初中英语语法系统梳理

初中英语语法系统梳理
初中英语语法系统梳理

初中英语语法系统梳理(精华)

(一)形容词

1 常见的以-ly结尾的形容词:

daily每天的lonely孤独的lovely可爱的lively活泼的monthly每月一次的friendly友好的

kindly和蔼的early早的silly愚蠢的timely及时的likely很可能的ugly丑陋的

deadly致命的deathly死一般的earthly世俗的

其中early, kindly, likely也可用作副词。

2 某些形容词与副词只差一个词尾,但意义却大不相同:

bad 坏的badly 非常practical实际的practically事实上

hard坚硬hardly 几乎不large 大的largely主要地

late迟的,晚的lately近来like像likely 很可能

scarce 稀少的scarcely 几乎不short 短的shortly 不久,很快

bare 光秃的barely仅仅

(二)动词

1 常用的连系动词有:appear be become come fall feel get go grow keep lie remain rest

run smell sound stand stay taste look

2 实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分:行为动词的四种形式:原形、第三人称单数+s/es、现在分词(也叫动名词)+ing、过去式+ed

3 助动词无实际意义,只起语法作用:

1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作实义动词(Main Verb也就是行为动词),助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)

2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:

a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing. 他在唱歌。

He has got married. 他已结婚。

b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?

d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。

e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3)最常用的助动词有:be,have, do, shall, will, should, would

助动词be的用法

1)be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。

3)be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:

a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。

We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。

说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。

b. 表示命令,例如:You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。

c. 征求意见,例如:How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?

Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?

d. 表示相约、商定,例如:

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

助动词have的用法:

1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.

上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:

I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久

3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:

English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

助动词do 的用法:

1)构成一般疑问句,例如:Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?

Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?

2)do + not 构成否定句,例如:I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。

He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:Don't go there. 不要去那里。

Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。

说明:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。

4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。

I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。

I do miss you. 我确实想你。

5)用于倒装句,例如:Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.

只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6)用作代动词,例如:---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?

---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?注意:在一般现在时中,does用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词do;助动词do, does, did 后面一定要用动词原形。

助动词shall和will的用法:

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:

I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。

He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。

说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:

He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)

He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

助动词should,would的用法

1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:

I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。

比较:"What shall I do next week?" I asked.

"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)

2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:

He said he would come. 他说他要来。

比较:

"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。" 变成间接引语,就成了:He said he would come.

原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。

4 情态动词不能单独作谓语,增加谓语的情态、语气等色彩。

重要词义辨析:

(一)anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

1. anyone 和any one

anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none

a)none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

b)none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

---- Did any one call me up just now?--刚才有人打电话给我吗?

---- No one.--没有。

3.every 和each

1)every 强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。

Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。

Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。

2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。

3)every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

Every student has to take one.

Each boy has to take one.

Each of the boys has to take one.

4)every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5)every 有反复重复的意思,如every two weeks等;each没有。

6)every 与not 连用,表示部分否定;each 和not连用表示全部否定。

Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。

Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

(二)both, either, neither, all, any, none

这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。

1)both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。

Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。

2) both,either

both与复数连用,either与单数连用。

3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个),none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。

All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。

I don't like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。

All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。

All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那

(三)many, much

Many,much都意为"许多",many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。

How many people are there at the meeting?

Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。

Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。

There are flowers on both sides of the street. (两岸)

There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。

How much time has we left?

Many of the workers were at the meeting.

Much of the time was spent on learning.

(四)few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词

a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点

few / little为否定含义,没有多少了。

He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。

He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。

We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。

There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

典型例题:

Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few

答案:A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配:

only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)

many a (=many)

Many books were sold.

Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书

(一)一般现在时

1)定义:1.目前存在的状态2.经常性、习惯性的动作3.主语具备的性格和能力

2)标志词:频度副词:

例:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3)肯定句谓语形式:

1.系动词be ( am, is, are)

2.行为动词原形V原(主语是非第三人称单数的肯定句,动词用原形

行为动词原形V原 + s, 或 es(主语为第三人称单数时,动词要按规则加上V原 + s, 或 es)

4)否定式:

1.be + not

2. don’t + 行为动词原形V原(主语是非第三人称单数

doesn’t +行为动词原形V原(主语为第三人称单数)

5)疑问形式及肯定回答或否定回答:

1.be 放主语前be动词+主语+…?Yes, 主语(主格)+be. No, 主语(主格)+be +not.

2.主语前加do 或does (动词还原)

也就:Do + 主语+行为动词原形V原(主语是非三单

Does +主语+行为动词原形V原(主语为三单)

6)含有情态动词:

肯定句:主语+情态动词can+V原….

