英语学业水平考试语法复习
英语代词的用法全归纳
一、定义与分类
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况，在这九类代词中，不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。
二：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词用法概述
这三种代词都有人称（一、二、三人称）的变化、数（单、复数）的变化，以及性（阴性、阳性、中性）的变化。其中，人称代词除了这三种变化外，还有格（主格、宾格）的变化。物主代词又包括两种形式：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意：形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。
这三种代词的形式变化表如下：
人称单复数主格宾格形容词性
物主代词
名词性
物主代词
反身代词
第一人称单数I me my mine myself 复数we us our ours ourselves
第二人称单数you you your yours yourself 复数you you your yours yourselves
第三人称单数
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its 无itself
复数they them their theirs themselves
三、人称代词的用法
1) 定义：人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数（单数、复数）以及性（阴性、阳性、中性）三方面与被指代的名词一致。如：I am a student. Tom is a boy, and he is a student.
Mary is very pretty, and she likes singing.
The boys are students, and they are in the room.
The doy is small. It is Tom's.
2)人称代词的句法功能
A) 人称代词有主格和宾语之分：主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。
B) 人称代词的主格形式在在句中作主语和表语。
如: I like music(主语). She is a teacher.(主语)
She and I are good friends(主语).
Neither she nor I am student.
——I saw the boys this morning.
——Are you sure it was they(表语)?
It might have been she.
C) 人称代词的宾格在句子作动词的宾语，或者介词的宾语。
如：I saw him at the party(宾语).
I haven't seen them recently.(宾语)
I bought a book for them.(作介词宾语)
=I bought them a book.(间接宾语)
☆注意：
a.在口语中，人称代词的主格形式作表语时，常常可以用宾格替换。
如：It can't be he/him.
——Is this Mr. Green?
——Yes, this is he/him.
b. 在口语中，当人称代词用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时，用主格(较正式)和宾格(较口语化)均可以。
如：
He sings better than I/me. 他比我唱得好。
You know more than she/her.
She is as tall as me(I am).
c. 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格，即使它充当的是主语也是如此。如：
“I like English.” “Me too=I like English too.” “我喜欢英语。”“我也喜欢。”
——Who did it?
——Them.(=They did it)
三、物主代词的用法
1）定义：
物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语，相当于一个形容词，不能单独使用；名词性物主代词则不能用作定语，相当于一个名词词组，可以单独使用，在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、和介词of连用。如：
Here is my dog. Its name is Tom.（形容词性物主代词）
My sister lost her bicycle.
Is that coffee yours or hers? (名词性物主代词)
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语
如：May I use your pen? Yours works better.
b. 作宾语
如：I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语
I am writing with your pen, not with mine.
d. 作表语
如：My life is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
3）形容词性物主代词的用法
A) 形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时,其顺序是:形容词性物主代词+形容词+名词。如:
my new bike
我的新自行车
her young son 她年幼的儿子
B) 形容词性物主代词所修饰的名词可以是单数,也可以是复数。如:
my pen
我的钢笔
his books
他的书
C) 形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,它后面必须跟名词,即在名词前作定语。
如:
这是我的钢笔.
[误]This pen is my.
[正]This is my pen.
D) 当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用冠词a, an或the来修饰名词。如:
那是我的自行车.
[误]That is my a bike. / That is a my bike.
[正]That is my bike.
3)当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用指示代词this, that, these或those来修饰名词。
如:
他们的电脑在这儿。
[误]Their those computers are here.(或Those their computers are here.)
[正]Their computers are here.
※注意：A) 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词，或代词one。它总是单独出现在句中。
如：The umbrella is mine.
He likes my pen. He doesn’t like hers.
B) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
如：My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
为避免重复使用bag，可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.
C) 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构.
如：Jack's cap 意为The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意为The cap is his.
