牛津英语8A全套教案

牛津英语8A全套教案

Chaper 1

A letter from a pen-friend 一封笔友的来信一单词汇总

chapter n. 章节

below pep．在……下面

rugby n．英式橄榄球运动

hockey n．曲棍球

badminton n．羽毛球运动

title n．标题

signature n．署名，签名

top-right adj．右上角的

greeting n．问候

foot n．英尺

hobby n．兴趣，业余爱好

chess n．国际象棋

own v. 拥有

be keen on 喜爱

physics n．物理学

ambition n．雄心，野心

enclose v．附上

dictionary n．字典，词典

steak n．牛排

punch n. 伴汁酒

all in 精疲力竭的

trainer n. （无钉的）软运动鞋

idle adj. 懒惰的

inaudible adj. 听不见的

shut v. 关上，关闭

full name 全名

inch n. 英寸

geography n. 地理

probably adv. 可能，大概，也许

meal n. 餐，饭食

university n.大学

leave school （毕业）离校

birth n. 出生

European n. 欧洲人

actress n. 女演员

recently adv. 近来

clearly adv. 清楚地

couple n. 夫妇

adopt v. 收养

omen n．预兆

destined adj．注定

embassy n．大使馆

二重点难点解析

1. Now my parents own a Chinese restaurant．现在我的父母拥有一家中国餐馆。

1）own作动词时，意为“拥有，所有”。例：She owns a car but rarely drives it．她有一辆车，但很少开。

2）own作形容词或代词时，意为“自己的”，其前必须要有名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。例：

This is Jack\'s own room．这是杰克自己的房间。

I saw it with my own eyes．这是我亲眼所见。

3）owner名词“主人，物主”。例：The owner of the restaurant is an oversea Chinese.饭店的主人是位海外华人。

2. 1 have a brother called Edwin．我有一个名叫埃德温的哥哥。

①called Edwin为v-ed分词短语，作定语时通常后置。例：

I\'ve bought a video camera made in Japan．我买了一部日本产的摄像机。

②called意为“称呼，名叫”，与它意思相同的还有：named, with the name of.

3. He works as an architect．他担任建筑师的工作。

☆as在句中作介词，意为“以……身份，作为”。例：He was famous as a singer．作为一位歌手他很著名。

☆architect n．建筑师architecture n．建筑学

4. 1 enclose…随信附上……随信寄照片、资料等，都可以用这一表达方法。例：

My brother enclosed a photo of my niece in his letter.我哥哥随信附上一张我侄女的照片。

5. How many brothers and sisters has he got? 他有多少兄弟姐妹？

☆动词have/have got意义相同，但have got用法在疑问句和答语中略有不同。Have you got three lessons every day? Yes, I have. /No, I haven\'t．你每天上三节课吗？是的，上三节课。／不，没有。（在have got结构中，have为助动词，可构成疑问句和否定句。）Do you have three lessons every day? Yes, I do. /No, I don\'t．你每天上三节课吗？是的，上三节课。／不，没有。(have用作行为动词时，需加助动词do构成疑问句和否定句。）

三重点语段翻译

A letter from a pen-friend

Dear May

Hi！I saw your name and address in‘Pen-friends’magazine，and I would like to be your pen- friend ．First, I will tell you some things about myself. My name is Sidney Li Pei-chun．I\'m fourteen years old ．I\'m about five feet tall ．I have short black hair and brown eyes ．My favourite hobby is playing computer games ．I also enjoy playing chess .

I live with my parents．They came to England about 30 years ago．They came from Hong Kong, but I have never been there ．Now my parents own a Chinese restaurant in Newcastle ．We live in a small house near our restaurant ．I was born in Newcastle in 1986 ．I can speak Chinese，but I cannot write it very well ．I have a brother called Edwin ．He is 23 ．He works as an architect, in London．

I\'m in Form One at Walker School．It is near my house，and so I can walk to school．I like my school because the teachers are very friendly．My school has many sports fields ．I am keen on sports ．I enjoy playing rugby and badminton in the winter , and tennis in the summer. My best

subject at school is physics ．My ambition is to be an engineer.

I enclose a photo of myself and some school friends．I am in the middle．I hope you will write to me soon，May，and tell me all about yourself.

Best wishes

Sidney

一封笔友的来信

亲爱的梅

嗨！我是在《笔友》这本杂志上看见你的名字和地址的，我想成为你的笔友。首先，我将告诉你关于我自己的一些事情。我叫悉尼，李佩春。我十四岁。大约五英尺高。我有黑色的短发，棕色的眼睛。我最大的爱好就是玩电脑游戏。我还喜欢下国际象棋。

我和父母生活在一起。他们大约在三十年前来到英国。他们来自香港，但我从未去过那儿。现在我父母在纽卡斯尔有一家中国餐馆。我们住在餐馆附近的一所小房子里。我于1986年生于纽卡斯尔。我会讲汉语，但不太会写。我有一个名叫埃德温的哥哥。他23岁了。在伦敦担任建筑师的工作。

我在Walker学校读一年级。它就在我家附近，所以我可以步行去上学。我喜欢我的学校因为老师们都很友好。我的学校有很多运动场地。我很喜欢运动。冬天我喜欢玩橄榄球和羽毛球，夏天我喜欢打网球。在学校我最喜欢的科目是物理。我的理想是作一名工程师。

随信附上一张我和学校一些朋友的照片。我在中间，我希望你能尽快给我回信，梅，告诉我有关你的全部。

致以良好的祝愿

悉尼

四语法讲解

1．特殊疑问句

(1)常见的特殊疑问词有：What（事情），Where（地点），When（时间），Which（选择人或事），Who（人），

How（方式），How old（年龄），How far（距离），How many（数量），How much（数量／价格），How big（大小），How long（时间或距离长短），etc .

