天津市初等英语水平考试(二级)语法知识

天津市初等英语水平考试(二级)语法知识
天津市初等英语水平考试(二级)语法知识

天津市初等英语水平考试语法知识(二级)

一、名词:

1.可数名词与不可数名词的区别

普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。

2.关于可数名词

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。

名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:

1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:

book → room → house →

2. 以s,ss, ch,sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:

bus → glass → watch → dish → box → day →

3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:

city → body →factory → family→boy→

4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:

half → leaf → knife → wife →

5. 以元音+o,辅音+o,加s/es(有生命的加es,无生命的加s)

tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes photo → photos 特:kangroo→

6.单复数同型。

sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形[悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]

people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数;people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”。

7.特殊变化:特例[悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]

① child → mouse→

② man → woman → policeman →(规律:man → men)

③foot → feet tooth → teeth goose→[悄悄话:oo变成ee。]

3.不可数名词:be动词用is

4.专用名词

第一个字母大写,前有the

5.名词所有格

节日:Mother?s Day Children?s Day Teachers? Day

……s (…s?) 形容词性,名词性

n1 of n2 a map of China

共同拥有和分别拥有:a?s and b?s are… a and b?s is….

二、代词

形容词性物主代词(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名词

物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。

a.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,作前置定语,用在名词前。 例: 1) This is book. 这是我的书。

2) We love motherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。

了解:b.名词性物主代词起名词的作用。名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+名词

例: 1) Look at the two pencils. The red one is (你的) and the blue one is (我的).

= The red one is your pencil and the blue one is my pencil.

2) He likes my pen. He doesn’t like (她的). = He doesn’t like her pen. 了解c.注意:在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道,已经提起过。

例: It’s hers. 是她的。(单独使用大家不知是怎么回事,不可以这样用) There is a boo k. It’s hers. 那有本书。是她的。(先提及,大家才明白) 了解:d.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词

为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。 3.指示代词(demonstrative pronoun )是表示指示概念的代词,即用来指示或标识人或事物的代词。指示代词与定冠词和人称代词一样,都具有指定的含义,用来起指示作用,或用来代替前面已提到过的名词。

指示代词分单数(this / that )和复数(these / those )两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词, 了解:例如: 限定词:This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers. 了解:代词:This is Mary. Those are my teachers. 分为指人与指物. 4.不定代词

不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词,英语中不定代词有:some ,something , any ,anything , nothing , no one , every ,everything , everyone ,all ,each ,both ,much ,many , other (s ),another ,none ,one ,ones,等。 ①some 与 any 。

some 和any 都可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词,表示“有一些/有几个”

区别:some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句、疑问句。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,both 表示两者“都”(强调全体)。 ③all 三者或三者以上都 ④many ,much 的用法

many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。

eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。

Thanks ,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。 ⑤one ones 代替上文提及过的人或物,单数one,复数ones

数 人称

类别 单数

复数

第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their 名词性物主代词

汉语 我的

你的

他的 她的 它的

我们的

你们的

他(她、它)们的

5.反身代词(了解)

当主语和宾语是同一个人时用反身代词

Eg.He love himself so much,

构成:----self,---selves

第一、二人称=形物代+self/selves 第三人称=名物代+self/selves

myself ,yourself,himself,ourselves,themselves等

三.数词

1.基数词(二级要求基数词100,但是历年也考到超过100的基数词)

口诀1至12逐个记,13至19teen结尾,20至90整十数,ty结尾是后缀,要是表示几十几,连字符十位连个位,若要表示几百几,hundred之后and立

基数词:表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下:

(1).从1——10 one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten.

(2).从11——19 eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen.这里除eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。

(3).从20——99 整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety 都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six

(4).百位数个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and.101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight

课外(5).千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight 16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four

课外(6).基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。

There are hundreds of people in the hall.大厅里有数以百计的人。

Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day.每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马俑博物馆。

2.序数词(1-11)

the +序数词:first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,nineth,tenth

四.介词

1,表示时间的介词:

at 用于表示时刻,时间的某一点。

on 用于星期,某天,某一天的上午,下午,晚上(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)

in 用于表示周,月,季节,年,泛指上午,下午,晚上

before 在...之前after:在...之后

2.表示场所,方向的介词:

at :在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)at home

in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)

on:在...上面,有接触面

under:在..下面,在...之内

near:近的,不远的

in front of:在...的前面

behind:在...后边

in:在..之内,用于表示静止的位置

from:从...地点起

其他介词with:和..在一起;具有,带有a girl with long hair;用某种工具或方法of:(属于)...的,表示...的数量或种类from:来自(某地,某人),以...起始about:关于,各处,四周;五.冠词

英语冠词只有三个:不定冠词a, an 和定冠词the 。冠词是修饰名词的,不定冠词表泛指,定冠词表特指。

六. 连词:and,but,so,or

七.动词

1. be(主谓一致)

am is are

2.情态动词

表示人的情感、状态、情绪变化的一种助动词,can,must,should,may等

情态动词后加动词原形

3.行为动词

like+doing/like to do

4.助动词

八. 时态(be永远不能和动词原词在一起)

1.现在进行时

2.一般现在时

3.了解一般将来时

be going to

will/shall+do

七、句子

1.陈述句

2.疑问句

3.祈使句

动词原形,否定:Don?t+do

4.感叹句

What

How

5.there be 句型

就近原则

6.被动语态

二级考试单词必备:星期一——星期日,week,weekend,weekday,year,month, 四个季节:

12个月(会读、认知)

频率副词:uaually,often,always,sometimes

How much

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