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?

A. Enlightening adj. 使人领悟的；有启发作用的v. 启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）

B. Insignificant adj. 无关紧要的

C. Reassuring adj. 安心的；可靠的；鼓气的v. 使放心（reassure的ing形式）

D. Apparent adj. 显然的；表面上的(parent n. 父亲（或母亲）；父母亲；根源)

78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?

A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.

B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.

C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.

D. There is no link between the first and second study.

79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes n. 结果，结局；成果____________.

A. are expected to convince nobody but pedants n. 书呆子；卖弄学问的人；空谈家

B. were found to have left much room for doubt

C. could have implications n. 含义；暗示；牵连，卷入；可能的结果，影响in such countries as the US

D. will be consistent with 与...一致the Japanese ones in the near future

80. To conclude, the author _____________.

A. reassures us of the reliability n. 可靠性of the latest research in Britain

B. asks for improved measurements for such an investigation

C. points out 指出，指明the drawbacks n. 缺点，不利条件；退税(=defect / deficiency / disadvantage / vice / fault)of the latest research in Britain

D. urges further investigations on the issue

Passage Five

1.Smoking causes wrinkles n. 皱纹vt. 使起皱纹by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists n. 皮肤科医生；皮肤学家say the finding confirms vt. 确认；确定；证实；批准；使巩固the long-held view =(long-held theory 经过长期论证的理论)that smoking age skin prematurely adv. 过早地；早熟地. （mature adj. 成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的vt. 使…成熟；使…长成；慎重作出）

2.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly adv. 不断地；时常地at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down 分解；发生故障；失败；毁掉；制服the old skin with enzymes 酶called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up 切细；割断the fibers n. 纤维；光纤（等于fibre）that form collagen (胶原质) –the connective tissue t n. [基医] 结缔组织hat makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.

3.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution n. 解决方案；溶液；溶解；解答of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes n. 盘；餐具；一盘食物；外貌有吸引力的人vt. 盛于碟盘中；分发；使某人的希望破灭；说某人的闲话（culture dish 培养皿; 培养碟;）of human fibroblasts, n. [基医] 纤维原细胞；纤维组织母细胞the skin cells that produce collagen.(胶原质)

4.After a day in contact with 接触；与…有联系smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading vt. 贬低；使……丢脸；使……降级；使……降解MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to 暴露于；使处于…的影响之下cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.

5.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.

6.He says that this combined effect 联合作用,综合效应of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature adj. 早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n. 早产儿；过早发生的事物skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated vi. 集中；浓缩；全神贯注；聚集vt. 集中；浓缩n. 浓缩，精选；浓缩液the smoke solution the greater the

effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of ……的数量collagen is important for skin ageing,” he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”

7.Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm vt. 确认；确定；证实；批准；使巩固his findings by testing skin samples vt. 取样；尝试；抽样检查n. 样品；样本；例子adj. 试样的，样品的；作为例子的from smokers and non-smokers of various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far 到目前为止，迄今为止we’ve only done this in the lab.” He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take s ome time.”

8.Other dermatologists are impressed by 被...所感动；被...给予深刻印象the work. “This is fascinating vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This co nfirms scientifically adv. 系统地；合乎科学地；学问上what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to 对...有害skin.”

81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.

A. a well-kept balance between two working processes

B. the two processes of breaking down skin cells

C. a fine balance in the number of cigarettes

D. the two steps of forming collagen

82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.

A. to verify vt. 核实；查证the aging of human beings

B. to find out the mechanism n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧of renewing skin

C. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formation

D. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise adv. 否则；另外；在其他方面adj. 另外的；其他方面的

83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.

A. MMPs to for fresh collagen

B. cigarette smoke to contaminate vt. 污染，弄脏(soil / mud / spot / dirty / poison)skin cells

C. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagen

D. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke

84. As inferred from 从推断出Morita’s results, smoking __________________.

A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagen

B. is unlikely to promote the production of MMP

C. tends to cause skin to age prematurely adv. 过早地；早熟地

D. may cause collagen to die by 60%

85. Morita implies that 暗示his findings ____________________.

A. took less time than expected

B. were hard to accept in dermatology n. 皮肤医学，[皮肤] 皮肤病学

C. were not exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地(exclude vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出)based on the lab

D.need to be further verified in the human body

Passage Six

1.Today I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm[内科] 主动脉瘤；织脉瘤；主动脉动脉瘤. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned adj. 经验丰富的；老练的；调过味的(season n. 时期；季节；赛季vt. 给…调味；使适应vi. 变得成熟；变干燥) provider.n. 供应者；养家者.This journey to an urban adj. 城市的；住在都市的referral center 转诊中心；下线链接；介绍中心(referral n. 参照；提及；被推举的人；转诊病人)has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never –has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags 红旗,危险信号that the caller was a telemarketer n. 电话销售员or insurance salesperson.保险营销员

2.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists n. 前台接待员（receptionist的复数）– he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic adj. 运动的，运动员的；体格健壮的, quietly confident

and imminently adv. 紧急地，迫切地trustworthy, but his recent renal failure [泌尿] 肾衰竭and dialysis treatments透析治疗, his stroke and his constant adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的tremor n. [医] 震颤；颤动have robbed vt. 抢劫；使…丧失；非法剥夺him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age 高龄，老年was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.

86. The author relate s vt. 叙述；使…有联系vi. 涉及；认同；符合；与…有某种联系(=narrate / recount)the story _____________________.

A. from a consumer’s point of view

B. with a view to punctuating vt. 不时打断；强调；加标点于patient rights

C. according to his own standards of health

D. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment

87. Apparently adv. 显然地；似乎，表面上the author’s father _______________________.

A. did not like to be called by the first name

B. was not well taken care of as expected

C. was mistaken for somebody else

D. was treated like a businessman

88. As the author implies his father_________________________.

A. encountered vt. 遭遇，邂逅；遇到n. 遭遇，偶然碰见so many impolite physicians

B. did nothing but kept quiet in the hospital

C. accepted the way he was greeted vt. 欢迎，迎接；致敬，致意；映入眼帘

D. had his diagnosis made wrongly

89. What the story implies is that _______________________.

A. people are what they called

B. nobody likes to be called Harold in English

C. a person should be called as he or she wishes

D. a patient cannot be called by the last name in the hospital

90. The author describes his “Jack” in a tone of ______________________.

A. admiration n. 钦佩；赞赏；羡慕；赞美

B. inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞；吸气；妙计

C. indignation n. 愤慨；愤怒；义愤

D. expectation n. 期待；预期；指望