中小企业融资难外文翻译
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an importsnt powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose only theloans increased 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than
5 ? Current loanfinancing difficuIt has become the bottieneck of restricting the development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and smal1 and medium-sized enterprise produc tion and management faced difficulties according to the state statistical bureau of statistics and letter until the and of2008 in the small and medium-sized enterprises of production or collapse closed accounts forabout urban employment this situation is not only more difficuIt economic recoveryinfluence and directly affect the growth and development of people" s livelihood stable target ? Inthis sense the international financial crisis under the impact of China" s economy could not reallylow the key is out of small and medium-sized enterprises vitality can be fully recovered. Second the sme financing reason analysis Sme loans and financing is a cosmopolitan should say see both from China and mechanismof medium and small and medium-sized enterprises there are three main reasons: first themedium and small and medium-sized enterprises small and medium-sized enterprises generallyweak awareness of honesty similar to a few of the common phenomenon may report on tax onsome less ugly statements in Banks this intersection some may form good-looking such loanspoint is reliable became a problem. But this
approach is very adverse instead of enterprises thedevelopment of small and medium-sized enterprises are not healthy we imagine if severaldepartments with all those together the first this enterprise is not sincere he will have a manufacture and export-oriented smes in human resources technology capital marketenvironment faced financial crisis there was a huge pressure the development of it is the rootcause of the scientific and technological content of the enterprise the innovation ability of highenough to enter the market is weak the low threshold the fierce competition in the market willincrease these are not good for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondfrom the bank for small and medium-sized enterprise credit condit ions stricter because we aremost Bands it is also considered commercial bank the risk of t heir own prof its. To the end of2008 the small bad loans is higher than that of the entire banking industry relies low come mampasolving some problems bur the loans of the small and medium-sized enterprises like a bigproblem once countries will still enterprises especially those small problems once thebankruptcy nobody tube so the loan quality cannot guaranteed so in this management sys tem to reduce the risks the bank wi 11 demand of small and medium-
sized enterprises in providing enoughafter pawn dare loan. Another bank from the operation cost of small and medium-sized enterprisesdo loans will pay more manpower so also does not want to ext end loans to small andmedium-sized enterprises A bank operating costs the half is labor cost small and medium-sizedenterprises especially do small very high labor workload but it is the benefit of different the sme financing channel is too narrow and small and medium-sized enterprises in thecapital markets have direct financing ways of securities market including small plate and gemAnd private equity funds industrial
investment funds venture investment funds risk investmentfunds and the bond market etc. But since the 2008 the small plate market securitiesissued after huachang chemical and closed the door just recently IPO to res tart the IPO. But gemis “ten years” good sword people until now only be vivivdly portrayed. Although with gemlisting conditions but a lot of small and medium-sized enterprises
to financing for man^^enterprises it is still a luxury. In overseas small and medium-sized enterprises in the process ofgrowing only rely on bank loan financing many times is a venture investment risk or the help ofsmall and medium-sized enterprises in China however can grow in the basic of finaneingShenzhen has 3000 venture company with a registered capital of 6000 billion but no company iswilling to startup investment enterprise. The company is more mature can the fancy of thesecurities market and gem. Third the sme financing difficulty in solving the problem a From the Angle of the government government should relax market access
control reducing barriers let more smallerBands small and medium-sized enterprises in service for the strategic positioning og t hose smallBanks to bitter fleabane bit ter fleabane.
