隧道专业英语
Part 1 General words
岩土工程Geotechnical engineering
基础工程Foundation engineering
土soil ,earth`
土力学soil mechanics
周期荷载cyclic loading
卸载，再加载reloading
粘弹性地基viscoelastic foundation
粘滞阻尼viscous damping
剪切模量shear modulus
土动力学soil dynamics
应力路径stress path
砌块block
底板标高floor elevation
顶板标高roof elevation
绝对标高absolute elevation
相对标高relative elevation
钢结构steel structure
抗拉强度tensile strength
伸长率elongation
屈服强度yield strength
有色金属non-ferrous metals
喷射混凝土shotcrete
勘察survey；investigation
工程地质engineering geology
风化花岗岩 decomposed granite
Part 2 Types of soil
残积土residual soil
地下水groundwater
地下水位groundwater level /groundwater table
粘土矿物clay minerals
次生矿物secondary minerals
滑坡landslide
钻孔柱状图bore hole columnar section 工程地质勘察engineering geologic investigation
漂石boulder
卵石cobble
砂石gravel
砾砂gravelly sand
粗砂coarse sand
中砂medium sand
细砂fine sand 粉土silty sand
粘性土clayey soil
粘土clay
粉质粘土silty clay
砂质粉土sandy silt
粘质粉土clayey silt
饱和土saturated soil
非饱和土unsaturated soil
填土filled soil
Part 3 Permeability and seepage
达西定律Darcy’s law
管涌piping
流土flowing soil
砂沸sand boiling
流网flow net
渗流seepage
渗漏leakage
渗透压力seepage (force) pressure
渗透性permeability
水力梯度hydraulic gradient
渗透系数coefficient of permeability Part 4 Deformation and stress of foundation
软土soft soil
打入桩（负）摩阻力(negative) skin friction of driven pile
有效应力effective stress
总应力total stress
十字板抗剪强度field vane shear strength
低活性low activity
灵敏度sensitivity
三轴试验triaxial test
基础设计foundation design
再压缩recompaction
承载力bearing capacity
土体soil mass
接触压力contact pressure
集中荷载concentrated load
半无限弹性体 a semi-infinite elastic solid
均质homogeneous
各向同性isotropic
条基strip footing
方形独立基础square spread footing
下卧层（土）underlying soil (stratum ,strata)
恒载/静载dead load
持续荷载sustained load
活载live load
短期瞬时荷载short –term transient load
长期荷载long-term transient load
折算荷载reduced load
沉降settlement
变形deformation
套管casing
堤（防）dike=dyke
粘粒粒组clay fraction
物理性质physical properties
路基subgrade
级配良好土well-graded soil
级配不良土poorly-graded soil
筛子sieve
摩尔-库仑破坏条件Mohr-Coulomb failure condition
有限元法FEM=finite element method 极限平衡法limit equilibrium method 孔隙水压力pore water pressure
先期固结压力preconsolidation pressure
压缩模量modulus of compressibility 压缩系数coefficent of compressibility 压缩指数compression index
回弹指数swelling index
自重应力geostatic stress
附加应力additional stress
最终沉降final settlement
滑移线slip line
Part 5 Excavation and dewatering of foundation
开挖excavation
降水dewatering
基坑失稳failure of foundation
基坑围护bracing of foundation pit （基坑）底隆起bottom heave=basal heave
挡土墙retaining wall 孔压分布pore-pressure distribution
降低地下水位法dewatering method
井点系统well point system
深井点deep well point
真空井点vacuum well point
支撑围护braced cuts
支撑开挖braced excavation
支撑挡板braced sheeting
Part 6 Deep foundation
桩基础pile foundation
灌注桩cast –in-place pile
沉管灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile
钻孔桩bored pile
机控异型灌注桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile
嵌岩灌注桩piles set into rock
夯扩桩rammed bulb pile
钻孔墩基础belled pier foundation
钻孔扩底墩drilled-pier foundation
预制混凝土桩precast concrete pile
钢桩steel pile
钢管桩steel pipe pile
钢板桩steel sheet pile
预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pile
预应力混凝土管桩prestressed concrete pipe pile
沉井（箱) caisson foundation
地下连续墙diaphragm
摩擦桩friction pile
端承桩end-bearing pile