(2)特殊疑问句结构

1)疑问词＋一般疑问句How do people get drinking water?

2）对主语或主语部分提问时，结构是：疑问词＋谓语部分Who helps to keep the environment clean?

2．不定冠词a/an

“a”用在以辅音音素开始的单词前，如：a beautiful girl, a useful book等；而“an”则用于以元音音素开始的单词前，如：an hour, an umbrella,

Chapter 2

A day in the life of…whiz一kid Wendy神童温迪的一天

一单词汇总

subtitle n．副标题

similar adj．相似的，类似的

expect v.期待

successful adj．成功的

whiz-kid．神童

business n．生意，公司

luckily adv．幸运地

manager n．经理

responsible adj．有责任的

be responsible for 对……负责

sale v.卖，销售

accountant n．会计

boring adj．乏味的

simple adj．简单的，容易的

achieve v.得到，实现

grade n．分数

fail v. 失败，不及格

exam n．考试

collect v. 接走

client a．顾客，主顾

return v．回，返回

attend v．参加，出席

assist v.帮助，支援

continue v. 继续，延续

seldom adv．很少，不常，难得

duty n．责任

gain v. 得到，获得

usual adj．通常的，平常的

guard n．警卫，保安

messenger n．送信者，报信者

construction n．建筑，施工

daydream v. 作白日梦，空想

lose one\'s tempe 发脾气

wish v. 想要某事物，希望

tell the truth 说实话

champion n．冠军，优胜者

jogging n．慢跑

mathematics n．数学

P. E. n．体育（课）

二重点难点解析

1. Wendy Wang must be one of the top students in Shanghai．温迪?王一定是上海的高材生之一。*Must是情态动词，在这里表示猜测的意思，意为“一定是”，通常只用于肯定句，在否定句或疑问句中用can表示猜测。例：It must be true．那一定是真的。Can it be true?那可能是真的吗？

It can\'t be true．那不可能是真的。

*one of the top students = one of the best students高材生之一

\"one of＋名词复数”表示“……之一”

2. Now all of her family work in her business．现在所有她的家人都在她的公司工作。

☆family表示“家庭”或“家人”，是集合名词，若视为整体，动词用单数，若逐个考虑其个体，则动词用复数。例：My family is very large．我家是个大家庭。My family are all very well．我的家人都很好。

☆business n．生意businessman n．商人（男）businesswoman n．商人（女）

busy adj．忙的busily adv．忙地

3．辨析：put on穿上，wear穿着，dress穿着，打扮

☆put on强调穿衣的动作，宾语须是物；wear表示穿着衣服的状态；dress既可指动作也可指状态，但宾语须是人。例：You\'d better put on your coat if you want to go out．如果想出去最好把衣服穿上。

He is wearing a new suit today．他今天穿了一套新的西装。

She dresses her child every day．她每天都要给孩子穿衣服。

4. over half a million超过50万

☆over作介词，意为“超过，多于”，相当于more than。例：

He was away over (more than) a month．他离开一个多月了。

5. I always go to school in my own car. 我总是坐我自己的车去上学。

in one\'s car = by car坐小汽车

6. 辨析：enough to，too…to，so…that

☆enough to 和too…to 构成简单句，so…that 构成复合句；enough to 和so…that 表示肯定，too…to 和so…that 表示否定。例：I am not old enough to drive.= I am too young to drive.=

I am so young that I can’t drive. 我太小了，不能开车。

7. 辨析：attend，take part in，join

☆三者都有“参加”之意。attend 指参加、出席会议；take part in 多指参加活动；join 指加入组织、团体、党派。例：My father attends a meeting every Thursday afternoon.我爸爸每周四下午要去开会。

You’d better take part in all the activities at school. 你最好参加学校的各项活动。

Do you want to join the League? 你想入团吗？

8. On Friday we have Computer Club meetings. 每周五我们都参加电脑社会议。

☆have用作行为动词，常与一名词连用表示与该名词相当的动词意义，如：have a meeting/a swim/a walk/ a lesson…开会/游泳/散步/上课……。否定句和疑问句中要用助动词do/does/did。例：-Do you often have a walk after supper? –Yes, I do./ No, I don’t.

9. I go to my office and continue working on my games. 然后我到办公室继续设计电脑游戏。☆continue doing sth 继续做某事。例：How can you continue writing in such dim light？这么暗的光线你怎么能继续写呢？

☆work on 从事（某工作），例：

A day in the life of... whiz-kid Wendy

Wendy Wang，15，must be one of the top students in Shanghai ．She\'s already written several successful computer games．Now all of her family work in her business ．And she\'s still at school！

6 a. m.

I get up at six, wash and put on my school uniform．I have breakfast with my parents．We have a family business ．I started the business two”二ago ．I write computer games ．Luckily，they are very popular. We sell over half a million games every year．场father is the manager of the company，and my mother is responsible for sales ．My\' brother is our accountant ．Every morning we discuss the business at breakfast ．Then I usually work on my computer for an hour before school.、

7 ．30 a. m.

I always go to school in my own car. I am not old enough to drive，and so I have a driver. I sometimes make phone calls to clients on the way to school．

8 a. m.

