高中英语校本教材阅读

英语阅读学习策略理论与实践

第一讲学习策略

中学生学英语经常遇到阅读方面的一些问题。例如：来不及在规定时间内读完规定的文章。先读文章再答题时往往找不到问题的出处。有的同学因此感到为难，甚至厌倦；有的同学为了解决这些问题下了不少苦功。他们拼命多读文章，或多做阅读练习，有的甚至把一些文章或段落背下来。然而，下的苦功并没有收到相应的回报。这些同学之所以吃力不讨好，是因为他们“只埋头拉车，不抬头看路”——只靠硬拼，不讲究策略。只能理解单词、句子的表层意思，常常搞不清楚深层次的意思或者“言外之意”……。

英语阅读的目的

为什么中学生都要上英语阅读课？换句话说，阅读课的教学目的是什么？有的同学认为，阅读课的目的和中学英语课一样，仍然是词汇和语法。持有这种观点的同学把阅读课与精读课综合英语课混为一谈。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。

那么，阅读课的教学目的是什么呢？根据教学大纲，阅读课的教学目的包括：

1、阅读理解能力和阅读速度

2、逻辑思维能力

3、细读、略读、查阅等阅读技能

4、词汇量、语言和文化背景知识

我们现在先解决阅读理解能力和阅读速度问题。其余三个内容将在“阅读的方法

阅读的首要任务是提高理解能力和阅读速度。因此，不能为了个别单词中断阅读。理解能力和阅读速度是矛盾中对立统一的两个侧面。说它们对立，是因为在学习进程中理解与速度如鱼与熊掌不可兼得。要想在原有的基础上提高速度，往往会导致理解能力下降；而想要更深刻地理解往往又得放慢速度。说它们统一，是因为从学习效果看，理解与速度相辅相成。阅读速度快的人比阅读速度慢的人有更高的理解能力。反之，理解能力高的人比理解能力低的人读得更快。

阅读的原理

人是怎样进行阅读的呢？有的同学认为：“这还不简单？先看一个词，把这个词读出来，再看下一个词再读出来。一个词一个词地看，一个词一个词地读呗。”其实除了初学者之外，很少有人是看一个词读一个词的。我们可以做一个阅读实验。请一位同学坐在你对面，让他把准备阅读的书拿起来(注意，要竖着拿不能平放)，半遮着脸。从你的平视角度看过去他的眼睛的位置刚好在书页之上。这时请他阅读。当他阅读时请注意他眼睛的移动。你会发现，他的眼睛不是匀速平滑地移动，而是停顿一下，跳跃一下，再停顿一下，再跳跃一下。也就是说，阅读的过程不是看一个词读一个词的，而是看几个词读几个词的。用术语说，就是看一个“组块(chunk)”,读一个“组块”。组块的大小因能力而异。英语初学者阅读的组块很可能就是一个组块=一个单词。随着阅读能力的提高，组块会扩大为/一个词组/一个短语/一个意群/一个句子……乃至“一目十行”。如果我们请阅读水平不同的几位同学来做同样的实验，或者请不同年段的同学来做这个实验，我们可以发现，阅读能力较强的同学与阅读能力较弱的同学相比，能力越强的同学跳跃的幅度越大，跳跃的次数越少。这就证明了阅读能力越强的同学阅读时的组块越大。除了“看一个词读一个词”之外，中学生英语阅读的另一个较严重的误区是：“每词必读”，甚至“每词必深究”。由于他们对阅读过于精雕细琢，反而降低了阅读速度。过于注重单词与句子，甚至时常中断阅读去追究单词的意思，

又使他们“见木不见林”，降低了对全文的理解。

阅读理解题型及解题

一、阅读能力测试的主要要求

二、阅读理解常见题型及解题方法

1、直接信息题（细节题）

2、猜测词义题

3、主旨归纳题

4、推理判断题

三、阅读要素及阅读能力的培养

阅读能力测试的主要要求

1、掌握所读材料的主旨大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的细节和事实。

2、既理解具体事实，也理解抽象概念。

3、既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。

4、既理解某句、某段的意思，也理解全篇逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。

5、既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。

启示：阅读理解考查的不仅仅是学生的理解能力，还侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。学生既要抓住文章的整体，又得吃透其细节；既需理解文章的表层意思，又需领会其深层含义。

阅读理解常见题型及解题方法

一、直接信息题（细节题）

直接信息题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题材目。其题目设计的方式一般有：

1、以who, what, when, where 等疑问词开头提问短文的具体内容。

2、以true or false 形式，让考生判断文章某一事实或细节。

3、句意转换理解。

4、就文中具体内容进行简单计算，排序，识图等。

5、以According to the text/From the text 开头，考查某一细节。

这类题目的信息一般在文章中可以直接找到，大家只要抓准文中与题目有关的信息词、句、稍加分析，便可得出正确答案。

如：

Where did Jack hide himself and his bike ?

原文：When he got to his uncle’s watch factory, Jack got off his bike and hid himself and the bike behind the big tree near the factory.

细节题训练

1. What…?

A. in 1835

B. a new car

C. the day after tomorrow

D. with great speed

2. Why…?

A. last week

B. for some ice

C. very carefully

D. my mother tongue

3. Which …?

A. at seven o’clock

B. the forth

C. all over the world

D. on the floor

4. Where…?

A. New York

B. Greek

C. French

D. Canadian

5. How …?

A. ＄1000

B. with the help of others

C. a sharp knife

D. careless

6. How much …?

A. in fifteen minutes

B. ￡3,500

C. five metres long

D. the population of the country

7. When… ?

A. all over the world

B. in the southern area

C. ten days before the test

D. once a month

8. How hot … ?

A. slight hot

B. terribly hot

C. a few hot

D. much hot

9. How soon … ?

A. in several weeks

B. on Monday morning

C. after that

D. once a month

选择正确答案：

1. The teacher told his students to do the second and the third exercises, but they should leave the first exercise out.

How many exercises should the students do ?