D) 可以说a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs)，=one of my friends；但是不能说a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them)。
E) 有时同一个结构用不用物主代词会导致含义的变化。如：
Do’t lose heart. 别灰心
She lost her heart to Jim. 她爱上了吉姆。
四、反身代词的用法
1）定义：
如人称代词一致，反身代词的人称和数以及性要和它所指代的名词或代词一致。
2）反身代词的句法功能
反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。
如：
He himself was a doctor. (同位语)
=He was a doctor himself.
She is too young to look after herself. （宾语）
I don't blame you, I blame myself(宾语).
He cut himself when he was cooking.(宾语)
That poor boy was myself.（表语）
那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
注意：反身代词用于be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。如：
I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。
He doesn't feel himself today.
I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。
五、相互代词的用法
英语的相互代词只有each other和one another，它们在句中通常只用作宾语，不能用作主语或状语等。如：
Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。
We have known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。
注意：相互代词可以有所有格形式(each other’s, one another’s)。如：
They often stay in one another's house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。
另外，有人认为each other用于两者，one another用于三者，但在现代英语中它们常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。
六、指示代词的用法
1）指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如：
单数复数
限定词：This girl is Mary.Those men are myteachers.
代词：This is Mary.Those are my teachers.
2）指示代词的句法功能
指示代词主要有四个，即this, that, these 和those。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
This is my book.(主语)
I want that.(宾语)
My book is that.(表语)
I like that dress.(定语)
注意：
1. 为避免重复，可用that 和those 代替前面提到的名词。如：
The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground)
My seat is next to that of the mayor. 我的座位在市长座位旁边。
2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用this。如：
——She is a beautiful girl.
——Who said that?
I want to know this: Is she beautiful? 我想知道这一点：她美吗?
3. 在打电话时，通常用this 指自己，用that指对方：
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂，我是吉姆，你是约翰吗?
4.除用作代词外，this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于so。
如：
I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。
Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗?
5.指示代词this, that 和these在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人。而those作宾语后接定语从句时可以指人。而且只有that、those后面可以跟定语从句。
如：（对）That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（that作主语，指人）
（对）He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
（错）He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）
（对）I bought this.我买这个。（this指物，可作宾语）
He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
（错）He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）
（对）He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
七、疑问代词的用法
1.疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。
如：
What did she say? 她怎么说?
Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位?
What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?
注意：1. who和whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语，不用作定语；what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语，也可用作定语。
2.what与which的用法区别：当选择的范围较明确时，用which；当选择的范围不明确时，用what。
如：
Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色，你喜欢哪种？
What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的？
八、连接代词的用法
1.连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等，它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等（但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语），主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。
如：
Ask him which he wants. 问他要哪一个。
The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。
What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道理。
2. 关系代词型what 的用法。
比较下列两句：
I don’t know what you like. 我不知道你喜欢什么。
You can get what you like. 你想要什么就可得到什么。
第一句中的what 表示“什么”；第二句中的what 则具有关系代词的性质，相当于“先行词+关系代词”，表示“…所…的一切事或东西”，如上面第二句的what就相当于everything that。顺便说一句，这样用的what 有时还可后接一个名词。
如：
We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。
3. whatever, whoever与whichever的用法：它们可用于引导主语从句和宾语从句，也可用于引导让步状语从句。如：
Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。
Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。
Whoever you are, you can't enter. 不管你是谁，都不能进去。
Whichever side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢，我都会高兴。
九、不定代词的用法
1）定义：
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
2）种类
英语中不定代词有：some（something，somebody，someone，somewhere），any（anything，anybody，anyone，anywhere），no（nothing，nobody，no one），every（everything，everybody，everyone，everywhere），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either，neither等。
3）不定代词的句法功能
1）作主语，例：
Both（of us）are right．
（我们）两人都对。
Either（of the answers）is correct．
两个回答不论哪一个都对。
Neither（of the answers）is correct．
两个回答哪一个都不对。
Is everybody here？
大家都到了吗？
2）作宾语，例：
There is room for all of us．
我们所有的人全坐得下。
He gave two to each（of them）．
他给（他们）每人两个。
I like none of the books．
这些书我全不喜欢。
If you have any，give us some．
有的话，给我们一点。
3）作表语，例：
That’s nothing．
没什么。
Is that all you want to know？
你想知道的就是这些吗？
Thanks，it’s too much for me．
谢谢，太多了。
I’m not somebody，I’m nobody．
我不是重要人物，我是个无名小卒．
That’s really something．
那真是一大收获。
4）作定语，例：
You may take either road．
两条路你走哪条都行。
Every room is clean and tidy．
每一个房间都很整洁。
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business．人人都管等于没人管。（谚）
5）作同位语，例：
They both agreed to stay here．
他们两人都答应待在这儿。
We are all for him．
我们全支持他。
We none of us said anything．
我们谁也没说什么。
Give them two each．
给他们每人两个。
☆不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类，也是高考英语中最常考的一类，复习时应注意以下几点：
1. some和any的比较
不定代词some，any都是“一些”的意思，都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中；而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.