I start school．I enjoy seeing my school friends，but some of the work is boring because it is too simple for me ．I usually achieve A grades in all my subjects，I never fail an exam.

12．30 p．m.

About twice a week my driver collects me from school．I go and have lunch with a client．Then I return to school．

4 ．1

5 p. m.

After school I usually attend a club．On Friday have Computer Club meetings．The other students often ask me to assist them ．On Mondays and Thursdays I play basketball．Once a week I have violin lessons．My driver always takes me home after school ．I finish my homework in an hour or two before dinner.｝

7p．m.

I always have dinner with my parents．We discuss our business．Then I go to my office and continue working on my games ．I seldom go to bed before 2 a. m ．I do not usually need much sleep.

神童温迪的一天

温迪?王，巧岁，一定是上海的高材生之一。她已经编写了几个成功的电脑游戏。现在所有她的家人都在她的公司工作。然而她还在上学！

上午6点

我六点起床、洗脸、穿上校服，我和我的父母一起吃早餐。我们拥有一个家族公司。我于两年前开办了公司。我编写电脑游戏。幸运地是，它们很受欢迎。我们每年能销售50多万个游戏。我的爸爸是公司的经理，妈妈负责梢售。我哥哥是会计。每天早上我们都边吃早餐边讨论生意。然后我通常在上学前的一个小时用电脑

工作。

上午7点so分

我总是坐自己的车去上学。我太小了，不能开车，因此我有一个司机。有时候我在上学的路上给客户打电话。

上午8点

我开始上课。我喜欢看见学校的朋友，但有些课程很无聊，因为对我来说太简单了。通常我所有的科目都会得A。我从来没有考试不及格过。

下午12 ,: 30分

大约每周两次我的司机会去学校接我。我去和一位客户吃午饭。然后回学校。

下午4点15分

放学后我通常会参加社团。每周五我们都要参加电脑社会议。其他学生经常让我帮助他们。每周一和周四我打篮球。我每周上一次小提琴课。我的司机总是在放学后接我回家。我在晚饭前用一到两小时完成作业。

下午7点

我总是和父母一起吃晚餐。我们讨论生意。然后我到办公室继续设计电脑游戏。我很少在凌晨2点以前睡觉。我通常不需要大量的睡眠。

三语法讲解

1．一般现在时

一般现在时表示目前的状态及经常发生或习惯性的动作，常与usually, often, sometimes, every

day等状语连用。也可用于表达一种客观事实、习惯和作息时间表。

1)谓语用动词原形；当主语为第三人称时，动词后＋s/es.

I get up at six every morning?

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west．

2)动词第三人称单数变化规则如下：

（1）一般动词后＋s;

（2）以s/x/ch/sh结尾的动词＋es. mixes/discusses/washes/teaches

（3）go/do十es，goes/does

（4）一些以y结尾的动词如y前是辅音字母，则将Y改成i + es. studies/hurries/worries （5）如y前是元音字母就加s. plays/stays

3)其否定句或疑问句是用助动词do或does构成。

Do you have lunch at school? Yes，I do. /No, I don\'t．

Does he go to work on foot? Yes，he does．/No, he doesn\'t．

I don\'t go to school on Sundays．

She doesn\'t do her homework at home．

2.频度副词（always, usually, sometimes, seldom, often...）在句子中的位置

1)位于主要行为动词的前面。例：He often does his homework in the evening. (does是行为动词）

2)位于be 动词的后面。例：She is always late for school.（is是be动词）

3)位于助动词和主要行为动词之间。例：I don\'t usually go to school by bus. (don\'t是助动，go是行为动词)

3.how often来询问动作所发生的频率。

4.时间状语（once一次twice两次three times三次four times四次on Monday/every day，etc.）常位于句首或句末。

Chapter 3

Dealing with troubles 处理麻烦事

一单词汇总

dial v. 拨（电话号码）

diary n．日记

argue v. 争论，争吵

deal with 对付，处理

argument n．争论，争吵

shout at 向……大声嚷嚷

hold out 伸出，端出

crowd n．人群

stare v．盯，凝视

go on 发生，进行

steal v．偷，窃取

postcard n．明信片

notice v. 察觉到，注意到

handbag n．手提包

follow v. 跟随

ring v.（钟、铃等）鸣，响

aboard adv．在机上，在船上

wait v. 等候

hurry to 匆忙赶到

strange adj．奇怪的

report v．报告，汇报

robbery n．抢劫（案），盗窃（案）

railing n．栏杆

detail n．细节

as conj．当……时

handcuffs n．手拷

noisily adv .嘈杂地，喧闹地

amusing adj．引人发笑的

unusual adj.不平常的，奇异的

law n．法律

realize v.认识到，了解

permission n．允许，许可

rob v.抢劫，盗取……的财物

in time 及时

pleased adj．高兴的

definitely adv．确定地，清楚地

attack v.进攻，攻击

baseball n．棒球

gun n．枪

arrest v.逮捕

smash v.粉碎，击溃

daring adj．大胆的，勇敢的

take place 发生

gang n．一伙

towards prep．向，朝

reach v.到达

writer n．作家

scientist n．科学家

二重点难点解析

1. No one knew what was happening．没有人知道发生了什么事。

这是一句由连接代词what引导的宾语从句，连接词要位于从句的前面，起连接主句和从句的作用，从句用陈述句语序。例：I wonder whose house that is．我想知道那是谁的房子。2. What\'s going on？发生什么事了？与它意思相同的表达还有：What\'s up? /What\'s happening?