否定句:主语+情态动词can+ not+V原….

疑问句及肯否回答:情态动词can+主语+…?Yes, 主语+情态动词can/ No,主语+情态动词can+ not

**提问谓语: What do /does + 主语+ do…?

如: She reads English every day.

What does she do every day?

注意点:

(1)客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持主句、从句时态一致.

e. g.: He said that the sun rises in the east.这个句子要注意,到了以后的定语从句经常会有这样

的问题,具体细节到时候再说,不过你们要先有这样的概念:客观事实无论谓语的时态是什么,都用一般现在时。

(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.

***. 动词+s的变化规则:

1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks……(详见行为动词中规则)(二)现在进行时

1)定义:表示目前正在发生的动作或存在的状态

2)标志词:1.提示语:look! Listen! 2.At +时间点 3.前有祈使句

3)肯定句谓语形式:Be (am, is, are ) + V-ing

4)否定式:be + not +V-ing

5)疑问形式:及肯定回答或否定回答:

.be 放主语前be动词+主语+ +V-ing…?Yes, 主语(主格)+be. No, 主语(主格)+be +not.

**提问谓语:What is / are +主语+ doing?

如:We’re listening now.

What are you doing now?

注意点:

(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连

用。例如:Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如:

My father is forever criticizing me.

(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return。如:

They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,

taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:

1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?(look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看

上去”)

2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)

***动词加ing的变化规则

1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking…..(详见行为动词中规则)

(三)一般将来时

1)定义:1.表示佳话或打算做某事 2.将要发生的动作或存在的状态

2)标志词:

1.tomorrow, the next day, this afternoon, this evening

2.next week (month, year…)

3.in the year 2007

3)肯定句谓语形式:

1.系动词be ( am, is, are)+going to + V 原形

2. will / shall + V 原形(will用于第二、三人称,shall用于第一人称)

3.go, come, leave 等用现在进行时表示将来

4.want 用现在时表将来

4)否定式:be 或will 后加not ,即:be + not +going to + V 原形或will not = won’t

5)疑问形式:及肯定回答或否定回答:

1. be 放主语前be动词+主语+ going to + V 原…?Yes, 主语(主格)+be. No, 主(主格)+be +not.

2. will 放主语前will+主语+V 原…?Yes, 主语(主格)+ will. No, 主

(主格)+ won’t

**提问谓语:

1.What is/ are +…going to do…?

2.What will + 主语+do…?

如: He will play basketball next week.

What will he do next week?

**疑问词当主语时:

疑问词+be+going to+动词原形?如:Who will play football?

注意:

1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:I’m going to graduate next year.

2)几种替代形式:

(1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.

(2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如:

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如:He was about to start.

4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如:The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

5)be on the point/verge of +v –ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

6)在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。

例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,

他的身体已经好多了。)

(四)一般过去式

1)定义:表示过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态

2)标志词:

1.yesterday, last week/ year/ month 等

2.two years ago/ in 2005 / at that time 等

3)肯定句谓语形式:

1.动词be 的过去时(was, were)即:主语+ was/ were +…

2.行为动词的过去式即:主语+ V过去式…

4)否定式:1.was/ were + not 即:主语+ was/ were + not…

2.动词前加didn’t (动词还原),即:主语+didn’t + V原…

5)疑问形式:及肯定回答或否定回答:

1.was/were 放主语前 was/were +主语+…?Yes, 主(主格)+was/ were. No, 主(主格)+ wasn’t/weren’t

2.主语前+did (动词还原)Did +主语+ V 原…?Yes, 主语(主格)+ did No, 主(主

格)+ did n’t

**提问谓语:

What did + 主语+ do…?

如: Tom did his homework last night.

What did Tom do last night?

**疑问词当主语时:

疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?

注意事项:

A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last

month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。

B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to

do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。

Used to do经常与be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。

C)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、

短语或从句连用。例如:We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:

1)He always went to class last.

2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别)

D) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?

Could you pass me the pen?

***动词过去式变化规则:……(详见行为动词中规则)

(五)现在完成时:

1)定义:1。过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果2。从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

2)标志词:

already, yet, just, before, recently, still, never , ever, so far, up to now, since…, for…,in/for the past few years等

3)肯定句谓语形式:助动词have(has)+ 动词的过去分词构成。当主语是第三人称单数的时候主语用has,其余都用have。即:have/has +done (V过分)

4)否定式:即:have/has +not+V过分

5)疑问形式:have/has放于句首主语前及肯定回答或否定回答:即:have/has +主语+ V过分)…?Yes, 主(主格)+have/has. No, 主(主格)+have n’t/ has n’t

6)现在完成时的用法

1. 表示过去发生或已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,着眼点是现在。常与短暂性动词如find, begin,go,see等连用。

例如:--Lucy, have you found your ticket? --Not yet.