Dynamic development Now China is probably more thana hundred villages and towns of the bank bank established to improve the bottieneck of theeconomic investment county including improving agriculture development of small andmedium-sized enterprises and support will play a very important role. For existing f ivestate-owned Banks. Should be encouraged to develop t heir own businesses for the financing of thespecialized agencies relax its has branches and encourage them in the land and county townshipeven closer to provide financial services and more convenient?government should help Banks to establish a cred it sys tem further reducing t he i r i nf orma t i on cos t in our country the central bank since 1998 enterprise credit system constructionwas started by the specialized agencies collection and storage sorting analysis and use ofenterprise credit information to guard against credit risks maintain stable financial marker In2006 the central bank and small and medium-sized enterprises credit system to establish the creditsystem hope to cover those and financial institutions have no credit relations of small
andmedium-sized enterprises. Of course the credit system is not only by the government and nowhas some net work company for example try to use labara. Com in online transaetion infonnationinto small and
medium-sized enterprises credit index the index of cred it
if out of the bank to fur ther reduce the cost of information. . 3. The government should several of bank risk compensation the local interest riskcompensation mechanism and policy just compensation fund is to solve the sme financing wayand can not be fundamen tally solved. As to the end fujian province of bad loans is small loans6071 but the average level of banking is a two percent while a few risk compensation just percent only a small part So many of bank risk compensation. As all of the loans to smalland medium-sized enterprises then according to the bank loans reduce
its tax business taxincome tax reduction Countries can help enterprises to improve bank interest risk and return Ifthe loan losses the government formed by risk compensation fund to patch up it this makes bifbusiness loans and small and medium-sized enterprises loan to achieve the balance is the basicyields. government should actively promote the multi-level capital market system in order tobetter satisfy all
kinds of small and medium-sized enterprises include the financing needs ofenterprise. Different types of small and medium-sized enterprises the development st age isendless and same determines the sme financing needs is not the same So small and medium-sizedenterprises groups of differentiation determines the diversified financing needs then satisfy smefinancing demand also needs the various forms of financing mode such as bank loans bondsequity financing 4 years in Shenzhen stock exchange medium plate founded bupromoting capital technology management and the effective factors of high quality as cultivatingboard also to promote the upgrading of indus trial st rue tore is playing a positive role. In October 2009 gem officially launched. Founded board will provide for independentinnovation promoting effective supervision mechanism of small and medium-sized enterprises inthe new development stage. But for more t han for small and medium-sized enterprises are listed tosolve this kind of condition enterprise^ s equity financing stock transfer to a valid theover-the~counter marker In 2006 China launched fei joint-stock company listing for trading ofsecurities companies entering the pilot work Besides the government should
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
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中小企业融资外文翻译
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.360docs.net/doc/ba18557429.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
传承与发展企业家与企业文化之辩证关系
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市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
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中小企业融资的英文文献
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
中小企业成本管理研究外文翻译、中文文献
中小企业成本管理研究外文翻译、中文文献外文资料及译文 Cost Management for SMEs SMEs are an important pillar of China's economic development, in the Abstract: increasingly fierce market economy, the SMEs to establish position, to produce quality products, controlling production costs, reduce unnecessary waste, and only in order to obtain better economic benefit, to continue the development and growth : The importance of cost management; cost information; design ideas; Keywords thinking Introduction Since the reform and opening up, China's economic development, small and medium enterprises in the socialist market economy and plays an irreplaceable role. It played an important role to promote market competition, increasing employment, promoting innovation and to accelerate national economic development and maintaining social stability. Many SME organizations due to their own institutions are inadequate, the system is not tight, the quality of personnel is good and bad, the lower management level can not be ignored, especially in the chaos of cost management, even within the enterprise is not the full cost accounting information, which impeded the economic developments.