3. Was my father afraid of that man? 我爸爸害怕那个人吗？

1）be afraid of sb/sth害怕……。例：She is afraid of dogs．她怕狗。

2）be afraid that恐怕……。例：I\'m afraid that I\'ve broken your pen．恐怕我弄坏了你的钢笔。

4. He quickly dialled 110．他迅速拨打110。

dial＋具体电话号码= phone sb 给……打电话。

5. Three young men started talking to us．三个年轻人开始跟我们交谈。

*start doing sth开始做……。例：It\'s autumn and leaves start falling．秋天到了，树叶开始落下。

☆辫析：tell，speak，talk，say

tell告诉，常见的短语有：tell a lie说谎，tell sb to do sth告诉……做……；tell sb about sth告诉……关于……的情况，tell a story讲故事。speak说，后面接语言，如：speak German说德语。talk to/with sb (about sth）与某人谈论（有关……事）。say说，后面接内容。例：

She said he could speak very good English．她说他英语说得很好。

Tell him not to talk about the thing any longer。告诉他不要再谈论这件事了。

6. Please meet the ferry．请去迎接渡船。

meet sb 意为“迎接某人”。例：Will you meet her at the station？你到车站去接她吗？

7. As we got off, we saw them．我们下船时看见他们了。

这是由as引导的时间状语从句。表示“当……时”，主句和从句的动作同时发生。例：I thought of it just as you opened your mouth．就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。

8.Six policemen stood around the man，who was in handcuffs．6名警察站在一名戴手铐的男子周围。

☆这是一句由who引导的非限制性定语从句。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是整个句子中不可缺少的一部分，去掉后会影响整个句子的意思，所以不用逗号和主句隔开；非限制性定语从句是整个句子中相对较为独立的一部分，缺少了也不会影响整个句子的意思，因此总是用逗号和主句隔开。例：

This is the best film that I have ever seen．这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

Last week I saw a very good film，which was about the-UFO．上周我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于飞碟的。

* be in handcuffs带手铐。例：The man who is in handcuffs is my next-door neighbour.

带手铐的男子是我的隔壁邻居。

三重点语段翻译

Dealing with trouble

Thursday，28 June

Today my father and I were waiting for the ferry ．People usually wait quietly，but this afternoon we heard a big argument ．Two women tourists were shouting at a big man ．He was shouting back at them ．He held out a bag, and showed everyone that it was empty．

The crowd stared at the three people ．No one knew what was happening．

My father moved through the crowd and said quietly to one of the women，\"What\'s going on?\" \"They stole my friend\'s purse five minutes ago, \"said the woman．\"We were down in the bookshop，buying postcards ．Three young men started talking to us ．At first they were very friendly. Then suddenly my friend noticed that her purse was not in her handbag. Two of the men ran away ．We followed this man here．\"

Then the bell rang, the gates opened, and everyone started going down onto the ferry．The man hurried aboard，and the two tourists went after him．

\"Wait, \"said my father. \"I don\'t want to go on that ferry．\"

This was strange ．Was my father afraid of that man? I wanted to go and watch the action．

But he hurried to an ice-cream shop，“Can I use your phone?\" he asked the shop assistant ．He quickly dialled 110．

\"I want to report a robbery．The man is on the ferry now. It just left a few minutes ago．\"He looked down through the railings．\"It\'s the‘No.3’Ferry，\"he said，\"Please meet the ferry．\"He

gave some more details，and then put the phone down．

We took the next ferry．As we got off, we saw them．Six policemen stood around the man，who was in handcuffs ．The two women were talking to the police．

\" Well done，Dad，I said as we walked by．“Good thinking!”

处理麻烦事

6月28日，星期四

今天我和爸爸正在等渡船。人们通常都是安静地等，但是今天下午我们听到很大的争吵声。两个女游客正对一个男人大声嚷嚷。他也对她们喊。他翻出包，让大家看那是空的。

人们都盯着这三个人。没有人知道发生了什么事。

我爸爸从人群中走出来，轻轻地对其中一个女人说：“发生什么事了？”

“五分钟前他们偷了我朋友的钱包，”那个女人说。“我们正在逛书店，买明信片。三个年轻人开始跟我们交谈。起初他们都非常友好。突然我的朋友注意到她的钱包不在手提包里了。其中的两个人逃跑了。我们跟着这个人一直到这儿。”

就在这时铃响了，门开了，人们开始上船。那位男子匆匆上船，两位游客紧随其后。

“等一下，”我爸爸说。“我不想上那艘船。”

这真是奇怪。我爸爸怕那个男人吗？我想去看个究竟。

但是他匆忙赶到一家冰淇淋店。“我能用一下电话吗？”他问店员。他迅速拨打110.

“我想报告一宗抢劫案。那个人正在船上。刚离开几分钟。”他穿过栏杆往下看。“是三号渡船，”他说。“请去接船。”他又说了一些细节，然后挂了电话。

我们坐了下一艘船。我们下船时看见他们了。6名警察站在一名戴手铐的男子周围，那两个女人正在和警察交谈。

“爸爸，干得好，”我们一边走我一边说。“好主意！”

四语法讲解

一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作），常用yesterday, last, ago, once, one day, the other day, before 2003等表示过去的时间状语连用。

1．用动词的过去式表示。如：do-did is-was

2．动词过去式的构成及ed的发音规律。

动词过去式的构成：由动词原形＋ed/d的这类叫规则动词；另一类则为不规则动词，需记住它们的变化形式。浊辅音或元音因素＋ed发／d/；清辅音＋ed发／t/ ；以一ted/一ded结尾的，ed发/id/。

3．其否定句或疑问句需用助动词did/didn\'t。如：One day I met a friend of mine in the street．I didn\'t work more than ten hours a day．

He didn\'t come to school today．

Did you pass the exam?