A. One.

B. Two.

C. Three.

D. Zero.

2. Jean and Mary asked Della to go out for a walk, but she didn’t want to.

Who probably did not go out ?

A. Jean.

B. Mary.

C. Della.

D. Jean and Mary

3. The answers to the questions which were in part 3 of the English test that we had were rather difficult for most of us.

How many parts does the English test have?

A. Only three.

B. At least three.

C. Obviously more than three.

D. Only four.

二、猜测词义题

㈠根据上下文的说明。

1、He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month-long “Youth Summit”. The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年) of President Nixon’s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U. S. relation.

The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussions

The words “Youth Summit” refer to ______.

A. visit to the Nixon Library

B. the Chinese students visit to the U. S.

C. a meeting discussing relations between China and the U. S.

D. activities to strengthen the tie between the Chinese and American students.

2、A man named Walter Scott had the first “diner” in 1872. It wasn’t really a diner. It

was only a food cart.

根据文中说明，“diner”不是小餐馆，而是流动小餐车。

㈡、根据文中的解释

在or, that is, such as, that is to say, in another word, in other words

这些词或词组后面的部分往往用来解释前面某一个难以理解的词、词组或句子，括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推断出词的含义。例如：根据定义或解释猜测词义

例1 A calendar is a list of the days ,weeks, months of a particular year

Calendar :日历

例 2 He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of his hat, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks.

Prestidigitator :变戏法的人，或魔术师

三、根据上下文提供的情景。

有时候语境中既没有明确的定义，又没有明确的解释，而是作者制造一种情景，暗示某词所指的性能和特征。比较下面两个句子：

1、In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.

2. An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’wester usually bring rain.

四.根据同等关系猜测词义

例1 There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.

defame “诋毁”，“中伤”或“诽谤”

例 2 In the ancient city of Rome , we visited every mansion , church, battle site, theatre and other public halls.

mansion 建筑物或场所

五、运用同义词关系

例如：1.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.

2. The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling, however, looked neglected and cheerless.

六、运用反义关系。

例如：Most women in China ---educated and iliterated,urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.

七.根据生活常识

In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.

嫁妆

八.根据构词法猜测词义

例 1 He has renamed the restaurant “Paradise”.

re --再，又rename 重新起名，改名

2. Women have equal say in everything.

3. The colours of England in the spring are unforgettable.

4. The disobediented students were forced to leave school.

5. Both the developed and the underdeveloped should try their best to popularize

education.

Exercise :Choose the correct answers

1.“Are you at leisure now ? I’d like to have a word with you .”

“No , I have not a moment’s leisure now. I have a lot of work to do . Come to me this evening.”

A.free time

B.busy time

C.time for sleep

D.time for work

2.A tiger is a fierce animal . If you have not a gun in your hand you dare not go near

It, or it will eat you .

A.wild

B.rude

C.brave

D.huge

3.Joe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money. It is said that the execution will take place in public.

A.beating

B.killing

C.hunting

D.running

4.Mr Brown is very old. He is now over 80 years old. Two years ago his white hair began to fall out, soon more and more hair fell out and now he is completely bald.

A.white

B.hairless

C.old

D.gold

5. There are different kinds of minerals in the earth. Workers often dig them out for man’s use. Salt is an example of minerals.

A.a vegetable that grows on the ground

B.An animal that lives on the earth

C.Solid matter that is formed naturally in the earth

D.Water that comes out from under the ground

Guess the meaning of the word

Scientists predict that there will be 7.3 billion people in the world in the year 2008.

预测

Mr. Brown is a gentleman who is always punctual for all his classes, but he arrived over 10 minutes late yesterday morning.

守时的，准时的

She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.

全神贯注

The noise was so faint that it was impossible to be sure what it was or even where it came from.

微弱的

In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.

发抖

Although people in many countries consider raw meat delicious, we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.

生的，未煮熟的

Dr. Smith is recognized as one of the founders of ethnology, the study of animal behavior.

生态学

长句和难句的理解

1. Air travel is such an everyday experience these days that we are not surprised (when we read about a politician having talks with the Japanese Prime Minister one day, attending a conference in Australia the following morning and having to be off at midday to sign a trade agreement in Bangkok.)

三、主旨归纳

主旨大意题型主要测试读者对短文的全面理解和概括能力。提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。针对主旨问题的提问一般比较笼统，不涉及具体内容，所以有时不易直接在文中找到答案。

为了要准确而又迅速地找到短文的中心句（表达中心思想的主题句），我们首先要明确作者的写作意图和文章的结构。

The position of the topic sentence

1.At the beginning

2.In the middle

3.At the end

4.No topic sentence

topic sentence

1. On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time!

2. When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have always thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down.

针对短文中心思想或主旨大意提问的方式主要有以下几种：

1.The best title for this article is ______ .

2. The passage is about ______ .

3. What’s the main idea of this passage ?

4. The main idea (topic, subject) of the passage is about ______ .

5. With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned ?

6. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage ?

7. This passage chiefly deals with _____ .

8. This passage is mainly concerned with ______ .

9. Which of the following best sum up the passage ?

10. Which of the following can best express the main idea of the passage ?

主旨概括题

Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters. Sometimes they spray a “cake smell” into the air. At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread. These smells are enough to make people’s mouths water. The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls, and other baked goods!