传承与发展企业家与企业文化之辩证关系
传承与发展--- 企业家与企业文化之辩证关系企业家与企业文化之间的关系，是企业文化理论与建设的一个重要问题，我在咨询过程中，许多企业家都问过我这样的问题，企业文化到底是不是企业家的文化，或者直接说是老板文化。我的肯定地回答说，企业文化肯定不能简单地等同于企业家的文化，它是一个群体与个体之间的关系，将企业文化等同于企业家个人文化的观念是错误的。特别是国有或者国有控股企业，这个特征就更加明显。 一、企业文化是一个企业所有员工的文化特征 企业文化是如何形成的？通常来说，企业文化的形成是由企业的最高领导者决定的，他决定的基础是在管理过程中，企业家通过自己的价值观影响和决定了企业员工的价值观、管理风格、行为规范和文化的价值取向，而且这种影响是有阶段性发展规律的。在企业的初创时期，企业家精神在企业文化形成过程中起着不可替代且无法动摇的地位，具有强势的引导和决定性作用。但随着企业规模的不断扩大，企业各种高级人才的陆续引进也必然带来了对以企业家精神为主的“原味”企业文化的冲击与挑战。企业家精神的影响作用在企业文化形成过程中开始逐渐减弱，或者说企业家的个人精神受到来自团队其它人员的影响，它不再是一言堂，而是一种集体行为。这正如我们不能因为一个企业家本人是一个勤奋向上的人，所以我们就可以得出他所在企业的文化特征就肯定是勤奋向上的文化一样，如果这个推理是可以成立的话，那么企业文化人就不需要建设了，因为企业家的个人文化特征就可以是企业的文化特征，那么这种企业文化还需要建设 吗？
企业文化变革的过程首先是针对所有员工的文化审计，它通过寻找在员工行为过程中的企业基本假设，重新确定企业的文化根基，所以它不仅仅是针对企业家个人的文化特征, 是面对全体员工的一种集体行为。一个企业的基业长青，不能仅仅单靠企业家个人的能量，他只是起到领导者应为的主导作用，并基于权力或者产权的控制而使经过实践验证并得到大部分员工认可的企业文化体系化、制度化，成为指导企业运行的基本原则。但企业家的文化能否上升到一个企业的文化层面，这取决于他个人的价值观是否得到企业绝大部分员工的认同，并最终落实到企业员工的行为当中，只有这样我们才能够说企业家的文化就等同于这家企业的文化了，但最多也只能是近似而不是全部，因为一个人的价值观等同于另一个人的价值观是不现实的，更加不要说是等同于整个企业员工的价值观，唯一可以作到的就是企业家的价值观被企业大部分员工所认同并上升到企业的行为准则。 二、企业家决定了企业文化的主要特征 企业文化建设是一项长期工作，它是随着企业的发展而缓慢形成的，它凝聚了企业领导者的文化和组织的文化，它优于领导者的文化，同时形成了集体式的统一价值观，所以领导者的改变只能是在整体的企业文化模式存在的基础上，得以创新；企业文化具有沉淀作用，领导者的价值观、管理风格、行为规范、文化的价值取向不可能改变其主流部企业家是企业文化的主要缔造者,其个人的价值观决定了企业文化的成型与培育。因此， 我们既要看到企业文化缔造发展中企业家所起的作用，也要看到其价值观是必须在实践 中得到员工接受认可并能够指导企业取得成功。 三、企业家要对企业文化不断传承与发展
中小企业融资问题与对策外文资料翻译
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
中小企业 外文翻译
Appendix： International Business Review 13 (2004) 383–400 Sources of export success in small and medium-sized enterprises: the impact of public programs Roberto Alvarez E Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Abstract This paper analyzes differences in firm exporter performance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Traditionally, it is argued that these firms face several disadvantages for competing in international markets. Few studies, however, exploit the fact that successful exporters exist within this group. Using data for Chilean firms, we study various explanations for differences between sporadic and permanent exporters. Our results suggest that greater effort in international business, process innovation, and the utilization of export promotion programs contribute positively to export performance in SMEs. In addition, we find that some forms of intervention are better than others: trade shows and trade missions do not affect the probability of exporting permanently, but exporter committees show a positive and significant impact. Key words: Export performance; Export promotion; Small- and medium-sized enterprises
浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题及对策
本科毕业论文 中文题目：浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题 及对策 所在专业工商管理 学号 姓名高先生 指导教师及职称 成绩
浅议我国中小企业发展战略存在的问题及对策 摘要：中小企业作为国民经济中重要的组成部分，对我国经济的发展有着举足轻重的作用，然而近些年的发展情况不容乐观，受到自身规模、技术水平及企业主能力等诸多因素的限制，造成了企业的发展战略受到忽视，企业转型及扩大规模等较为困难的局面。因此，中小企业如何打破这种格局，是其面临的一个重大现实问题。本文在阐述中小企业的涵义及作用的基础上，对中小企业面临的挑战及发展战略上存在的问题进行了简要分析，找出了问题产生的原因，并提出了针对性的建议。 关键词：中小企业：发展战略；战略规划