五写作技巧----日记

日记常用来记述自己一天生活中所发生的事情，故多用过去时或现在完成时，有时若表达自己对未来的打算也用将来时。英文日记和中文的写法大体相同，都是在写正文之前依次写明日期及天气情况。

1．日期的写法

September 10，2005，Sunday或Sunday September 10，2005

2．天气的写法

Fine/Clear/Sunny（晴），Rainy（有雨），Cloudy（多云），Windy（有风），Snowy（有雪）等。3．日记的格式

日期天气

正文

Chapter 4

Numbers：Everyone’s language 数字：每个人的语言一单词汇总

decimal n．小数

protractor n．量角器

measure v. 量，测量

angle n．角度

odd adj．奇（数）的，单数的

compassses n．圈规

fraction n．分数

subtract v. 减，减去

multiply v. 乘，使相乘

divide v. 某数除某数，（某数）除以（某数）percentage n．百分比，百分率

even adj. 偶数的

especially adv．特别，尤其

at least 至少

time n．时代，时期

consist of 由……组成或构成

invent v. 发明

invention n．发明

develop v. 发展

calculate v. 计算，估算

calculator n．计算器

calculation n. 计算，推算

abacus n．算盘

accurate adj．准确的

bead n．有孔之珠

represent v. 表示，代表

electronic adj．电子的

square root 平方根

powerful adi. 强大的，作用大的

lifetime n．一生

brain n．大脑

living adj．活的，有生命的

human n．人类

following adj．下列的，接着的

amazing adj．令人惊奇的

program v. 为（计算机）设计程序

be made up of 由…组成

figure n．数字

cardinal n．基数词

ordinal n．序数词

decimal n．小数

copy v. 抄写

wrongly adv．错误地

gift n．礼物

announcement n．宣告，通告

decision n．决定

fellow n．伙伴

graph n. 图表

not at all 别客气

二重点难点解析

1 ．In ancient times，people wrote numbers in many different ways，as these pictures of the number 6 show．在古代，人们用各种各样的方法记录数字，就像这些图片所表示的数字6一样。

*in ancient times意为“在古代”。例：Pepole used wood to cook in ancient times．古代人们用木柴做饭。

☆辫析：as，like两者都有“像”的意思，但as是连词后跟从句；like是介词后跟名词或代词，例：

Do as I do，照我的样子做。Do it like this．照这样做。

2．This was a very important invention because it made it easier to write big numbers and calculate．

这是一项十分重要的发明，因为它使书写大数目和计算更容易。

☆because后为原因状语从句。

☆make it easier to do…使做……更容易。例：Today telephones make it easier to talk with each other.

当今电话使人们交谈起来更容易。

3 ．Abacuses are so fast and accurate that people still use them today．

算盘计算很快并且很准确，因此人们至今仍在使用。

☆so…that引导的是结果状语从句，表示结果，意为“如此……以致”。结果状语从句须里于主句之后。例：

The sound was so weak that nobody could hear it．声音如此小，没人能听见。

4 ．Use your own living computer to solve the problem above．用你自己的活电脑来解决上面的问题。

*a living computer一台活电脑。例：The brain is called a living computer．大脑被称作活电脑。☆辫析：question，problem两者均可表示“问题”o question多指对不懂的事情提出的问题，往往期待他人给予解答，常与answer连用；problem指客观存在的并有待解决的难题，常与solve连用。例：

She couldn\'t answer the question．她未能回答这个问题。

We have some problems to solve．我们有些问题需要解决。

5 ．If it is not powerftil enough，you will find the answer on page 59.如果它不够强大，你可以在59页找到答案。

☆if后为条件状语从句，表示“如果……”，主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。例：

Will you come if he comes here? 如果他来，你会来吗？

6. \"0”的不同表达

zero/naught（nought) /nothing/nil

三重点语段翻译

Numbers：Everyone\'s language

How many languages do you know? Everyone knows at least two-his or her own language and the international language of numbers．

Ancient numbers．

In ancient times，people wrote numbers in many different ways，as these pictures of the number 6 show．However, they nearly all counted in the same way-一一in tens．

Zero

The system of numbers that nearly everyone uses today consists of the numbers from 1 to 9 and 0（zero)．With these ten numbers，we can write any number from the biggest to the smallest ．The Indians first invented and developed the 1 to 9 system of numbers ．They then invented the zero．This was a very important invention because it made it easier to write big numbers and to calculate．

Calculating machines

One of the first calculating machines was an abacus ．Abacuses are so fast and accurate that people still use them today ．On the abacus in the picture，the beads on the wires represent ones，tens，hundreds and thousands，starting from the bottom wire．

The picture on the right shows a modern electronic calculator. It can add，subtract，multiply and divide ．It can also calculate percentages and square roots．

This picture shows a computer. Computers are very powerful calculating machines ．In a flash，a computer can do a calculation that you could not do in your whole lifetime．

Brain against computer

Some people call the brain a living computer ．Is a human brain a more powerful calculator than a computer? The following story may give an answer：