The main idea of the passage is _________.

A. what cake smells like

B. why bakeries make money

C. how people are attracted to bakery counters

D. what bakery counters in supermarkets sell

四、推理判断题

推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，即要求学生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。此类题目难度大，设计面广，如人物的性格、心理、故事的结局、寓意、文章的出处、体裁，作者的倾向、态度等。其题目设计的方式一般有：

1. We can infer(推断）from the passage that ______ .

2.The story suggests(暗示）that _______ .

3. We can conclude(得出结论）from the passage that _______ .

4. Which of the following might happened later ?

5. The passage is probably taken from a ________ .

6. The writer of the passage considers it _______ .

7. Which of the following best describes(描绘）the character of _______ .

做这类题目时，大家必须透过文章的字面意思，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵、哲理，体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音。在进行推理判断时还应注意：

1、抓住文中的关键词句等展开逻辑推理，所选答案必须能从文中找到依据，合乎情理，切忌脱离原文，只凭自已的主观臆断、想象。

2、可以结合常识判断，但决不能以自已的常识代替逻辑推理

题目中含“suggest” 的推断题示例

They think they’re lucky that they’re living and that it’s Christmas again. They can’t see that we live on a dirty street in a shabby house among people who aren’t much good. Johnny and the children can’t see how pitiful it is that our neighbors have to make happiness out of this filth（污物）and dirt . My children must get out of this. But how? The money that we’ve saved isn’t nearly enough.

The McGaretys have money , but they are show-offs with it . The McGarity girl just yesterday stood out there in the street eating from a bag of cookies while a ring of hungry children watched her. I saw those children looking at her and crying in their hearts , and when she couldn’t eat any more, she threw the rest down the sewer（阴沟）.

Miss Jackson who teaches at the Settlement House isn’t rich, but she knows things. She understands people . Her eyes look straight into yours when she talks with you. Everybody else here looks away because they’re ashamed of their lives. I’d like to see the children be like Miss Jackson when they grow up.

The writer suggests that her family________.

A.is rich

B.is unhappy

C. are satisfied with their life

D.long for a change in their life

阅读技能及策略

阅读过程可分三步。

第一步应着重培养以下几种技能与策略：

猜测词义：辨认要点和重要信息、话语中的标记词（however, also, therefore 等）、指代词（this, those, that, it 等）；

浏览（skimming)：以迅速了解读物要旨，了解作者意图或文章的组织结构，这是一种有选择性的、有针对性的阅读技巧；

审读(scanning)：以快速找出具体信息，如人名、数字等等，准确找出或归纳出句中的主旨大意：

推理(inferring)：依据特定的语篇语境，在理解的基础上，经过逻辑推断，分析体会作者的思想，总结归纳作者的意图，了解文章的内涵和“弦外之音”；

预测（predicting)：根据前文出现的信息对可能后继的信息作出预测或根据文章开头提出初步设想，猜测故事的内容和可能会发生的情节。

第二步：运用先前获取的知识和经验进行推理，验证开头的假设是否正确。

第三步：在深入理解的过程中，不断修正自已的假设。

培养良好的阅读心理素质

1、充满信心，心情平和，积极主动地与作者沟通，创造性地去理解文章内容。

2、不要紧张，排除任何思想和心理负担。

3、思想高度集中，尽量保持阅读的速度和理解的准确性，充分运用自已现有的英语水平和相关的知识，发挥主观能动性。

1、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。例如：

When the Judge had finished/ what he was saying/ Mrs Young opened her handbag she was carrying/ and took out the sewing. Without saying a word/ she chose a needle with a very small eye/ and threaded it at her first try.

2、少用或不用词典。

了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识

如何提高英语快速阅读能力

背诵、默写已学过的词汇和短语，背诵经典文章，培养语感。

大量阅读，逐步加快阅读速度

研究阅读技巧。

快速阅读的步骤

?第一步：迅速阅读问题。注意每一问题的主语，疑问词及重要的谓语，还需要特别

注意问句中出现的下列单词：not, unless, without, on the other hand, except, rather than, although, as well, always, never, all 等等。

?第二步：以最快的速度读完全文。不要担心有些地方不能完全理解。

第三步：再次快速阅读。通过这一步，已知道一些重点词、事实或有关材料在文中的位置，文章中的特殊信息，如时间、地点、人名、数字等，可以边阅读、边用笔划下来。同时，把较容易的问题确定下来。

第四步：带着未解决的问题重新阅读

阅读时，脑子务必记住这些问题。对于由中心展开的细节，尤其是不能立即看出来的深层信息，一定要仔细阅读。为了不影响阅读速度，不能回读，不得用手指着文字读，不能中途产生畏难情绪，要坚持读完全文。

第五步：收尾、核查。如果经过前四步还有问题，就尽可能在所给的选择项中，排除一些明显不可能的选项，猜估答案，以提高得分率，切忌空选。

做快速阅读理题时要注意以下几点

一、一般以先易后难为原则。在初选答案时有可能遇到难以断定的选择项，这时要大胆地跳过，继续往下读，不要影响阅读的正常节奏与情绪。随着下文的展开和文章的深入，有可能就会找到解决问题的办法。

二、阅读题的选择一定要尊重原文，将答案带入到原文中去比较，并根据上下文、原作者的观点而定，要符合原文的文化背景与习题，注意比较人文差异，切忌主观臆断或凭经验答题。

三、答题时一定要看完四个选项，千万不可以认为某个答案正确就仓促做出决定，不看其它选项。

四、如果四个选项都没有太大的把握，或在某两个或三个选项间犹豫不决时，最好把题目再读一遍，把握题目要求回答的角度，应避免由于对题目本身理解有误而造成的误选。五、注意通篇各个考查点的内在联系，如果在观点、方式、态度等方面存在不一致或有自相矛盾的选择时，就要重新检查。