波动方程分析wave equation analysis 承台pile cap
单桩承载力bearing capacity of single pile
单桩横向载荷试验lateral pile load test 单桩横向极限承载力ultimate lateral resistance of single pile
单桩竖向静荷载试验static load test of pile
单桩竖向容许承载力vertical allowable load capacity
低桩承台low pile cap
高桩承台high-rise pile cap
单桩抗拔极限承载力vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile
静压桩silent piling
抗拔桩uplift pile
抗滑桩anti-slide pile
群桩pile groups
群桩效率系数（η）efficiency factor of pile groups
群桩效应efficiency of pile groups
桩基动测dynamic pile testing
最后贯入度final set
桩动荷载试验dynamic load test of pile 桩的完整性试验pile integrity test
桩头pile head=butt
桩端（头）pile tip=pile point=pile toe 桩距pile spacing
桩位布置图pile plan
桩的布置arrangement of piles =pile layout
群桩作用group action
桩端阻end bearing=tip resistance
桩侧阻skin(side) friction=shaft resistance
桩垫pile cushion
打桩（振动）pile driving(by vibration) 拔桩试验pile pulling test
桩靴pile shoe
打桩噪音pile noise
打桩机pile rig
Part 7 Ground treatment
建筑地基处理技术规范technical code for ground treatment of building
垫层法cushion method
预压法preloading method
强夯法dynamic compaction method
强夯置换法dynamic compaction replacement method
振冲法vibroflotation method
砂石桩sand-gravel pile /pile-stone column
水泥粉煤灰碎石桩cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)
水泥土搅拌桩cement mixing pile 水泥桩cement column
石灰桩lime pile /lime column
高压喷射注浆法jet grouting method 夯实水泥土桩rammed-cement-soil pile
灰土挤密桩lime-soil compaction pile /lime-soil compacted column
化学加固法chemical stabilization method
表层压实法surface compaction method
超载预压法surcharge preloading method
真空预压法vacuum preloading method
袋装砂井法sand wick method
土工织物geofabric /geotextile
复合地基composite foundation
加筋法reinforcement method
降低地下水固结法dewatering consolidation method
冷热处理法freezing and heating method
膨胀土地基处理expansive ground treatment
山区地基处理ground treatment in mountain area
湿陷性黄土地基处理collapsible loess treatment
人工地基artificial foundation
天然地基natural foundation
褥垫pillow
软土地基soft clay ground
砂井sand drain
树根桩root pile
塑料排水带plastic drain
碎石桩stone column/gravel pile
（复合地基）置换率
(composite foundation) replacement ratio
Part 8固结consolidation
太沙基固结理论Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory
巴隆固结理论Barraon’s consolidation
theory
比奥固结理论Biot’s consolidation theory
超固结比over consolidation ration (OCR)
超固结土overconsolidation soil
超孔压力excess pore water pressure
多维固结multi-dimensional consolidation
一维固结one-dimensional consolidation
主固结primary consolidation
次固结secondary consolidation
固结度degree of consolidation
固结试验consolidation test
固结曲线consolidation curve
时间因子time factor Tv
固结系数coefficient of consolidation 前期固结压力preconsolidation pressure
有效应力原理principle of effective stress
K0固结consolidation under K0 condition
Part 9 抗剪强度shear strength
不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strength
残余强度residual strength
长期强度long-term strength
峰值强度peak strength
剪胀dilatation
抗剪强度有效应力法effective stress approach of shear strength
抗剪强度总应力法total stress approach of shear strength
莫尔－库仑理论Mohr-Coulomb theory
内摩擦角angle of internal friction
粘聚力cohesion
破坏准则failure criterion
十字板抗剪强度vane strength
无侧限抗压强度unconfined compression strength
有效应力破坏包线effective stress failure envelope
Part 10 Constitutive model
弹性模型Elastic model
非线性弹性模型Nonlinear elastic model
弹塑性模型Elastoplastic model
粘弹性模型Viscoelastic model