Shakuntala Devi is a lady from India with an amazing brain ．She can calculate like lightning ．In America，Shakuntala and a very powerful computer were given this problem to solve．

☆Find the number that, when it is multiplied 23 times by itself,

*gives.this.answer:9167486769200391580986609275853801624831066801443086 2240712651642793465704086709659327920576748080679002 2783016354924852380335745316935111903596577547340075 681688305620821016129132845546805780158806771

Shakuntala\'s brain took fifty seconds to find the answer. The computer took a minute．However, before the computer could begin calculating，someone had to program it with instructions，and that took many hours ．No one had to program Shakuntala！

Use your own living computer to solve the problem above ．If it is not powerful enough，you will find the answer on page 59．

数字：每个人的语言

你会多少种语言？每个人至少会两种—他或她的母语和国际数字语言。

古代数字

在古代，人们用各种各样的方法记录数字，就像这些图片所表示的数字6一样。但是，他们几乎都用一种方法数数—十进制。

零

当今几乎每个人都在使用的数字系统由数字1到9和零组成。用这十个数字，我们可以写出从最大到最小的任何一个数字。印度人最早发明并发展了1到9这个数字系统。他们接着又发明了零。这是一项重要的发明，因为它使书写大数目和计算更容易。

计算器

算盘是最早的计算器之一。算盘计茸很快并且很准确，因此人们至今仍在使用。图片中的算盘，从下面开始，杆上的珠子依次代表个位、十位、百位、千位。

右边的图片展示的是一个现代的电子计算器。它能做加、减、乘、除各种运算。它还能算百分数和平方根。

这幅图片展示的是计算机。计算机是非常强大的计算机器。在一瞬间，计算机所做的计算是你一生都做不完的。

大脑对电脑

有些人把大脑叫做活电脑。人的大脑是比电脑还更强大的计算器吗？下面的故事将给出一个答案。

Shakuntala Devi是一个长着令人吃惊的大脑的印度妥人。侧的计算很快。在美国，给Shakuntala和一台很强大的电脑出了一道题。

找出某数的23次平方根，结果为：．9167486769200391580986609275853801624831066801443086 ．2240712651642793465704086709659327920576748080679002 ．2783016354924852380335745316935111903596577547340075 ．681688305620821016129132845546805780158806771

Shakuntala的大脑花了50秒算出了答案。电脑花了1分钟。然而，电脑在能够计算之前，得有人用指令给它编程序，那要花费几个小时。Shakuntala不需要人给她编程序。

用你自己的活电脑解决上面的问题。如果它不够强大，你可以在59页找到答案。

四语法讲解

1．数字的不同表达

百分数：75 % seventy-five percent

温度：35 C thirty-five Celsius

基数词：11 eleven

序数词：12th twelfth

小数：36.16 thirty-six point one six

分数：4/5 four-fifths

年代：1987 nineteen eighty-seven

电话号码：27458116 two seven four five eight double one six

日期：12/9 December the ninth; the ninth of December

时间：6:55 six fifty-five; five to seven

其它：Channel 26; No.44 bus; Room 1803

2. 加、减、乘、除的不同表达

陈述句：6 plus 3 is 9；6 minus 3 is 3； 3 multiplied 6 is 18；6 divided 3 is 2.

祈使句：Add 3 and 6；Subtract 3 from 6；Multiply 3 by 6. Divide 6 by 3.

3．介词with的用法

a lady with an amazing brain（有）

go for a picnic with my friend（和，与）

program it with instructions（按照）

Look it up！查查看

一单词汇总

article n．文章

encyclopaedia n．百科全书

describe v. 描绘，描述

fierce add．凶猛的

exist v．存在

harmless adj．无害的

unlike prep不同的

skeleton n．骨\',骨

behind adv．在后面，向后面

thinker n．思想家

Greece n．希腊

jar n．坛子

kneel v. 跪下，跪着

even adv．甚至

Disneyland n．迪斯尼乐园amusement n．娱乐，消遗

the United States of America n．美国France n．法国

creat v. 创造，创作

character n .（小说、戏剧中的）人物deliver v. 分发，递送

mail n．邮件

real adj．真实的

while conj．当……的时候，……同时hurt n．伤害

harm n．伤害

belongings n．所有物，财产

lastly adv．最后

in the end 最后

tame adj .驯服的

look up 查寻，查阅

peacefully adv．和平地，平静地

die of 因……而死

disease n．疾病

secret n. 秘密

attraction n．吸引，有吸引力的事物memorial n．纪念碑

republic n．共和国

bury v. 埋葬

hectare n．公项

government n．政府

pay v．支付，付钱

concrete n. 混凝土

banknote n. 纸币，钞票

ID card 身份证

appear v. 出现

visitor n．参观者

later adv．稍后，之后

dream n．梦

二重点难点解析

1. millions of成百万的

million（百万），与hundred（百），thousand（千）一样，与具体数字连用，不用复数形式，例：2 million两百万，3 thousand三千，8 hundred八百；表示泛数时，只用复数形式，通常与of连用，例：thousands of成千上万的，hundreds of成百上千的。

2．比较级的表达方式

1）as + adj. /adv．原级＋as = the same + n.＋as +n.“像??一样”

例：Alice is as tall as Helen．= Alice is the same height as Helen．艾莉斯和海伦一样高。

2）adj. /adv．比较级＋than“……比……”