六、如果已经分析得出了较为满意的选择，就不要轻易修改答案。有时反反复复、犹豫不决，反而会将已答对的题目改错。有时自认为阅读会绕好几个弯，比较“刁钻”，是个“陷阱”，反而会把简单问题复杂化。

思考题：

考虑一下，你平常在阅读中经常采用哪种阅读策略，哪些是科学的、需要保留的？哪些是不科学的、需要改进的？

第二讲英语阅读提高及突破之十二策略

阅读策略一：捕捉标题

[策略聚焦]

“捕捉标题”（skimming for

titles）有两重含义，一是指阅读标题文章时，对标题含义准确迅速地理解和把握，也就是通过对标题的理解，大致了解文章的内容和中心思想；二是指在做阅读理解题时，根据文章的内容准确找出符合文章主题思想的最佳标题，通常是指从给定的四个选项中，选出一个能恰当概括文章主题思想的标题。这里重点谈谈如何选出最佳标题。

1. 通读全文，掌握大意；

2. 阅读时注意主题句；

3. 标题不同于主题句，它具有简洁醒目的特点；

4. 借助“排除法”和“比较法”选择最佳标题；

5. 一定要整体把握，一切从文章本身出发。

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的文章或段落，并完成文后的题目。

A

Xu Jinglei is filming a new documentary in Beijing to record the fascinating

culture of the city’s Hutongs and old houses. ―Old buildings are part of history

and they will be great to witness its evolution,‖ said the 32-year-old actress

and director. Xu said it would take six months to finish the documentary.

Meanwhile, after Xu’s blog became popular, the star began to use it to raise

funds for charity. Alongside her blog entries, she advertises props （道具）used in

previous films for sale, to raise money for the blind.

Which would be the best title for the passage?

A. Hutong history

B. A promising film director

C. Hutong is to be filmed for charity

D. Xu is raising money for the blind

[技能点拨]

本篇共两段，分别讲述了徐静蕾将拍摄一部关于北京胡同的电影，以及徐利用博客做广告变卖电影道具为盲人捐款。实际上，第一段是该篇的主要内容，而且第一段的核心又是北京的胡同文化将搬上银幕，通过它，观众可以了解更多的胡同历史。所以A最贴近主题，而且简洁醒目，是正确选项。

B

There is a simple economic rule used to determine prices. It is called the law

of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of certain goods. Demand stands

for the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than

wanted, the prices of them fall.

On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the

supply, then the prices rise.

Which title can best express the main idea of the passage?

A. Economic rules

B. Law of supply and demand

C. More goods, lower prices

D. Fewer goods, higher prices

[技能点拨]

A选项泛指经济规律，夸大了主题，不可取；相反，C和D只强调了供需的两个单方面现象，犯了以偏概全的错误，也不能作为标题；而选项B“供需规律”抓住了本段的中心思想，而且具有简洁醒目的特点。

阅读策略二：捕捉段落大意

[策略聚焦]

一篇英语文章通常是由多个段落组成的。只要读懂了每个段落的意思，就读懂了整篇文章。怎样才能既快捷又准确地捕捉段落大意（skimming for the

main idea of a paragraph）呢？

1.

抓主题句。通常每个段落都有主题句，而且多出现在句首，有时也在句末，间或出现在段落的中间。它是一个段落的提纲，是透视一段内容的窗户，所以找出了主题句，也就掌握了段落大意。

2. 抓关键词。有时候，段落中没有明确的主题句，此时可从某些关键词语中概括推断出其大意。关键词对段落具有画龙点睛的作用。

3. 综合概括。当文章中既无主题句，又无关键词可依托时，就必须综合分析本段的各个句意和细节，在此基础上概括并推断出段落大意。

抓段落大意时，最忌讳的是以偏概全，只根据只言片语，便认定它是本段的中心内容和主题思想。应该全面分析和综合理解整段内容，在诸多信息中权衡孰重孰轻，然后再作定夺。同时要防止舍本逐末，抓了芝麻，丢了西瓜，把无关紧要的细节当作段落大意。

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的段落或文章，并回答文后的问题。

（A）

With the changes in their social roles, women’s positions in the

family have been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family.

They deal with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each

other. In today’s families, women are not usually the ones busy with dinners and

washing.

What’s the main idea of the passage?

________________________________________.

[技能点拨]

Husband and wife are now equal in the family。第一句是本段的主题句，其中in the

family和improved是关键词，但它还不是段落大意。综合后面几句的内容，可知第二句才是对本段内容的高度概括，因此是本段的段落大意。

（B）

In the West, having a successful lifestyle often means having material goods

such as a large house (or two), a large car (or two), private schooling for the

children, designer clothes, foreign holidays in exotic locations (winter and

summer), all mod cons (现代化设备). However, it could be argued that this emphasis on financial and material success can lead to people becoming locked into （受困于）an unfulfilling lifestyle, though a luxury one, working harder and harder to become

more and more successful financially in order

to buy more and more luxury items.

What does the author want to tell us in this paragraph?