To discuss the problems and countermeasures of the development strategy of small and medium-sized enterprises in China Abstract:Small and medium-sized enterprises as an important part of national economy, has a pivotal role on the economic development of China, in recent years the development of the situation is not optimistic, however, by its scale, technical level and business owners the ability limitation of many factors, such as, neglected due to the development of the enterprise strategy, enterprise transformation and expand more difficult situation. Therefore, SMEs how to break this pattern is a major reality facing it. Based on the description of the meaning and function of the small and medium-sized enterprise, briefly analyzes the existing challenges and development strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises of the problem, find out the causes of the problems, and puts forward some corresponding suggestions. Keywords:s mall and medium-sized enterprises; development strategy; strategic planning
外文文献(市场营销策略)
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
中小企业融资难外文翻译
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national
中小企业内部审计外文翻译文献
文献信息： 文献标题：A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs（科威特工业中小企业内部审计有效性的理论探讨）国外作者：Awn Metlib AL-SHBAIL，Turki A.A.TURKI 文献出处：《International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences》, 2017,1(7):107-116 字数统计：英文2221单词，12805字符；中文4184汉字 外文文献： A Theoretical Discussion of Internal Audit Effectiveness in Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs Abstract This paper aims to scrutinise the association between the internal audit effectiveness and the four factors associated with International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA): independence of internal auditors, scope of internal auditors, management support, and audited cooperation. The relationship between these factors and Satisfaction of internal auditors is also examined. Further, the moderating effect on the relationship between these factors (if present) and the effectiveness of IA among industrial SMEs in Kuwait are investigated through satisfaction of internal auditors. By ascertaining the effectiveness of IA at the industrial firms via theories as well as variables, this paper broadens the available literature on the effectiveness of IA. Key words：Internal audit effectiveness, satisfaction of internal auditors, Kuwaiti Industrial SMEs 1.Introduction Within the past few decades, internal audit departments have significantly contributed to organizational structure through value added services and thus, it has
论企业文化传承的重要性
我对企业文化的理解及我所理解的 xx企业文化 “文化”一词，源远流长,中国是一个有着几千年文化历史的古老文明的国度，可对于“企业文化”一词,追溯起来却从70年代初期,美国对日本丰田汽车考察总结后才开始诞生。从此，企业文化一词开始风靡全球各行各业，各个企业，各个事业团体和组织,人们开始注意它的存在,开始重视它的存在，开始引导它的发展，开始利用它来做管理……积极向上的企业文化，总是向人们传递正能量,总是让接触的人如沐春风；反之消极的企业文化则使人意志消沉,自暴自弃，心理阴暗。如果把积极的企业文化比喻成是汪清澈见底的、充满生机的、能使人心旷神怡的潺潺流水,那么,消极的企业文化则是一个恶臭的酱缸，使人倒退使人丧失斗志，最终沉匿。 积极上进的企业文化是开启和激发企业员工内在动机的金钥匙,当一个员工把自己的工作当做一份事业来看待的时候，那么他的工作动机是主动的，是自发的。xx商学院的老师耗费了一个下午的时间，给我们讲述了在河南许昌一家叫胖东来的商贸公司从无到有，到门庭车水马龙的发展历程,在利润还不到3%的商品零售行业，于东来的胖东来商贸公司做成功了,最终解释它成功的密码，不外乎一种积极的，让员工满意让顾客满意的企业文化。同样，在四川简阳，有这么一家“不会做菜" " 的火锅店,名字大家耳熟能详——海底捞，把业务做到了全国各地甚至海底捞的分店开到了美国。那么，海底捞又是靠什么成功的呢？有网友评论这里的服务很“变态”。xx商学院的导师xx(经济学博士、律师，xx集团创始人、董事长、xx商学院院长) 是这样解读“海底捞文化的——海底捞是对普通人的大良保持着真诚的呼唤，朴素的尊重和实实在在的回归，所以他成功了。那么我们是不是可以认为是海底捞的这种文化成就了海底捞的今天呢？答案是肯定的。因为不管是胖东来的员工还是海底捞的员工，他们在结束了当天的工作后，明天、后天、再后天……都还想着，渴望着继续同样的工作。正所谓一句戏侃的段子说的“事业——是今天你干了，明天还想干；职业——是今天你干了，明天还得干。”一个主动，一个被动，一个是内在动机作为原动力，一个是外在动机作为原动力。