边界面模型Boundary surface model 邓肯－张模型Duncan-Chang model 刚塑性模型Rigid plastic model
帽模型Cap model
加工软化Work softening
加工硬化Work hardening
剑桥模型Cambridge model
理想弹塑性模型Ideal elastoplastic model
莫尔－库仑屈服准则Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion
屈服面Yield surface
弹性半空间地基模型Elastic half-space foundation model
弹性模量Elastic modulus
Part 11 Bearing capacity of foundation soil
冲切破坏Punching shear failure
整体剪切破坏General shear failure
局部剪切破坏Local shear failure
极限平衡状态State of limit equilibrium
地基稳定性Stability of soil/rock foundation
地基极限承载力Ultimate bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation
地基容许承载力Allowable bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation
Part 12 earth pressure and slope stability analysis
主动土压力Active earth pressure
被动土压力Passive earth pressure
静止土压力Earth pressure at rest
休止角Angle of repose
边坡稳定安全系数Safety factor of slope
条分法Slices method
Part 13 retaining wall
挡土墙稳定性Stability of retaining wall
基础墙Foundation wall
扶壁式挡土墙Counter retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙Cantilever retaining wall
悬臂式板桩墙Cantilever sheet pile wall
重力式挡土墙Gravity retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙Anchored plate retaining wall
锚定板板桩墙Anchored sheet pile wall Part 14 Soil test
高压固结试验High pressure consolidation test
K0固结试验Consolidation under K0 condition
变水头渗透试验Falling head permeability test
不固结不排水三轴试验Unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 固结不排水/排水三轴试验Consolidated undrained/drained triaxial test
击实试验Compaction test
固结快剪试验Consolidated quick direct shear test
快剪试验Quick direct shear test
土工模型试验Geotechnical model test 离心模型试验Centrifugal model test 直剪仪Direct shear apparatus
Part 15 In situ test
标准贯入试验Standard penetration test (SPT)
表面波试验Surface wave test(SWT) 动力触探试验Dynamic penetration test(DPT)
静力触探试验Static cone penetration test
跨孔试验Cross-hole test
螺旋板载荷试验Screw plate test
旁压试验Pressuremeter test 轻便触探试验Light sounding test
深层沉降观测Deep settlement measurement
现场渗透试验Field permeability test 原位空隙水压量测In-situ pore water pressure measurement
原位（土、岩石）试验In-situ soil/rock test
直剪试验Direct shear test
直接单剪试验Direct simple shear test 动三轴试验Dynamic triaxial test
自（共）振柱试验Free(resonance) vibration column test
隧道Tunnel
水平隧道Horizontal gallery
明挖法Cut and cover
沉管法Immersed tube
入口隧道或引道隧道Access tunnel
竖shaft
斜井Inclined shaft
洞室cavern
天然洞室Natural cavern
人工洞室Artificial cavern
地下综合建筑Underground complex 尺寸Size,dimension
特小断面Mini section
小断面Small section
中断面Medium section
特大断面Very large section
短Short length
中长Medium length
长大Long length
特长大Very long length
断面形状Section shape
圆形Circular shape
马蹄形Horseshoe shape
矩形Rectangular shape
卵形Egg shape
箱形Box shape
内部净空断面形状Inside shape
开挖断面形状Outside or excavation shape
埋深Tunnel depth
明挖回填Cut and cover
浅埋Shallow depth
中埋Medium depth
深埋Deep depth
特深埋Very deep depth
用途Purpose or use
调查investigation
地质调查Ground investigation
导洞Pilot tunnel
调查孔或坑道Pilot bore
铁路rail
干线Main line
地铁metro
公路road
人行道pedestrian
车站Station
上水道Water supply
水利发电Hydraulic power
有压与无压隧洞Pressure or non pressure tunnels
分水渠River diversion
洪水Storm water
排水Drainage
水渠Aqueduct
冷气cooling air
冷却水排水Cooling water outfall
航道navigation
下水道Sewerage
地域暖气District heating
电缆cable
热水Hot water
电力－通信Power-telecommunication 通风Ventilation
煤气Gas
工厂factory
发电所Generating station
储藏storage