A. The advantages of success.

B. The disadvantages of success.

C. A successful lifestyle.

D. Hard work leads to successful life.

[技能点拨]

抓关键词和综合概括。本段分两个部分，第一部分就是第一句，告诉读者西方人关于成功生活方式的概念。但是第二句以however开头，话锋一转，指出这种以金钱和物质为基础的成功观念将会导致一种永远不满足的物质追求（unfulfilling

lifestyle），越来越卖命，结果是……。可见这里主要谈的是成功背后的不利因素，所以答案是B。

阅读策略三：捕捉文章中心思想

[策略聚焦]

中心思想是一篇文章的核心和灵魂，在整个文章的行文过程中起着提纲挈领的作用，而其他内容和细节都围绕着这个中心要旨进行叙述、描写、分析、说明和论证等。

阅读文章时，除了获取我们需要的细节外，最重要的就是掌握它的主旨大意，即这篇文章主要想说明什么，作者的写作意图是什么，等等。这是阅读英语文章必须具备的最重要的能力，因为只有弄懂了中心思想，才算真正读懂了这篇文章。解题时关键在于正确识别文章结构句的功能，包括：

1. 主题句(topic

sentence)，其表现形式有三种：段首主题句，段末主题句和段中主题句；其特点是“概括性强，结构简单，受其他句子的解释和支撑”；抓主题句是掌握文章大意最快捷的方法；

2. 主题引介句（topic introducer），总是处于段首第一句，介绍主题，交代目的，是了解文章大意的窗口；

3. 主题支撑句（topic supporter），是文章的主体部分，对文章的主题进行说明、论证、解释等，是掌握中心思想的佐证和依据；

4. 调节（转换）句（modulator），用来调节文章各部分及各论点之间的关系，包括关联词句等，起承上启下和文义转换等作用，使文理通顺；

5. 终结句（terminator），一般为文章的结尾句，是结论，或者是对前面主题思想的呼应。做此类试题的策略和步骤是：

1. 仔细通读全文，特别注意对首句及末句的理解；

2. 注意分析段落首句与随后几句之间的关系，如果它们是支持首句的细节和论证，则为支撑句，从而可确定首句便是主题句；

3. 如果首句就是细节叙述，到结尾才进行概括或归纳总结，则末句为主题句；

4. 如果首尾都是叙述句，则必然中间是主题句，找出概括性强的句子即是；

5. 如果全段均无主题句，就应根据所有句子论述的焦点和侧重点归纳出中心思想。

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的文章，并回答文后的问题。

When people first got their real job, they may face a lot of new, confusing

situations. They may find that everything is different from the way things were

at school. It is also possible that they will feel uncomfortable and insecure in

both professional and social situations. Eventually, they realize that

university classes can’t be the only preparation for all of the different

situations that arise in the working world.

Perhaps the best way to learn how to behave in the working world is, to

identify （识别）a worker you admire and observe his

behavior. In doing so, you will be able to see what it is that you admire this

person for. For example, you will observe how he acts in crisis (危机). Perhaps

even more important, you will be able to see what his approach to day-to-day

situations is.

While you are observing your colleague, you should be asking yourself

whether his behavior is like yours and how you can learn from his responses to a

wide variety of situations. By watching and learning from a model, you will

probably begin to identify and adopt good working habits.

What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Learn from a model.

B. Learn, learn and learn again.

C. Learn forever.

D. One is never too old to learn.

[技能点拨]

文章的结构和逻辑关系是：提出问题（主题句）——分析问题——解决问题，谈到解决问题时作者提出了确定学习对象，这是文章的中心思想，所以答案是A。

阅读策略四：推断

[策略聚焦]

阅读过程中，根据已知的内容或信息，预测或想象后面可能出现的相关信息，或者猜测作者的真正意图等，叫做“推断”（inference）。高考英语试题中的判断文章的主旨大意、判断作者的写作意图和观点、词语的含义、事情发展的结局以及文章接下来将讨论什么等等，都属于推断题。

推断题属于深层次理解题，答题时只能通过综合字里行间的表象，理性并符合逻辑地推断出文章的内在含义，才能找出正确答案。做这类题时必须注意两点：一是推理的依据只能是文章本身的内容，一定要摆脱读者对问题的主观看法，避免主观臆断，误入歧途；二是结合所读短文以外的有关背景知识，如英语国家的社会习俗和人文景观、社会常识、科普知识及事理逻辑等，在此基础上加以分析、推论，最后做出符合逻辑的判断。

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的文章，并回答文后的问题。

Generations of Americans have been brought up to believe that a good breakfast

is one of life’s essentials (要素). Eating breakfast at the starting of the day,

we have all been told and told again, is as necessary as gasoline in the family

car before starting a trip.

But for many people the thought of food as the first thing in the morning is by

no means a pleasure. So despite all the efforts, they still take no breakfast.

Between 1977 and 1983, the latest years for which figures were available, the

number of people who didn’t have breakfast increased by 33 percent — from 8.8

million to 11.7 million — according to the Chicago-based Market Research

Corporation of America.

For those who feel pain of guilt about not eating breakfast, however, there is

some good news. Several studies in the last few years indicate that, for adults

especially, there may be nothing wrong with omitting breakfast. ―Going without

breakfast doesn’t affect performance,‖ said Arnold E. Bender, former professor

of nutrition at Queen Elizabeth College in London. ―Nor does giving pe ople

breakfast improve performance.‖

Scientific evidence linking breakfast to better health or better performance is

surprisingly inadequate (不充分的), and most of the recent work involved children,

not adults. ―The literature,‖ said one researcher, Dr. Ernesto Pollitt at the

University of Texas, ―is poor.‖

1. The underlined sentence ―Nor does giving people breakfast improve

performance‖ in Para. 3 means ____. A. anyone without breakfast does improve his performance B. not giving people breakfast improves performance

C. people having breakfast does not improve performance, either

D. people having breakfast do improve their performance, too

2. T he underlined word ―literature‖ in the last paragraph refers to ____.

A. stories, poems, plays, and so on

B. written works on a particular subject

C. any printed materials

D. the modern literature of America

[技能点拨]

这是一篇议论文体的短文，行文格式是“提出问题——叙述相关现象和事实——得出结论”，这个结论就是：不吃早饭并不会影响人们一天的活动，尤其是成年人。根据第三段Arnold E.

