高三英语 定语从句 知识精讲

高三英语定语从句知识精讲

定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

An architect is someone who designs buildings.

Barbara worked for a company that makes washing machines.

The woman whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.

The last time I saw her, she looked very well.

The reason I’ m phoning you is to invite you to a party.

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor.

We stayed at the hotel （that）Ann recommended to us.

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.

I. 先行词：在定语从句中被修饰的词叫先行词。

II. 关系词：

用来引导定语从句的词有关系代词和关系副词，放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又做定语从句的一个语法部分。

关系代词：that, which , who , whom , whose

关系副词：when , where , why

（一）关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose

1. that：既可以指物，也可以指人，在从句中做主语或宾语．

A plane is a machine that can fly．（主语）

The car which I hired broke down．（宾语）

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?（主语）

2. which指物，在从句中做主语或宾语．

A chemist's shop is a shop which sells medicine．（主语）

These are the books which you ordered．（宾语）

3. who，whom，指人，在从句中分别做主语和宾语，

The man who robbed him has been arrested．（主语）

The girl whom I saw told me to come back today．（宾语）

4. whose用来做定语从句中的主语或宾语的定语。

Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last week．（定语）

This is the house whose window faces to the south．（定语）

（二）关系副词: where, when, why

同关系代词一样，关系副词既引导一个定语从句，又在定语从句中担任一个成份。关系副词在句中做状语。

1. when用来说明时间.

当先行词是表示“时间”的词而在从句中起时间状语的作用时，用when。

This is the moment when Spielberg’s career really took off.

I can’t forget the day when I paid a visit to that famous museum.

2. where用来说明地点，当先行词是表示“地方”的词或短语时用where。

Jurassic Park, is about a park where a very rich man keeps different kinds of dinosaurs.

He still remembered the factory where his father worked for 20 years.

3. why用来说明原因。

The reason why he could not go to school was that his family was too poor.

I suddenly realized the reason why Jenny was often late for work.

（三）介词+关系代词

whom，which在定语从句中做介词的宾语时，可以和介词一起放在主句和从句之间，为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以把介词放在从句中相关动词的后面。介词置于关系代词前时，指人用whom，指物用which。

The woman to whom you spoke just now is our English teacher．

The woman whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher．

The door which the president came in through is now closed.

The door through which the president came in is now closed.

注意：如果介词和前面的动词构成一个动词短语，那么它们是不能拆开的，介词只能放在动词之后。

Is this the book that she was looking for?

介词之后只能跟关系代词whom或which，而不能跟that。

（四）关系代词只能用关系代词that而不用which的情况：

1. 当先行词是all, little，much，something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。

Is it hard for you to imagine anything that doesn’t end somewhere of sometime or somehow?

你是不是很难想象有这么一种东西，它不会在任何地方，在任何时候，或以任何方式终了？

All that is needed is plenty of time．

There is little （that）I can do for you.

2. 当先行词被all，any, no，only, little, a lot, every等修饰时。

You may take any book that you like．

This is the only ball （that）you can borrow from the club.

3. 当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时：

That is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

The first request that he made was to ask the king for his freedom.

（五）非限制性定语从句

1. 非限制性定语从句对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用，只是补充一些说明，通常用一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开。这类从句中不能使用关系代词that和关系副词why。

Sunday is a holiday，when people do not go to work．

Peter，who had been driving all day，suggested stopping at the next town．

2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which和whom常可和of或其它介词连用。

She had eight children，three of whom lived to grow up．

The buses，most of which were already full，were surrounded by an angry crowd．

Her sons，both of whom work abroad，ring her up every week．

3. which有时不代表一个名词，而代表前面句子的全部或部分。

He invited us to dinner，which was very kind of him．

He changed his mind，which make me angry．

He drank beer，which made her fat．

（六）as 引导的定语从句

1. as 也可以做关系代词，用于限定性定语从句时常与主句中的such, the same连用。as在从句中做主语，宾语，表语等。

It was just the same with the official as it had been with the minister.

这位官员所遇到的情况和那位大臣遇到的完全一样。

They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.

他们只能够读一些经过用简单英语重写的故事。

2. 在非限定性定语从句中可以代替整个主句的意思，整个从句可以放在主句之前，这时它便兼有插入语的性质。

As we all know now, the earth moves around the sun.

（七）注意要点：

1. 关系代词和关系副词起两种作用，即连接主句和从句，及在从句中担任一个成份。注意在从句中勿错用意思重复的词。不可说：

I have returned the book that you lent it to me last week.

We shall visit the school where your father has worked there for many years.

2. 在从句中正确使用where与which, when与that.

This is the place where we lived last year.

This is the place which we visited last year.

They worked every moment when they were there.

They worked every moment （that）they could spare.

3. 在定语从句与所修饰的名词被隔开时，正确识别先行词。

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

There was an expression in her eyes which he could not read.

4. 在定语从句中有时可以省略一部分谓语动词，特别是在can （could）之后。

To please them, he ate the biggest meal that he could （eat）.

She had been saving every cent （that）she could （save）for months.

5. that 还可以用作关系副词。

This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.

2003年北京卷24小题

York , ________ last year , is a nice old city .

A. that I visited

B. which I visited

C. where I visited

D. in which I visited

题意：约克是个美丽的老城，去年我去那里参观过。

本题考查非限定性定语从句。visit是及物动词，后面需要用关系代词作宾语，排除C、D。that不用于非限定性定语从句中，排除A。

答案为：B

2003年上海卷41小题

I can think of many cases ________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay .

A. why

B. which

C. as

D. where

题意：我能想出许多情形，在这些情况下学生们显然了解许多英文单词及表达方法，却写不出一篇好文章。

此题考查定语从句，句中的先行词“many cases”意思为“在许多情况下”，在句子中表示“学生不能写出好文章”的情况，虽不能当作地点，却充当了状语的成份。因而关系副词使用“where”。

答案为：D

2001年全国高考题

The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far – away village .

A. until

B. that

C. when

D. where

题意：这部电影将我带回到那个年代，那时我在遥远的山村里被人抚养大。

本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。做好本题的关键是要辨认出该定语从句为先行词the hours，因关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选用表示时间的关系副词when。

答案：C

2001年全国高考题：

________ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth once every month .

A. It

B. As

C. That

D. What

题意：正如众人所知，月球每月绕地球运行一周。

本题考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。as作“正如…”解。引导的非限制性定语从句用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known , as is said , as is reported , as is announced等。

答案：B

1. The result of the experiment was very good , ________ we hadn’t expected .

A. when

B. that

C. which

D. what

2. He came from Herne Bay , ________ Lily had once spent a holiday .

A. where

B. when

C. which

D. there

3. The life is out of order , ________ is too bad .

A. that

B. this

C. it

D. which

4. ―Did you see any foreigners present at the party ?

―He was the only foreigner ________ was at the party .

A. whom

B. that

C. who

D. which

5. This test is for students ________ native language is not English .

A. that

B. whose

C. their

D. whom

6. I sent invitations to 80 people , ________ have replied .

A. of whom only 20

B. only 20 of who

C. who only 20

D. whom only 20

7. A child ________ mother had left him was crying louder .

A. who

B. his

C. whose

D. whom

8. She has just come back from a holiday in Crete , ________ Alex and I went to last year .

A. which

B. that

C. it

D. where

9. She was a woman ________ I greatly respected .

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D. she

10. I still remember the day ________ I was given the lecture .

A. that

B. when

C. if

D. which

[参考答案]

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. B 10. B