He has just come back.

I haven’t finished my homework.

2. 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。常与延续性动词连用,如be,work,study,live等。

-- Do you know Jack well?

-- Certainly. We have been friends since ten years ago.

I have lived here for ten years.

现在完成时中的时间状语有:。

1. already/ yet:already 用于肯定句,yet 用于否定句和疑问句。

I have already had lunch. I had it at 11:30. (表示我已经吃过午饭,现在不饿了)

I ha ven’t had lunch yet. (表示我午饭还没吃,我现在很饿)

2. ever/never

ever (at any time) 常用于问句中, never (not at any time) 表示否定意思。

Have you ever visited Shanghai? Yes, I have. No, I have never visited it.

3. since/for

since “自从…”,接时间点,表示某动作或状态从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在且有可能仍将延续下去。for接时间段,表示某动作或状态持续了多久。主句表示动作或状态的动词通常是延续性动词。如:

He has worked in this school since 1999/June/he came to Nanjing.

He has worked in this school for 5 years/ six months/ a long time.

6)have been to和have gone to 的区别

have been to的意思是“去过某地”,表示曾经去过某地现在已经回来,人在说话地。

have gone to的意思是“去了某地”,表示人在去那里的途中或已经在那里。

例如:

---Where have you been? 你去哪里了?

---I have been to the zoo. 我去动物园了。(说话人不在动物园了)

My brother has gone to the zoo. 我哥哥去动物园了。(人在去动物园的途中或已经在动物园)

7)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:

1)现在完成时与现在有联系,它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作,与现在没什么联系。

2)现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为;一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。因此含有特指过去某一个时间的时间状语只能用一般过去时,而不用现在完成时。如:

---Have you had your lunch? --- Yes, I have.

---When did you have your lunch? ---I had it at 12 o’clock.

注意点:

A) 在"this is the first/ second/ third……time that……"句型里要求用完成时。

例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)

B) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。

例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)

C) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。

例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。

D) 完成时态可用在下列结构中:

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:

(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

六、过去进行时:

1. 定义:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.标志语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.肯定句基本结构:was/were+doing

4.否定句形式:was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句及肯否定回答:把was或were放于句首。

6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)

B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去

例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:

1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

七、动词不定式

1、to加动词原形构成一种非谓语形式,在这里不是介词,无词义。

如:I want to make a New Year card. 我想制作一张新年贺卡。

Would you like to have a picnic with us? 你愿意和我们一起去野餐吗?

2、to保留原来动词的一些特征,它可以带自己的宾语和状语等。

如:To get there faster, you can take bus No.5.想快一点到那儿,你可以坐5路车。

3、to前有时带疑问词what, when, where, which, why, how等。

如:He’s asking Yang Ling how to get there. 他正在问杨玲怎样到达那里。

总而言之,一定要记住:to后面用动词原形。

八、动名词:

其实就是动词的“现在分词”。它既有“名词性质”(可作主语),又具有动词性质(可带宾语)。

如:Please keep quiet in the reading room. 还有我们的一些课题:Asking the way中是“名词性质”;My hobby is collecting stamps.中是“动词性质”,带了宾语stamps.

1、remember(记住)后面跟动名词,表示“记得做过某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“记得要去做某事”。如:

I remember posting the letter today. 我记得今天把信寄走了。

Please remember to post the letter today. 请记住今天要把信寄走。

2、forget(忘记)后面跟动名词,表示“忘记做过某事(实际做过)”;跟to+动词原形,表示“忘记去做某事(实际没做)”。如:

I forget doing homework this morning. 我忘记今天早上做过作业了。

I forget to do homework this morning. 我忘记今天早上做作业了。

3、stop(停止)后面跟动名词,表示“停止做某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“停止正在做的事,而去做别的事”。

如:

Stop smoking, please. 请不要吸烟。

We are tired. Let’s stop to have a rest. 我们累了,让我们停下来休息一下。

4、like(喜欢)后面跟动名词,表示一个人的爱好和习惯,意思是“喜欢干某事”;跟to+动词原形,常用于would like to do something,表示“某人想要、愿意干某事”。如:

I like taking a walk after supper every day. 我喜欢每天晚饭后去散步。

I would like to have some chips. 我想要吃些薯条。

九、时态一致

通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:

1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?”“Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如:

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等

的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:We insisted that we do it ourselves.