例：
Tom has some picture－books．
汤姆有几本图画书。
I have waited some time．
我已等了一会儿了。
Have you any questions？
你有问题吗？
There aren’t any pictures on the wall．
墙上没有图片
☆注意：在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用some 而不用any。
如：
Will you lend me some money? 可以借些钱给我吗?
Why don’t you bring some flowers? 为什么不带些花来呢?
2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither)，有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every)，具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。
如：
He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。
Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?
注：each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上，而every 只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于两者时只能用each，不能用every。如：
There are trees on each side of the road. 路的两边都有树。
3. (a) few 与(a) little。few和a few 后接复数名词，而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中不带不定冠词的few 和little表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调“少”，含有否定意义；而带有不定冠词的a few 和a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意义。如：
He knew few of them. 他们中间他认识的人很少。
He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。
He knew little about it. 他对此知道得很少。
There is still a little left. 还剩一点点。
4. all, every, each的用法。从强调重点上看：all强调整体地考虑总体，every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近)，each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体；从用法上看：all和each既可单独使用，也可后接名词，还可后接of短语；而every 后必须接名词，既不能单独使用也不能后接of 短语；从含义上看，each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用each
如：All was destroyed in the big fire．
大火中一切都毁了。
All are present．=Everyone is present.
大家都出席了。
There is room for all of us．
我们所有的人全坐得下。
Each of us has a book.
注：1）在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时，every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every 和单数名词搭配，all和复数名词搭配，例：
Every child enjoys Christmas．
每个孩子都喜欢过圣诞节。
All children enjoy Christmas．
所有的孩子都喜欢过圣诞节。
2）Each也是“每一个”的意思，但与every不同，each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物，着重于个别概念，例：
Two men came into the room．Each carried an umbrella．
两个人走进房间，每人拿着一把伞。
Each/Every book on this desk is worth reading．
这桌子上每一本书都值得读。
5.other, the other, another, others的用法。指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用the other；指复数时，若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词)，若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。
如：
Show me some others. 再拿一些给我看。
Show me another. 另拿一个给我看。
We should think of others. 我们应该多为别人着想。
Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?
注：another后一般要单数可数名词，但若其后的名词有数词或few 修饰，则也可接复数名词。
如：I've got another five minutes. 我还有5分钟。
6.no one, nobody, none 的用法。no one 与nobody 用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后不能接of短语，用作主语时谓语单数；而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后通常接of短语，用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数名词，则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。
如：
No one [Nobody] has read it. 没有人读过它。
None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。
None of the films is [are] worth seeing. 没有一部电影值得看。
7. 复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等，它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。其中something, someone 等和anything, anyone等的区别与some 和any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点：
(1) 受定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。
如：
Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。
There was nobody tired. 没有一个人很累。
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their。如：
If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
(3) anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语，可用any one, every one (即分开写)。
例题：
1.______ lion is a dangerous animal .don’t you think so ?
A.A
B. An
C.The
2.What are you going to be when you grow up ,Sam ?
________ teacher like you .
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马上就要中考了，祝大家中考都考上一个理想的高中！欢迎同学们下载，希望能帮助到你们！ 2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
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