流体和固体储藏Fluids and solids storage
停车parking
办公室，商店Office, shop
军事Military
人防Defence，protection
多目的，多功能Multi service
采矿Mining 地下建筑物各部分名称Parts of cross section
仰拱Invert arch
底板floor
拱部或拱顶部roof
拱顶crown
拱脚Springer
拱肩shoulders
刹尖key
边墙wall
墙脚feet
腿部leg
膝部knee
开挖面或掌子面face
形状shape
衬砌lining
曲隅部bend
交叉部crossing
正面部Face, front
入口部access
洞门portal
接头部junction
分岔部bifurcation
开口部Opening window
加宽部enlargement
避难洞Recess
筛子sieve
围岩Surrounding rock
地质学geology
水文地质学hydrogeology
岩石力学Rock mechanics
土力学Soil mechanics
地震活动Seismicity
钻孔或钻探boring
地质物理调查Geophysical investigation
室内试验Laboratory test
现场试验In situ test
事前调查Probing ahead
地质勘探Geologic exploration
围岩的性质Nature of ground
硬岩Hard rock
完整岩石Sound rock
风化岩Weathered rock
破碎岩Fissured rock
软弱围岩Soft ground
塑性围岩Plastic ground
流动围岩Running ground
减压区Decompressed zone
混合围岩Mixed ground
卵石boulder
夹层seam
层理bedding
节理Joint
不透水围岩Impervious ground
透水围岩Pervious ground
蠕变creep
风化，蚀变alteration
透水性permeability
地下水Ground water
湿度moisture
岩溶karst
断层fault
围岩的物理力学性质Ground character
密度density
比重Specific gravity
磨损度abrasivity
溶解度solubility
可钻性Drillability
抗压强度Compressive strength
抗拉强度Tensile strength
抗剪强度Shear strength
内摩擦力Internal friction
粘结力cohesion
剪胀swelling
收缩shrinkage
地压Ground pressure
弹性系数Modulus of elasticity
冲击阻力Impact resistance
孔隙率Porosity ratio
硬度hardness
设计Design
分析Analysis
计算calculation
经济比较Economic study
标准化Standardization
计划Plan, planing program 设计数据Design data
垂直荷载Vertical load
水平荷载Horizontal load 浮力Uplift
专业英语练习卷 A
《专业英语(自动化)》 练习卷A 卷 一．Put the following words and phrases into English or chinese. (20*1=20) 1． 电路 2．控制系统 3．元件 4．电压 5．电流 6．欧姆定律 7．开关 8．指针 9．螺丝刀 10．引脚 11．Strip 12．Intergrated circuit 13．chip 14．sensor 15．maintenance 16．actuator 17．joint 18．servomotor 19．telerobot 20．gripper 二． C hoose one word from the word list below to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences. (20*1=20) 1)Digital 2)analog, 3)positive 4)common 5)a function switch 6)a range switch 7)extended ranges of voltage 8)dc and ac 9)current 10) resistance 装 订 线
A multimeter is a general-purpose meter capable of measuring voltage, , , and in some cases, decibels. There are two types of meters: using a standard meter movement with a needle (see Fig 3.1(a)), and , with an electronic numerical display (see Fig 3.1(b)). Both types of meters have a (+) jack and a jack (-) for the test leads，to select dc voltage, ac voltage, dc current, ac current, or ohms and for accurate readings. The meters may also have other jacks to measure (1 to 5 kV) and current (up to 10A) there are some variations to the functions used for specific meters. 1)Resistance 2)placed across (in parallel) 3)be removed 4)in series with 5)mechanical adjust 6)automatic indicator 5)properly 8) test leads 9)correct 10)be opened Besides the function and range switches (sometimes they are in a single switch.) The analog meter may have a polarity switch to facilitate reversing the test leads. The needle usually has a screw for to set it to zero and also a zero adjust control to compensate for weakening batteries when measuring . An analog meter can read positive and negative voltage by simply reversing the or moving the polarity switch. A digital meter usually has an for polarity on its display. Meters must be connected to a circuit to ensure a reading. A voltmeter is always the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring current, the circuit must and the meter inserted the circuit or component to be measured. When measuring the resistance of a component in a circuit, the voltage to the circuit must and the meter placed in parallel with the component. 