例：They are fiercer than tigers．他们比老虎更残暴。

3. know知道／know about知道关于…

例：Do you know how to swim？你会游泳吗？

I don\'t know the writer, but I know about her.我不认识这个作家，但我听说过她。

4．辨析：see sb do sth, see sb doing sth

☆see sb do sth意为“看见……做……”，强调动作的全过程；see sb doing sth意为“看见……正在做……”，强调动作正在进行。例：I saw her play the piano，我看见她弹了钢琴。

I saw her pl硕ng the piano．我看见她正在弹钢琴。

5. become even happier变得甚至更开心了

☆even/still, far/much, a bit/a little＋比较级，用来表示比较级的程度。

例：The next day she got up still earlier．第二天她起得更早些。

She sings far/much better than the others．她唱得比别人好得多。

He is a bit/a little tired，他有点儿累了。

三重点语段翻译

Look it up！

May\'s father bought her an encyclopaedia．Here are three of the articles she found in it．

DIIN0SAURS

Dinosaurs lived on earth more than sixty million years ago．This was a long time before people existed. There were millions of dinosaurs ．They lived everywhere．Some were as small as chickens ．Others were as big as ten elephants．Some dinosaurs had wings and could fly．Many dinosaurs were harmless ．They were as gentle as sheep and ate plants ．Others were harmful ．They were fiercer than tigers and ate meat, unlike most other dinosaurs．

Dinosaurs all died suddenly ．Nobody knows why ．We know about the lives of dinosaurs from the skeletons，eggs and footprints they left behind．（See Earth History)

DIOGENES

Diogenes was a famous thinker ．He lived in Greece about two thousand years ago．He taught that

the way to be happy was to own as few things as possible ．All he owned was a big jar that he lived in，a coat，a purse and a cup ．He was very happy．One day，he saw a small boy kneeling by a fountain ．The boy was drinking water from his hands．So Diogenes threw away his cup and became even happier.

DISNEY，W ALT

Disneyland is a famous amusement park in the United States of America ．There are also Disneyland Parks in Japan and France ．Disneyland Park was created by Walt Disney（1901－1966），who is famous for his cartoon characters：Mickey Mouse，Donald Duck，Goofy，Snow White and many others．

Walt was born in the USA．After leaving school and studying art at night, he sold newspapers and delivered mail．Finally he got a job that he really liked-drawing cartoons for films．

Walt\'s most famous cartoon character, Mickey Mouse，was a real mouse．It sometimes sat on Walt\'s desk while he was working．Walt drew山e mouse and put it in a cartoon．Soon Mickey became a star and Walt became rich and famous．（See Cartoons）

查查看！

梅的爸爸给她买了一部百科全书。这是她在书中看到的三篇文章。

恐龙

恐龙在六千多万年前生活在地球上。这是有人类存在前的很长一段时间。当时有上百万只恐龙。它们无处不在。一些恐龙像鸡一样小。其它的像十头大象一样大。一些恐龙有翅膀，可以飞。

许多恐龙都是无害的。它们像羊一样温顺，吃草。有些恐龙是有害的。它们比老虎更残暴，吃肉，不像其它大部分恐龙那样。

恐龙突然灭亡。没有人知道原因。我们是从恐龙留下的骸骨、恐龙蛋和脚印中知道关于它们的存在的。（见地球的历史）

Diogenes是位著名的思想家。他大约于两千年前居住在希腊。他认为快乐的方法就是拥有尽可能少的东西。他所拥有的全部就是一个他所栖身的大罐子，一件衣服，一个钱包和一个杯子。他非常快乐。一天，他看见一个小男孩正跪在喷泉旁。他正用手喝水。因此，Diogenes 扔掉了他的杯子，变得甚至更快乐了。

迪斯尼，沃尔特

迪斯尼乐园是美国著名的游乐园。在日本和法国也有迪斯尼主题公园。迪斯尼乐园是由沃尔特?迪斯尼创建的，他以他的卡通人物而闻名，像米老鼠、唐老鸭、白雪公主和许多其他角色。

沃尔特生于美国。毕业后，他又在晚上学画画，他开始卖报纸，送邮件。最后他得到了一份自己真正喜爱的工作—为电影画卡通漫画。

沃尔特最著名的卡通人物，米老鼠，是一只真实的老鼠。它有时在沃尔特正在工作的时候坐到他的桌子上。沃尔特把它画了下来，放到一部卡通里。不久米老鼠就成了明星，沃尔特变得富有而著名。（见卡通）

四语法讲解

I．指示代词（this, that, these, those)

指示代词有单、复数之分。特指名词的单数用this（近）/that（远）；特指名词的复数用these （近）/those（远）。Is this your book? Yes，it is．Is that your bike? No，it isn\'t。