Bender所说的话的前半部分“不吃早饭（去上班等）不会影响工作情况”可知，这里指的是“吃早饭也不会提高工作效率”，所以第1题答案是C；本文中“literature”显然不是指“文学”，根据第一段的“世代美国人都曾相信早餐是生活的基本要素之一”，以及最后一段的内容“（过去）关于吃早饭有利于健康和提高工作效率的科学证据是非常不充分的”，可推知这里“literature”指的是“过去发表的关于吃早餐的文章”，所以第2题答案是B。

阅读策略五：扫读时间顺序

[策略聚焦]

戏剧故事、散文游记、新闻报道、日记、广告等，大都以时间先后顺序进行表述；有时为了强调或者吸引读者的注意等，间或也采用倒叙或者插叙的方式叙述。像这类涉及时间点较多，关系较复杂的文章，阅读的时候，以时间为线索，可以帮助我们快速理顺关系，掌握诸多细节间的逻辑关系。采用“扫读时间顺序”阅读英语文章时，应该注意以下几点：

1. 首先弄清楚文章是按什么方法进行叙述的：顺述、倒叙还是插叙；

2. 然后快速抓住事件发生、发展的整个时间跨度：起于何时，终于何时；

3. 大时间与各个小时间点之间的关系，如某段时间指的是哪个年代或者哪个时代等；

4. 充分利用表示时间顺序和相互关系的常用词，找出各个时间点与事件发生、发展之间的联系；

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的文章，并回答文后问题。

Katie Melua has just turned 22 (in 2006), and has signed a five-album

recording deal and management contract with DRAMA TICO. Upon graduating from the

Brit School, Katie began working with Mike Batt on the songs for her first

album, which has a jazzy, bluesy feel. Her single, ―The Closest Thing To Crazy‖,

went to number ten in the UK sin gle lists in December 2003. The album ―Call Off

The Search‖ reached number one in January 2004.

In her own words:

“I was born in Georgia （格鲁吉亚）in the former USSR in 1984, living in Moscow

for a while when I was three or four. Not surprisingly I don’t remember a lot of

Moscow back in the communist time, although one thing I do remember is that the

place we were staying in did the most am azing pancakes I’ve ever tasted. Leaving

Moscow and the pancakes I spent most of my childhood in the seaside town of

Batumi, Georgia. There’s really nothing better than swimming in the Black Sea.

When I was nine, my dad got a job as a heart surgeon in Belfast, so we moved

there. I had a great childhood in both Georgia and Northern Ireland. I found the

people in Northern Ireland extremely warm and I made great friends at St.

Catherine’s primary school and Dominican College, Fortwilliam.

―I went to c atholic schools in Northern Ireland while my younger brother went

to a protestant school. I didn’t always want to be a singer or songwriter. My

ambition when I was thirteen was to be a politician or a historian. I honestly

thought I’d be able to bring p eace to the world, if I ruled it! We lived in

Belfast for five

years after which we moved to Southeast London. There I went to Nonsuch high

school for girls. When I was fifteen I entered a TV talent competition singing

Mariah Carey’s ―Without You‖. I w on the competition and also gained valuable

experience by performing live on ITV three times.

―I started writing songs two years ago and had, with my parents’help, a small

studio set up at home ...‖

1.How old was Katie when her album ―Call Off The Search‖ reached number one?

2.In which year did Katie’s family leave Moscow for Georgia?

3.When did Katie’s family move to London?

[技能点拨]

阅读此文可以采取如下步骤：（1）快速扫读时间状语，并速记时间和简要的相关事件；（2）按时间快速排列事件发生的先后顺序；（3）根据问题要求确定答案。问题答案及简析分别如下：1.

20 years old。依据是：第一段第一句以及第一段最后一句。2. In about 1987 or 1988。从第三段的前几句中的时间in

1984，和when I was three or four，以及相关信息可得此答案。3. In

1998。根据第三段第一句，第三段第五句，以及第四段第五句可得出答案。

阅读策略六：攻克长句和难句

[策略聚焦]

对于不少中学生来说，长句和难句是理解文章的拦路虎。如果这样的句子涉及文章的中心思想或主题大意，则更不可小视。因此，若不能有效地理解长句和难句，便难以正确全面地理解整篇文章，从而影响正确答题或者获取准确的信息。

长句及难句通常有以下特点：1）句子长；2）有一个或多个从句；3）有一个以上的修饰语；4）包含省略结构或插入成分等；5）含有倒装结构；6）含有难以理解或没见过的习语或口语等；7）含有读者不知道的文化背景知识等。阅读过程中遇到长句和难句时，可用以下几种方法解决：

1. 紧紧抓住句子的主干结构：主——谓——宾；

2. 结合上下文分析句意；

3. 根据语境分析推测难句中的生词词义和整个句意；

4. 采用“替代法”，用名词、形容词、副词分别代替名词性从句、定语和状语从句；

5. 采用“排除法”等方法作为辅助手段。

[技能实践]

快速阅读下面的文章或段落，把划线句子译成汉语。

A

With Christmas drawing near, Santa Claus （圣诞老人）is the world’s busiest person. This year he has prepared so many Christmas presents that he is using

the biggest sleigh ever —the world’s largest ship — to deliver his gifts.

The 4-metre-long ship, the Emma Maersk, is on her first voyage to take

thousands of tons of Chinese Christmas presents and decorations to Europe.