常见时态的相互转换

英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:

十、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换

在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间+ since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:

A. He joined the League two years ago.

B. He has been in the League for two years.

C. It is two years since he joined the League.

D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.

十一、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换

在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:

Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.

Peter is working, but Mike is playing.

十二、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换

在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:

The train is leaving soon.

The train will leave soon.

初中英语语法综合练习题单项选择

初中英语语法综合练习题单项选择 1、The boy likes________questions. A.a s k B.a n s w e r C.t o a s k 2、We'll try________there on time. A.to get B.getting C.got 3、They hoped________their mother soon. A.to see B.saw C.seeing 4、I'm glad________you again. A.meet B.met C.to meet 5、He often helps me_________my bike. A.mending B.to mend C.to mended 6、I heard Alice __________in the next door. A.sings B.sang C.sing 7、The work is easy. Let him ______________it by himself. A.do B.to do C.doing 8、He saw Dick___________in and take a book away. A.came B.coming C.come 9、Does Jack want___________ a writer? A.be B.is C.to be 10、The boss had them___________from morning to night. A.worked B.working C.work 11、It's time___________home. A.to go B.went C.going 12、Tom is kind. He would like___________you. A.to help B.help C.helped 13、Don't forget___________your books to school. A.bring B.to bring C.brought 14、I don't know___________ . A.where does he live B.what is he doing C.where he lives D.what he is dring it 15、Ask him how much___________ . A.did it cost B.cost it C.it costed D.it costs 16、I wonder___________used for. A.what was this room B.which was this room C.what this room was D.that this room was 17、I really don't know___________ . A.where he was born B.where he is born C.where was he born D.where is he born 18、We have no idea___________ . A.how worried was he B.how worried he was C.that was he worried D.what was he worried 19、He wanted to know___________there. A.how long time I had been B.how long had I been C.how long I had been D.how long I was 20、My mother wants to know___________ . A.how is Tom getting along B.how he is getting along C.what is he getting along D.what he is getting along 21、What shall we do___________it rains tomorrow? A.if B.when C.since 22、The doctor didn't have a rest ___________the operation was over.

初中英语语法知识梳理-动词

初中英语语法知识梳理-动词 动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)或状态(be, like, feel 等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。 知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点! 动词分类:动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。 一)助动词 助动词没有任何含义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall 等。具体用法如下: 1、助动词be的用法如下: 1)构成各种进行时态。如: It was raining all day yesterday. 昨天整天下雨。 2)构成被动语态。如: The meeting was held yesterday afternoon. 会议是昨天下午举行的。 3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如: They are to see an English film this evening. 他们今天晚上看英语电影。 2、助动词do的用法如下: 1)构成疑问式或否定式。如: Does he think so? I didn’t say anything about the result. 2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如: They do study hard. She does love him. He did want to help the old man. 3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如: He has lived here for three years. As soon as the sun had set they returned. 4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:I shall send ten letters to my good friend. She wanted to know if I should go to the palace. 二)情态动词 情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。 表示能力 表示能力一般用can, could。如:Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago. be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:

初中英语语法大全

初中英语语法大全 名词 一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类: 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 注意 专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 名词的种类 注意 物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。 (三)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式: 1.单数 英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数

形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。 This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。 There is an orange on the table . 桌上有一个橘子。 an orange 一个橘子 an new orange (×)→ a new orange (○) 一个新橘子 a desk a old desk (×)→ an old desk (○) 一张旧课桌 关键字:初中英语语法大全初中英语语法总结初中英语语法辅导英语语法大全名词复数名词所有格复数冠词抽象名词 a和an的使用区别 a加在以辅音开头的名词前,如a book,a pen。 an加在以元音开头的名词前,如an egg,an apple。 注意 有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。 这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数

初中英语语法综合练习题

初中英语语法综合练习题 单项选择 1、The boy likes questions. A.ask B.answer C.to ask 2、We'll try there on time. A.to get B.getting C.got 3、They hoped their mother soon. A.to see B.saw C.seeing ' 4、I'm glad you again. A.meet B.met C.to meet 5、He often helps me my bike. A.mending B.to mend C.to mended 6、I heard Alice in the next door. A.sings B.sang C.sing \ 7、The work is easy. Let him it by himself. A.do B.to do C.doing

8、He saw Dick in and take a book away. A.came B.coming C.come 9、Does Jack want a writer A.be B.is C.to be 10、The boss had them from morning to night. A.worked B.working C.work 《 11、It's time home. A.to go B.went C.going 12、Tom is kind. He would like you. A.to help B.help C.helped 13、Don't forget your books to school.… A.bring B.to bring C.brought 14、I don't know .

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

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