定语从句讲义

语法专题定语从句

考纲要求：

对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：①引导限制性定语从句的关系词；②引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；③限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；④介词+关系代词的用法；⑤不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断⑥关系词之间的异同现象及选用。

命题热点：

定语从句的命题热点内容如下：

①that与which的选用；that与where/when的选用；

②“介词+which/whom”结构中介词的选用；

③“介词+which”与when/where间的区别与联系；

④which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别；

⑤“不定代词/数词+of which/whom”与“不定代词/数词+of them” 的选用；

⑥定语从句中的主谓一致现象。

复习要点：

1、引导定语从句的关系词

①关系代词：that; which; as; who; whom; whose

②关系副词：when; where; why

2、关系代词的用法：

（1）that和which都可以指物，that还可以指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略（这时关系代词前应无修饰成份）。如：The girl that is wearing the red is my desk mate. I lost the book (that/which) you gave me yesterday.

（2）指物时，that与which可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that不用which:

①当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few, some, one等不定代词时，定语从句只用that引导。如：

Our teacher has told us something that we should do in the summer vacation.

Is there anything that I can do for you?

There is not much/nothing that can be done now.

All that he lacks is practice.

②当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用that引导，如：

I have read all the books that you gave me.

There is no person that does not make mistakes.

③当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导，如：

This is the best novel that I have ever read.

The first thing that I am going to do is to write to my friend.

This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.

④当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，定语从句一般用that引导，不用which, 如：

The last place that we visited was the chemical works.

This is the very book that I want to look for.

⑤当并列的两个（或以上）先行词（分别表示人与物）同时被一个定语从句修饰时，关系代词常用that. 如：

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

The scientist and his achievement that you told me about are admired by all of us.

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.

⑥主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句只能用that引导。如：

Who is the person that is standing at the door?

Which is the way that he told us to go?

⑦当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，常用that来引导。如：

Your disease is not the case that it used to be.

He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was.

⑧当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能是that，但经常可以省略。如：

I know the difference (that) there is between you.

The number of mistakes (that) there are in his homework is surprising.

（3）as在引导定语从句时，既可以代替主句中的某一名词，也可以代替整个句子，在定语从句中用来作主语、宾语或表语，但在大多数情况下用于词组或句型中：

①the same…as, the same as 结构中，如：

He is not the same boy as he was.

I feel just the same as you do.

注：as从句that从句都属于定语从句的范畴，但前者引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，即指同类的事物，而后者是“同一的”，即指同一事物。如：This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这包和我昨天丢的是一样的；This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的包。

②such…as…结构中，如：

Let’s discuss only such questions as we have to deal with at present. 我们只谈目前必须解决的

那些问题。

③引导一个属于附加说明性质的非限制性定语从句。as代表整个主句的内容并在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as从句位置较灵活，可以放在句首、句中或句尾，并有逗号与主句隔开。（which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，不能提到主句之前。）如：Taiwan belongs to China, as/which is known to all.

As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China.

（4）who与whom

who指人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语，如：

People who find hibernating animals often think they are dead.

whom指人，是宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，如：

My sister married the man whom she was engaged to.

I met many new friends, most of whom came from England.

（5）whose

关系代词whose即可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语，指物时可与of which互换使用。如：The window whose glass was broken yesterday has been repaired.

He mentioned a book whose author/the author of which I can’t remember now.

3、用关系代词时应注意的问题

(1) which, that作主语时，从句中谓语的人称和数必须与它所代替的词即先行词一致，如：

I, who am your best friend, can help you.

The river that/which flows through the village is very helpful to them.

Here are two cars that/which are small in size.

(2) 须注意的是：在“one of +复数名词”结构中，关系代词引导的从句中的谓语动词一般与复数相一致，但如果有the only, the exact 等修饰one时，谓语动词用单数。如：

This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.

She is the only one of the girls who studies hard.

(3) 关系代词who在口语中可代替whom。但是，如果关系代词作介词的宾语时，只能用whom, 如果这一介词未被前置，则两者都可以用。如：

Here is the girl who/whom we have been looking for.

Here is the girl for whom we have been looking.

(4) 当关系代词whose代替物时，实际上相当于of which. 如：

It was a small island whose name/the name of which I have forgotten.

The classroom whose windows/the windows of which are broken is being torn down.

(5) 关系代词有时需要一定的介词才能使意思完整。这一介词即可置于关系代词之前也可置于从句之后。具体选择什么样的介词或关系代词主要取决于上下文：要么与先行词的搭配有关，要么与后面的动词搭配有关。如：

The pen with which our teacher writes is on the desk.

This is the book in which you can’t find the answer.

That old man is the professor from whom we learned a lot.

4、关系副词when, where, why的用法

关系副词when, where, why在定语从句中分别代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语。另外，关系副词也可以根据其在定语从句中的搭配关系，转换成“介词+关系代词”的结构。如：

The day will come when/on which we will win the final victory.

We know the place where/at which our teacher lives.

This is the factory where/in which I worked ten years ago.

Do you know the reason why/for which he was so happy?

5、使用关系副词时应注意的问题

（1）time作先行词，如前面有序数词或last 修饰时，不用when引导定语从句，要用that 或省去不用。但是，如果time前无序数词或last，则when和that都可以引导定语从句。如：This is the first time (that) Prof. Smith will give us a lecture.

The last time (that) I saw him was in 2001.

（2）当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that或in which,或不用。如：I don’t like the way (that/in which) you treat him.

They didn’t do it the way (that/in which) we do it now.

6、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

（1）限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。如果去掉它，句子的意思就会不完整或不明确。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。如：

I don’t like people who always think of themselves.我不喜欢那些总是为他们自己着想的人。This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out. 这就是抗日战争爆发的地方。

（2）非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较疏散，从句只是对先行词的附加补充说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。如：

The most important form of energy is electricity, which is widely used in our everyday life.

能量最重要的形式是电能，它在我们的日常生活中得到了广泛应用。

All of us went to the Place Museum, where we visited the clock section.

我们所有人都去了故宫博物院，在那儿我们参观了钟表馆。

7、使用非限制性定语从句时应注意的问题

（1）that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句，如：

Galileo, who made the first telescope, died in 1642.

This is a new hospital, which was built just a few months.

（2）在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作在从句中作宾语时可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不能省略，如：

The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher.

I saw a film last night, which was about a young teacher.

（3）当关系代词代替修饰的不是前面的名词或代词，而是前面整个一句话，这时应用非限制性定语从句，关系代词用which或as. 如：

He is a teacher, which/as is known to all.

As is known to all, he is a teacher.

8、关系词与先行词的分离

通常情况下，定语从句的关系词紧跟在先行词之后，但有时为了保持句子平衡，关系词与可以与其所修饰的先行词分离。如：

The time came at last when we went to see the exhibition.

A war broke out which lasted more than 20 years.

The day is not far off when people can travel under the sea.

9、关系代词与关系副词的选择

在实际使用中，同一先行词却被不同的关系词引导的定语从句来修饰，这是由于先行词在从句中担任的成份不同决定的。因此，在选用关系词时，不仅要看先行词所表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因，更重要的是要分析代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中所担任的成份。如：

（先行词place在定语从句中作状语，不作宾语）

（先行词place在定语从句中作visited的宾语）

（先行词reason在定语从句中作gave的宾语）

（先行词reason在定语从句中作原因状语）