Nicknamed the SS Santa, she unloaded 45,000 tons of Christmas goods at a British

port before heading to other ports in Europe.

[技能点拨]

该句的主谓部分是he has prepared so many Christmas presents，意思很明确；句子中用了一个有so

that“如此……以至于”引导的状语从句；接着用一个破折号对前面的the biggest sleigh ever作解释说明，此时可以先忽略破折号部分，便可知that后面的内容。全句可译为：今年他（圣诞老人）准备了那么多礼物，打算用至今最大的雪橇——世界上最大的船——分发他的（圣诞）礼物。

B

Cloning your lovely cat after it passes away might be great for your broken

heart. But cloning has a dark side too. If cloning technology falls into the

wrong hands, there could be far greater

problems than coming face to face with another you on the street some day.

United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, speaking on November 18 at

Swiss university town of St. Gallen, warned of “catastrophic (灾难性的)”results of

the misuse of the technology.

The recent cloning of the deadly Spanish flu virus by US scientists is the cause

of Annan’s fear.

[技能点拨]

第一步，先找出句子的主干部分：there could be far greater

problems。第二步，确定大意：if引导的是条件状语从句，这里的wrong

hands指的是“错误地使用克隆技术”；连词than引导的是比较状语，由此可知整句大意是：如果克隆技术不能被正确地使用，会造成很多大问题。第三步，整理完善并译成汉语：如果克隆技术被滥用，到时候我们遇到的麻烦远比在街上面对面地碰到另一个“你”要严重得多。

阅读策略七：事实细节题

[策略聚焦]

事实就是某些称为细节的东西，是信息中的细小部分。事实细节题的题干往往是用不同的词句来表达文中的相关信息的。干扰项的特点有：①是原文信息，但非题目要求的内容；②符合常识，但非文章内容；③与原句极为相似，只是略微有些变动；④在意思上大相径庭；⑤部分正确，部分错误。

事实细节题的考查点往往与文章的上下文内容密切相关,考生一定要进行适当的分析再作出判断。例如：

排序题：可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。

选图题：从文中找出描绘图形的句段，按“文”索“图”。

计算题：要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。

对于广告、演出信息、航班时间表等的阅读，不必阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”。

[技能实践]

MERRILL, Wisconsin (美国威斯康星州) — A 17-year-old French foreign exchange student

died Friday at a party, who was popular in school and active in drama and music,

said Superintendent (主管) Sally Sarnstrom Monday.Arnaud Bernard Van Den Berghe

had a blood-alcohol level of 0.24 percent, three times the level considered

legal evidence of intoxication (醉), at the time of his death, authorities said

Sunday.

The sheriff’s department received a 911 call at 3:28 a.m. on Friday

reporting a person in a rural Tomahawk cottage had no pul se and wasn’t

breathing. Doctors took Van Den Berghe to a Tomahawk hospital where he was

pronounced dead.

The exact cause of death was not known and autopsy (验尸) results could still

take several weeks, the Lincoln County sheriff’s department said in a statement.

V an Den Berghe was from Aigaliers, a small town in southern France about 100

miles northwest of Marseille.

He was one of 12 foreign exchange students who intended to spend the school

year attending Merrill High School, which had about 1,200 students, Sarnstrom

said Monday.

―He was very friendly,‖ she said. ―So many kids have told me that.‖

V an Den Berghe played bass guitar in the jazz band and was on the lighting

crew for the school play ―Hit and Misdemeanor‖, the superinte ndent said.

Sarnstrom said students had access to counselors (法律顾问) when classes resumed

(恢复) Monday. There were no classes Thursday and Friday because of a teachers’

convention (大会).

1. Van Den Berghe took part in a party, which was held _____.

A. on Monday

B. at school

C. in a small town

D. in a cottage

2. What is the cause of Van Den Berghe’s death?

A. He drank too much.

B. He joined in a party.

C. The local doctors lacked experience.

D. It remains unknown.

3. Which of the following statements about Van Den Berghe is NOT true?

A. He was well-received in southern France.

B. He was interested in music.

C. He played bass guitar in the jazz band.

D. He took an active part in activities at school.

[技能点拨]

答案：1-3 DDA。三个小题均考查对于事实细节的判断。第1题要求学生弄清晚会举行的时间和地点。从第一段可知星期五是Van Den

Berghe死去的日期，那么晚会是否也是在星期五举行的呢？从第三段可知他在星期五凌晨3:28已停止呼吸，由此可以知道晚会应该在前一天晚上即星期四举行，可判断A项错;

关于晚会的地点应该是他发生事故的地点（从第三段可知），即D项为正确答案。第2题的A、B两项迷惑性很大，但从第四段可知其真正的死因现在还不知道，验尸结果还需要几个星期。第3题A项与事实不符，因为Van

Den Berghe是一个French foreign exchange student，从一开始的“MERRILL, Wisconsin”可以判断他应该在美国一所学校学习。A项说“He was well-received”并不错，关键是对于其所在的地方表述有误。

阅读策略八：推理引申题

[策略聚焦]

在解答推理引申类题目时不仅要弄懂字面意思，更要知道其潜在含义。

干扰项的特点如下：①只是原文的简单复述, 而非推断出来的结论；②看似从原文推断出的结论, 然而却与原文不符；③根据已有的常识是正确的,

但却不是基于文章或作者的意图；④推理过头, 引申过度。

一般来讲，推理题有如下几个类型：①根据词义关系推断具体细节。做此类题只要进行简单的推断就可得出结论。②根据文章的描写推断人物的特征。解题时要特别注意人物语言、行为和心理活动的描写。③根据文章的论述推断作者的态度。解这类题要特别留意文中带有感情色彩的词。④根据已有的材料推断后面的内容。做这类题时要把握作者的写作思路来预测下文内容，可按照事件发展的经过，按因果关系或对比关系来描述。

[技能实践]

Think back to your college days, the good old days when life was easy. Stay

up all night partying or even studying? No problem. Eat pizza every night and

plow through entire bags of potato chips nonstop. Hey, no sweat. You were a lean

(苗条的), mean, and also young machine.