Are these your pencils? Yes，they are．Are those your parents? No，they aren\'t．

2．可数名词和不可数名词

普通名词按其所表现的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式，

通常以量词短语来表示它们的量。可数名词有复数形式，可数名词复数形式的构成方法如下：情况构成方法读音例词

一般情况+s 轻辅音后/s/；

浊辅音后/z/，

ts读/ts/；ds读/dz/ book-books

day-days；rat-rats

card-cards

以ce，se，ze，（d）ge等结尾的词+s /iz/ office-offices

bridge-bridges

horse-horses

以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词+es /iz/ class-classes

watch-watches

dish-dishes

box-boxes

以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为I再+es /z/ library-libraries

family-families

以f，fe结尾的词变f/fe为ves /z shelf-shelves

wife-wives

少数名词的复数形式是不规则的：

如：man-men；child-children; woman-women: foot-feet; goose-geese; tooth-teeth；

单复数相同的可数名词：Chinese; Japanese; sheep; deer; fish

以o结尾的名词，一般词尾＋es : potato-potatoes; 在某些词后＋s; piano-pianos; radio-radios. 3．专有名词

专有名词是某个（些）人、地方或机构专有的名称，如：Tim, China, the Great Wall，Beijing University等。

4. 语音知识

音节的构成：有一个元音因素就有一个音节。如是辅音因素则通常为：一归前，二分手。即一个辅音因素归前一个音节；如两个辅音因素，一个归前，一个归后。如：char.ac.ter sec.tion Chapter 6

Nobody wins（Part I）没有人赢（第一部分）

一单词汇总

article n．文章

rocket n．火箭

telescope n．望远镜

dull adj．乏味的

in trouble 处于困境、苦恼中

navigator n .驾驶员，领航员

run out of 用完

land v. 登陆，到达

unexplored adj．未经探索的，没人去过的

valley n .（山）谷，溪谷

Cliff n．悬崖

storey n．楼层

approach v. 走近，靠近

earth-type adj．地球上的式样

bedside adj.床边的

monster n．怪物，怪兽

partly adv．部分地

hop v. 弹跳

kangaroo n．袋鼠

single n．单一的，单个的

glowing adj．发光的

roar n .吼声，吼叫

blood n．血

alien n．外星人

custom n．风俗，习惯

dawn n．黎明，破晓

steel n．钢

spring v. 突然跳出，跃出

captain n. 机长

spaceman n .宇航员

trap n. 捕动物等的器具、陷阱

magnet n. 磁铁

true adj．真实的

peace n．平安，和平

laughter n．笑声

do sb a favour 帮某人一个忙

last adj．最后的

trust v. 信任，信赖

quarrel v .争吵，吵架．

offer v. 表示愿意（作某事），提供

take off 起飞

sharp adv. 准时地

campsite n. 营地．露营区

hike n．远足

bored adj．无聊的，厌倦的

front adj．前面的

tidy v．使整洁，整理

tape n．录音磁带

arrange v. 安排

camper n .宿营者，露营者

二重点难点解析

1. They look like kangaroos．他们看起来像袋鼠。

look like看上去像，将例句变为特殊疑问句为：What do they look like=How do they look =What\'s they like?

2. If it isn\'t, we\'re all going to die．如果它不是的话，我们都将会死。

由if引导的条件状语从句和由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。例：

I will go home when he comes back．他回来时，我就回家去。

3. You\'d better put on a sweater．你最好穿上毛衣。

1）You\'d better = You had better 2）had better do/not do sth最好做……／不做……例：

You\'d better not leave so early．你最好不要这么早就离开。

4．辨析：be going to do...，be thinking about doing...

☆be going to do. .。意为“打算做……”，有确定的意向；be thinking about doing. .，意为“想，考虑做……”，不确定的意向。例：-What are you going to do on Sunday？周日你打算做什么？-I\'m going to visit my grandma．我打算去看我奶奶。

I\'m thinking about visiting my grandma．我考虑去看我奶奶。

三重点语段翻译

Nobody wins（Part I ）

Captain King, Master Spaceman，has been all over space ．He often tells his friends stories of his adventures ．This is one of them．

Peters, our navigator, was lost again ．We were running out of food，so towards evening, we landed on an unexplored planet．Lam，our pilot, brought us down gently in a valley close to a great cliff of smooth，black rock．In the cliff there were doors-of two storeys high！

All twelve of us left the ship and approached the doors carefully ．One was a little open．

We went through it into a huge cave．The furniture inside was earth一type，but huge！You could play tennis on the bed and have a bath in the bowl on the bedside table．

‘Let\'s get out of here，’Peters said．

‘This is the home of a monster.’

‘It\'s clearly partly human，so it may be a friendly monster,’I said．‘We\'ll wait．’

‘But…，’Peters began．

‘Don\'t argue，’I said．‘We are going to wait．’

The ground began to shake．The door opened and some animals hopped in ．They looked like kangaroos，giant kangaroos ．Following them was a huge monster. It looked almost human except that it had a single，huge，red, glowing eye.

The monster turned to close the door and shouted，‘Good night，friends．’

The friends outside shouted，‘Good night, Gork．’

Then Gork shut the door, turned round and saw us ．He gave a roar that turned our blood to ice．‘Aliens！Aliens in my cave．How did you get in here?’

I thought fast, and said quietly，‘Good evening，Mr Gork。My name is Nobody and these people here are my…’

Gork roared again，‘I know who you are ．You\'re aliens and we kill all aliens in this valley ．That\'s our custom．Tomorrow，at dawn，you are going to die！All of you．’

Before we could move，Gork pressed a button on the wall beside him ．Steel bars sprang

from the ground around us and closed over our heads

We were caught like rats in a trap．Gork pressed another button，and a powerful magnet above the cage pulled our guns from our hands．

‘Well，Captain\' Lam said，‘you were wrong about the monster being friendly，weren\'t you? And why did you say your name was \"Nobody\"？’

‘I have a plan and \"Nobody\" is part of it，’I replied．‘You\'ll see．’

I turned to Gork and said，‘Mr Gork，it is true that we are aliens，but why can\'t we be friends? Believe me，sir. We come in peace．’