Chapter 6 语篇翻译的要素学生资料

Chapter 6

篇章翻译的基本要素

什么是篇章

篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇）

篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）

一、篇章是翻译的理想单位

1. 篇章的功能应保持一致

广告类

出手不凡钻石表

Buy a Diamond brand watch, if every second counts for you.

应用文体类

译文符合原文对衔接（cohesion）与连贯（coherence）的要求。

Gentlemen,

In reply to your advertisement in the Bristol News of June 2, I wish to say that I am seeking the kind of position your offer. I am nineteen years old, and expect to graduate from the Bristol Technical High School this month. During three years of the course I have been working with many kinds of machinery and have helped to set up and repair the machinery in one of the school shops. My father is a chauffeur, and I helped him in repairing automobiles. Last summer I took a party of excursionists on a three weeks’tour. While we were in West Epping, away from repair shops, my machine was badly damaged. I had to repair two cylinders and rig up a temporary steering wheel.

尊敬的先生:

贵公司在六月二日布里斯多报上所刊登征求的职位正是本人想要得到的。

我今年十九岁，这个月即将从布里斯多高工毕业。在学三年中，我操作过各机械，曾协助学校工场机器的建立和修理工作。家父为一名司机，我时常帮他修理汽车。去年夏天，我加入一群远征队旅行三周，在西伊平地方没有修理站，我的机件严重损坏，我不得不迳行修护两门汽缸，装配一支暂用的驾驶盘。

Inclosed you will find a copy of my resume-and my photo. I believe they may be found satisfactory. Concerning my character I am permitted to refer to Mr. H. L.

Sled, Head of the Mechanical section of the Bristol Technical High School.

Yours truly,

signature

附上我的简历表和相片，希望二者令您满意。至于我的品德您可函询布里斯多高工机械科主任，史列德先生。倘若您能考虑我的申请，并给予面试机会，我将十分感

谢。

2. 篇章的语域保持一致

Do you mind being called a bad student? Of course not. So far as I know, everybody intends to be (become) a model student.

你介意被称为坏学生吗？当然不。就我所知，每个人都打算做模范学生。

However, to be a model student is by no means an easy thing. First, he must do his best to obtain knowledge. A man without sufficient knowledge will not succeed. Secondly, he must remember to improve his health. Only a strong man can do great tasks. Thirdly, he should receive moral education. If his

conduct is not good, no one will consider making friends with him.

然而，做模范学生却不容易。第一，他必须努力获取知识。一个没有足够知识的人是不会成功的。第二，他必须保持身体健康。只有强壮的人才能做大事。第三，他应该接受道德教育。如果他品行不好，没有人会考虑和他交朋友的。

3. 译者应具备的两大意识

(1) 语境意识

还是从火车上说起吧！大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐火车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。

Let’s begin with the train.

Let’s begin from the time when I was on the train.

应该译为：Let me begin with my trip on the train.

(2)文化意识

……关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。 ...This is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else.

二、语篇的衔接与连贯

(cohesion and coherence )

汉英语篇的差别

1 替代与重复

老金奔过去一看，原来是一只不到500克中的羽毛刚长齐的猫头鹰。他把猫头鹰小心翼翼装进笼子里，然后骑自行车送往离家7.5 公里的城区林业局。林业局的工作人员把猫头鹰放归大自然。

Lao Jin hastened over and found it was a young fledgling owl no more than 500 grams in weight. He picked the bird up and placed it into a cage with much care.

Then he cycled the bird all the way to the Municipal Forestry Bureau, 7.5

kilometers off his home. There the staff members set the creature free into the embrace of the forest.

2 省略

漫步山间时，听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声，众多的细泉汇成狭长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下.

Strolling along the path, you can hear springs singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. A number of little springs assemble into a narrow but deep little

river, which runs along the mountainside.

3. 连接词和连接性词组

女人发号施令的手段很高明，用的都是口气柔和的祈使句。但1不管怎样，事无巨细都要男人效劳总是很不应该的。他对妻子总是百依百顺，我从未听到他有过什么不耐烦的表示，而且2，我听得出来，他极其恭顺而温存，仿佛这么奴仆般地被老婆支使得团团转是一种享受似的。

The woman was very good at commanding: her orders were all couched in soft-toned imperative sentences. However 1, it simply wasn’t right, I thought, for her to ask her husband to do everything. But 2 to these orders of hers, he never said a word of “no”, nor 3 did he reveal any sigh of impatience. On the contrary 4, his response showed that he was as meek as a lamb, seeming to regard it as a great pleasure to busy his head off for his slave master.