But ... then stuff happens. You graduate, get a job, get married, have kids,

and around the age of thirty-five you’re no longer so young and so lean. In

fact, you’ve added a few pounds around the middle. And with each passing year

you seem to put on another pound or two. By the time you’ve hit your mid-forties

you may find yourself looking into the mirror and wondering, ―What happened to

the slim, young Adonis (希腊神话中的美少年)?”

How did this happen? Around the age of thirty-five or so your metabolism

(新陈代谢) may start to slow down. Plus, you are likely to lose muscle mass （肌肉质量）, which slows your metabolism even more. The slower your metabolism, the slower

the rate at which your body burns calories. So even if you’re eating less than

you used to, you’ll start gaining weight.

But that you’re not a spring chicken （年轻人）anymore doesn’t mean that you

have to get fat. In fact, the antidote (矫正方法) is pretty simple: exercise and eat

less. Lifting weights or otherwise regularly working your muscles will add or at

least keep muscle mass, which will help keep your metabolism.

So maybe you can’t stay young forever, but you can stay slim.

1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the young people are _____.

A. creative

B. greedy

C. energetic

D. humorous

2.The underlined word ―stuff‖ (in Paragraph 2) refers to a series of things that

are _____.

A. boring

B. happy

C. curious

D. unexpected

3.According to Paragraph 3, one’s gaining weight is _____.

A. common

B. impossible

C. avoidable C. dangerous

4.Which of the following words can best describe the writer’s attitude towards

keeping one’s figure?

A. Passive.

B. Positive.

C. Puzzled.

D. Disappointed.

[技能点拨]

答案：1-4

CAAB。四小题均考查推理判断。第一题需要根据第一节的内容进行分析推理，整夜不睡、食量大等等这些都是精力充沛的表现，故C项energetic正确；第2题从下文毕业、找工作、结婚、生孩子，这一切都是令人心烦的事，结果不再年轻。第3题要特别注意答题的依据是第3段的内容，注意不能选C。虽然文章最后一段作者的观点非常明确，即只要锻炼加少食，就可以防止发胖，但第3段主要是介绍了人到一定年龄发胖的原理，说明发胖还是常见的（common）。第4题可以从文章的整个基调尤其是最后一句十分肯定的结论推断出作者对一个人保持体形的态度是积极的，故B为正确答案。

阅读策略九：理解作者的意图和态度

[策略聚焦]

每篇文章都有特定的写作目的，而这些信息通常并不是被明确地表达出来的，而是隐含在文章之中。

作者的态度有主客观两种。在客观描写中，作者的态度往往通过陈述事实较明显地表现；主观态度则需要从字里行间推断。解这类题时要注意：

1. 对于新闻报道，作者往往持中立态度。而对于议论文，作者的态度要么支持，要么反对，带中立色彩的选项常常是错误的。同时，带有绝对化或感情过于强烈的表达也应排除。

2. 区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度。

3. 有时需要根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。

4. 注意辨认哪些是事实，哪些是观点，在此基础上将上下文联系起来分析，最后确认文章所陈述的内容到底哪些代表了作者的观点。

[技能实践]

A

We find that our students don’t read and look down upon reading and ev en

scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. Therefore, I

have reached a conclusion: ―Let them watch it!‖ If television is much more

attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch all

they want! What do you think is the author’s attitude towards TV?

A. Curious.

B. Worried.

C. Unfavorable.

D. Favorable.

[技能点拨]

答案：C。作者在最后用了两个感叹句：“想看就看，任其自便吧！”“既然电视比书本更吸引孩子，我们何必苦苦反对呢？

想看就叫他们看吧！”这里面一定包含了作者的态度，联系上下文，可以断定，作者对孩子们看电视的态度很明朗，但并非如字面意义那样真正认可，而是持否定态度，所以答案为C。

B

Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them make me

lose my delight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming of going

to bed and lying still and then, by some astonishing magic, wandering into

another kind of existence. As a child, I could never understand why grown-ups

took dreaming so calmly when they could make such a fuss (大惊小怪) about any

holiday. This still puzzles me. I am puzzled by people who say they never dream

and appear to have no interest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than

it would be if they said they never went out for a walk. Most people do not seem

to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying

little habit, like sneezing (打喷嚏). I can never understand this. My dream life

does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it,

but to me it is important.

1. What is the author’s attitude toward dreaming?

A. He likes it.

B. He thinks it puzzling.

C. He used to like it.

D. He dislikes it.

2. The writer suggests that people who say they never go out for a walk are

_____.

A. interesting

B. surprising

C. foolish

D. lazy

[技能点拨]

答案：1-2

AB。第1题：虽然作者将梦描述成horrible，但从后面的转折连词but表明作者的态度是喜欢。他认为做梦是正常的事情，B项认为作者觉得梦令人迷惑显然应该排除；C项具有极大的迷惑性，但从文中的一句“This

still puzzles

me.”以及下文作者对人们为什么对做梦这一话题没有一点兴趣感到迷惑不难推断作者现在依旧喜欢做梦；D项明显错。第2题：要作出正确的判断必须先理解整个句子的意思：It