三.Read the following passage and answer the questions.（5*8=40） Robots Robots produce mechanical motion that,in most cases,results in manipulation or locomotion.For example,industrial robots manipulate parts or tools to perform manufacturing tasks such as material handing,welding,spray painting,or assembly;automated guided vehicles are used for transporting materials in factories and warehouses.Telerobots provide astronauts with large mainipulators for remotely performing spacecraft maintenance. Robots perform repetitive,high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fatigue.Robots on this automobile assembly line weld body parts together.The General Motors corporation uses about 16,000 robots to weld,assemble,and paint automobiles. Walking robots explore active volcanoes.Mechanical characteristics for robots include degrees of freedom of movement,size and shape of the operating space,stiffness and strength of the structure ,lifting capacity,velocity ,and acceleration
修改过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译
修改过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译Unit 16 压力容器及其部件 压力容器时不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装置中。 由于内部压力，容器被设计成各种形状和尺寸。内部的压力可能低到1英寸，水的表面压力可能达到300000多磅。普通的单层表面建筑压力是15到5000磅，虽然有很多容器的设计压力高出或低于这个范围。ASME锅炉和压力标准中第八卷第一节指定一个范围从15磅在底部到上限，然而，内部压力在3000磅以上，ASME 标准，第八卷第一节，指出考虑特殊设计的情况是必要的。 压力容器的典型部件描述如下: 圆柱壳体在石化工业中对于结构压力容器圆柱壳体是经常被用到的，它是很容易制造、安装并且维修很经济。虽然在一些场合应用载荷和外压控制，要求的厚度通常由内压决定。其他因素如热应力和不连续压力可能有要求厚度决定。 成型的封头许多的端封头和过度部分有设计工程师选择。用一种结构相对另一种依靠很多因素，如成型方法、材料成本、和空间限。一些经常应用的成型封头是: 带凸缘的封头这些封头通常在较低压力的压力设备中，例如汽油罐和锅炉。有些也应用在较高压力的但是较小直径的设备中。设计和结构的许多细节在ASME 标准，第八卷第一节中给出。 半球形封头通常，在一个给定温度和压力下半球形的要求厚度是相同直径和材料圆柱壳体的一半。假如我们用镍和钛昂贵的合金建造实心或覆盖形半球形封头，这样是很经济的。假如使用碳钢，然而，由于这高价的制造费用就不比凸缘形
专业英语复习
词汇：英汉互译 Cash Revenue Note Payable Accountant Accounting Equation Current Assets Rent Expense Building Insurance Accounting Entity Creditor Assets Liabilities Owner’s Equity Debt Balance Sheet Loan Cash Flow Statement Income Statement Expense Profit Loss 确定以下账户属于资产(Assets)、负债(Liabilities)、还是所有者权益(Owner’s Equity) Prepaid Expense Land Utilities Expense Prepaid Insurance Office Supplies Rent Expense Buildings Salaries Expense Advertising Expense Office Furniture Note Receivable Rent Payable Equipment Unearned Revenue Sales Revenue Account Receivable Note Payable Copyright Interest Payable Service Revenue 为下列交易编制分录及试算平衡表 The owner invested cash to open the business. The owner rented an office and paid rent in cash The owner purchased office supplies on account The owner providing service on account for other company The owner paid cash to buy the new office furniture The owner partly paid his account payable The owner Collected his account receivable The owner Borrowed cash by signing note payable. The owner invested for a piece of land by cash The owner withdrew cash for personal use.