三、语篇的文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译

1.文法与翻译

1.Wrong usage of the sentence fragment

Example

文件已被偷走，但还没落到外国间谍的手里。

With the knowledge that, although the documents have been stolen, they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent.

改正：We knew that…

因为到处可见被轰炸后的痕迹，在人们的脑海里留下了永久的痛苦回忆。

Because we could see the obvious signs of destruction caused by the bomb here and there, which maintained the memory in people’s mind and let the misery and sadness everlasting.

改正：去掉句首的Because或者小写because并在该词前加逗号，跟上句连起来。 有一半的队员因流感而卧床不起，足球比赛取消了。

The basketball game was cancelled. Because half of the players were in bed with the flu.

改正：The basketball game was cancelled because half of the players were in bed with the flu.

2. Wrong usage of Dangling Modifier

1.“他在街上走着，一辆轿车把他撞了”。

Walking on the street，a car hit him.

Walking on the street, he was hit by a car

When he was walking on the street，a car hit him.

2.“在我九岁的时候，奶奶去世了”。

At the age of nine, my grandmother passed away.

When I was nine, my grandmother passed away.

3.“尽管我还是个小男孩，但父亲总想让我做些大人的工作。”

Although only a small boy, my father expe cted me to do a man’s work.

Although I was only a small boy, my father expected me to do a man’s work.

2. 逻辑与翻译

“吃食堂”

eat the dinning hall

eat in the dinning hall

“救火”

save the fire

put out the fire

“恢复疲劳”

restore tiredness

get refreshed

Please compare:

我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。

3. 修辞与翻译

汉语常用的修辞手段

虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶）

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。

但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？(排比）

Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again;

peach-blossom fades, yet blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?

大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中…… (顶针）

Each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts.

The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls.

－－鲁迅《好的故事》

回环（palindrome)

回环又称回文，“是利用相同的词汇，造成词序回环往复的语句，表现两种事物或情理的相互依存或相互排斥的辨证关系。”

我为人人，人人为我。

人不犯我，我不犯人。

常相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能常相知。

路人行上行人路，居士隐留隐士居。

雾锁山头山锁雾，天连水尾水连天。

雁飞平顶山，山顶平飞雁；僧游云隐寺，寺隐云游僧。

You can cage a swallow, can’t you? But you can’t swallow a cage, can you? Won’t lovers revolt now?

Poor Dan is in a droop.

Niagara, O roar again!

Live not on evil!

Step on no pets.

Name no one man.

Nurses run.

Able was I ere I saw Elba.

Ma is as selfless as I am.

层递（climax) 、反复（repetition)

①一年，两年，三年，你的望眼将穿，

②一年，两年，三年，我的归心似箭。

Year in year out you’ve been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out I’ve been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home.

－－将光慈《写给母亲》

英语修辞格的翻译

A. 直译

这所大学拥有许多优秀的人才。

There are a lot of good heads in the university.

他的脸红到了发根。

He blushed to the roots of his hair.

这本书引起了风暴般的反应。

The book set off a firestorm of reaction.

B.意译

那个孩子被雷声吓得呆若木鸡。

The kid was scared speechless by the thunder.

C.汉语原文无修辞格，翻译成英语时用修辞格

你必须安排一下你的时间。

You need to budget your time.

你要逼债，是吗？

You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?

他怒气冲冲，来势汹汹。

He is all fire and fight.

语篇翻译汉译英的基本标准

清楚Clear （不能含混、费解、不知所云）

正确Correct （内容、语言都正确）

通顺Smooth （读起来流畅、自然）

1998年专八汉译英：

这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。

The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.

Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discussion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st

century.

虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。

Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts (environments / milieus), with their individually different

experiences of life, in the innermost recesses of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture. They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation (They share the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation).

在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。

In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness. People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland. The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground (forefront) of the historical arena (stage). At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.

2005年专八汉译英：

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。

How significant is a person s life? Is there any standard to measure it? It will be very difficult to put forward an absolute standard, but in general, the

significance of one’s existence can be estimated by how he treats his life, by what attitude he takes to work and what ways he chooses to live.

From ancient times up to now, all the accomplished people treat their lives very seriously. They work and, learn as much as possible；They hate to spend the best of their lives in vain；they do not want to let their time slip by. All the

laboring people, great statesmen and thinkers of our country at all ages

treasure their time in this way.