计算机专业英语报告
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英语专业实习调查报告
英语专业实习调查报告 在大学，英语专业的理论学习仅限于课本知识，同学们可以在实习中尝试把所学知识运用到实践中去。下面是小编为您收集整理的英语专业实习调查报告范文，欢迎阅读与参考。 英语专业实习调查报告(一) 实习的目的和意义: 对学生已学部份理论知识进行综合运用的培训,加强学生对社会和了解,培养和训练学生认识,观察社会以及分析解决问题的能力, 提高学生的专业技能,实习可以学到书本外的知识和能力,开阔视野, 是一扇认识和观察社会的窗口,可以提高听说能力,可以培养合作沟通能力,有助于发现自身专业及能力方面的不足,明确以后改进的方向. 社会实践方式: 学校组织. 社会实践的时间地点:20xx年.锦汉展览馆 实习对于大学生来说是非常有必要的,虽然自己在进入大学前也有过好几年的工作经验,但并没有这种有组织有目的的实践经历,所学商务英语专业和实习地为交易会对自己来说也都算是新的领域.于XX年秋在锦汉展览的实习虽然是短短的二十几天,但却经历了一个完整的工作历程.我觉得在这次实习中有很多新的体会和感受. 首先,对于交易会有了一个整体的认识.交易会在促进商品出口方面起着重大的作用.交易会这种活动的本身带动
了国内经济发展，尤其是广州经济.它作为一个窗口展现在国外人士面前,除了经济上的互动还有文化,技术,知识各方面的互动,商品附上了民族文化气息.此次实习,扩宽了我们的视野,扩展了知识面,更有利于我们之后学习各国文化的理论课程.不同肤色的人,不同的服饰带着不同的风情,兀自成为一道风景,又以汇合的笔墨构成一幅风景图.让我对世界融炉字样产生了遐想.我喜欢上了这流动的画面,这变换的色彩. 工作的总体职责是： 1. 按时参加班前(后)会，服从主管工作安排，及时汇报情况。 2.上岗前检查岗位设备设施是否正常运作，如发现设备有异常，应及时报告主管人员：提出前配备好所需物品，作好充分准备。 3.留意当天的特别事项，总结情况，与交班人员做好交接班工作，填写好意见登记本，并及时向小组长或主管人员反映。 4.同时每个人都应肩负起“八大员”职责： 1)导展员：正确介绍展览会信息。 2)客服员：及时准确的解决客户的问题。 3)消防员：及时消除火灾隐患。 4)保安员：随时肩负起展馆、人员及财务的安全责任。
过控专业英语英语考试词汇
To sum up总而言之 Dosums算术 Safety protectionof crane起重机的安全保护Productive maintenance生产维修 Equipment service specification设备维修规程Periodic service of equipment 设备的定期检查Regional service of equipment设备的区域维修Dropping your pants降低产品价格求购 Lose face 失面子 Green light 可行的 Save one's neck免受处罚 Stare from scratch白手起家 Keep a good house受到好的招待 For a song 便宜的 Never say under不肯承认 Put onair摆架子 Encroach upon染指 Get snubbed碰钉子 Show magnanimity更高姿态 Dawdle a long待工 Small a rot 感到不妙 Covet money 贪财 Not reveal one's silver in pocket 财不外露Make a humble fortune 理财有方 Regard money as one's life 爱财如命 A mass great fortune 一大笔财富 Unit 2 Commodity inspection商品检测 Plant model selection设备模具的选择(设备选择) Investment plan of plant设备投资计划 Plant renewal 设备的更新 Open-case inspection 开箱检查 Claim for equipment 索赔(设备) Cross over structure 跨越结构 Static strength 静力强度分析 The lion share 最大的分量 Think tank 智能团 Anoutright majority 绝大多数 Live up to a promise 实现，守诺言 Chief Representative行政专家 Chief executive行政主管 Department manager 部门主管
专业英语练习
1、One summer, Bill Smith decided to earn money as a lawn （草坪）service professional. He solicited（请求）business in the neighborhood and obtained （获得，得到）enough lawn servicing jobs that he thought he could be successful at it. On the basis of these commitments, Bill went to the bank, withdrew（收回) $2,000 of his savings and deposited the funds（资金）in a business bank account. At the end of the summer, Bill tried to figure out how well he’d done. He examined his business bank account checkbook and noted the following: ?Deposits（存款）, all from customer collections, totaled $11,400. Checks written: ?Truck and equipment rental（卡车及其设备的租金）, $1,800 ?Gas, oil, and lubrication（润滑剂）, $880 ?Miscellaneous supplies used（杂用品的使用）, $90 ?Helpers, $4,700; including payroll taxes, $500 ?Insurance（保险）, $175 ?Telephone, $100 ?Transfer from business bank account to his personal savings account （从商业用行账户转移到他的个人储蓄账户）, $2,000. Bill also had records that showed: ?Customers still owed him $600 for services that were performed. ?He still owed another $100 to a vendor（厂商）for gas and oil. Required: