专业英语课后答案

Key to Exercises of Unit 6

Exe. 1

exclusive, selective, intensive

merchant wholesalers, manufactures’ sales branches, agents and brokers

premiums, sweepstakes, point-of-purchase displays

prospecting, approaching, objection handling, closing of sale

source credibility, timing flexibility, lifespan

Exe. 2

目录展示零售店

促销组合

干扰度

质优价廉零售店

潜意识广告

代理商和经纪人

总经销，独家代理

市场覆盖密度

接近客户

随机展示商品方式

wholesalers

distribution channels

government buyers

institutional advertising

sweepstakes

sales volume

pass-along rate

marketing institutions

intensive distribution

retail outlets

Exe. 3

Agents work on commissions based on their sales volume, and they have almost no say about delivery dates, prices, and other sales policies of the company they represent.

The stimulation of consumer for goods or services by advertising, publicity, personal selling, and so on is promotion.

Public relations is any communication or activity intended primarily to obtain goodwill or prestige for a company through publicity.

The cost of advertising media varies greatly due to different market coverage, with TV the most expensive, while the cost of advertising on radio or newspaper is much cheaper.

The sales volume and profitability of a product will change with the elapse of time.

Exe. 4

广告是指由知名人士有偿向公众展示某种商品、服务或者创意的行为。公司广告能为公司树立良好的形象。公益广告就有争议的社会和经济问题表明立场。产品广告主要针对某一特定

商品或服务。如果把它用于刺激对一种新产品的需求，又可称为倡导广告。比较广告也属于产品广告，它把广告产品与竞争对手的知名产品进行比较。

影响零售店的一个最重要的因素是商店形象——即顾客如何看待该店与其他零售店的差别。商店形象可以从许多方面表现出来：员工待客友善、商品质量可靠、服务热情周到、店前交通便利。商店形象还会产生一种光晕效应：对一家商店的整体印象甚至会影响到顾客对该店其他方面的看法。例如，对某一折价店印象很好的顾客可能认为该店的货比其他折价店的货质量要好些，即使它们是相同的商品。做广告有助于提高零售店的形象。

商店摆放一些样品，顾客查询商品目录，然后订购自己所需商品，所订商品从附近的仓库送到顾客手中，这种零售方式称为目录展示零售店。在这种店购物时，顾客交上订单，获得一个号牌，然后等着叫号，即可去领取自己所需商品。这种零售方式跟厂家直销方式一样发展很快，自有个中道理。目录展示零售店跟其他卖同类商品的零售店相比有很多成本优势：他们的销售成本、摆放成本、服务成本与传统的零售店相比通常都要低很多，即使它们也有许多品牌商品。他们的价格通常都很低——有时甚至比他们专营的关键产品还要低一些，例如珠宝以及家用品。

Exe. 5

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. D

Key to Exercises of Unit 7

Exe. 1

medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value; commodity money, credit money, fiat money commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions,

life-insurance companies, pension funds

demand deposit, savings deposit, hybrid savings and checking account, time deposits;

money-wiring, safety deposit boxes, financial advice, automated teller machines

proportional, progressive, regressive

administration costs, compliance costs, excess burden

Exe.2

货币本位

金融中介

货币政策工具

特许权税

电子资金转账系统

负税能力原则

公开市场业务

工资税

自动取款机

养老基金

direct finance

standard of value

standard money

Federal Reserve System

individual income tax

progressive tax

tax-exempt income

property tax

corporate income tax

Exe. 3

The principal fu nctions of a central bank can be summarized as issuing bank, banks’ bank and state’s bank.

Common monetary policy tools the Fed uses to regulate money supply include discount rate, reserve requirements, and open-market operations.

A progressive tax takes a higher percentage of income as income rises --- rich people not only pay a larger amount of money than poor people, but a larger fraction of their incomes.

The businesses of commercial banks mainly include deposits and loans as well as such financial services as safety deposit boxes, financial advices, receives and payments on behalf of their customers.

A pollution tax is a tax levied on a company that produces air, water, or soil pollution over a certain level established by the government. It provides an incentive for companies to pollute less and thus reduce damage to the environment.

Exe. 4

从理论上讲，财产税是对一个人的所有财富（指个人的所有财产，包括股票、债券一类的金融资产以及住房、汽车、艺术品之类的不动产）征收的税。

货币政策主要是通过调节货币供给以及利息率来影响经济的运行，如影响产出水平、就业率和通货膨胀率。

企业的收入包括营业收入和资本利得。短期资本收益按普通营业收入课税。长期资本收益在税收上能享受优惠。

负税能力原则的第一个要求就是要做到横向公平，即经济状况相同的人应该缴纳相同的税。第二是要求纵向公平，即一种税制应该把税负在不同负税能力的人之间公平分配。

如果货币的增长比每年生产的商品和提供的服务的数量增长快得多，或者人们把他们持有的货币更快地消费掉，那么其结果是可能引发通货膨胀。

Key to Exercises of Unit 8

Exe. 1

common stock, preferred stock

mutual funds, futures contracts, options

treasury bills, treasury notes, treasury bonds

primary markets, secondary markets; organized stock exchanges, the over-the-counter securities market, the commodities exchanges

property and casualty, life, health and disability, old-age and unemployment

homeowner’s insurance, tenant’s insurance, automobile insurance, marine and other forms of transportation insurance, commercial property and casualty insurance

term life insurance, permanent life insurance

金融期货

商品交易所

免税收入

保险价值

风险管理

优先股

可转换债券

伤残保险

重置成本

保险单

dividends

nonconvertible bonds

unemployment insurance

life insurance

insurance regulation

deductibles

insurance agent

portfolio

over-the-counter market

mutual funds

Exe. 3

Bonds are marketable securities which are sold to investors by economic entities for raising money with a promise to pay interest regularly and repay the principal when it is due. A bond certificate is issued as proof of the obligation.

Stocks are marketable securities publicly issued by corporations as a proof of the identity and rights of stockholders to acquire dividends.

Portfolio usually refers to the combination of stocks, bonds and other marketable securities owned by individual or institutional investors.

In line with the consequences caused by risks, we can divide risks into pure risks and speculative risks.

Life insurance is a kind of insurance using a person’s life, body or health as the object insured.

Exe. 4

期权合约指的是期权持有人有权在约定的时间内买进或卖出约定数量的股票或其他金融资产的合约。

投资者的态度会随经济活动的变化而变化，政府也会做出加速或减缓经济发展的努力，这些都会使市场状况发生变化。

被保险人遭受损失后，必须及时通知保险公司，提出索赔要求，才有可能获得赔偿。

责任保险是在被保险人给他人造成人身伤害或财产损失而依法应负损害赔偿责任时，由保险人承担其赔偿责任的保险。

风险管理是对一个组织的风险和不确定性状况进行识别、评价、分析其原因及后果的综合管理过程。风险管理的目的在于使组织以最直接、最高效的路径朝其目标迈进。

Key to Exercise of Unit 9

Exe. 2

1. managers, investors, creditors, government agencies

2. bookkeeping, accountants, public accountants, certified public accountants (CPAs), private accountants, certified management accountants (CMAs), auditors

3. accounting equation, double-entry bookkeeping, end-of-period adjustments

4. assets, liabilities, owners’ equity

5. revenues, expenses, net profits or losses

6. liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, debt ratios

Exe. 3

1. 会计周期

2. 管理会计

3. 季度报表

4. 外部审计员

5. 营运费用

6. 应付账款

7. 资产负债表

8. 流动负债

9. 折旧费用

10. 流动比率

11. accounting equation

12. intangible assets

13. owner’s equity

14. income statement

15. net profit margin

16. debt-to assets ratio

17. last-in, first out

18. financial report

19. double-entry bookkeeping

20. fix assets

Exe. 4

1. The concern of investors about earnings per share cannot be overemphasized as the single most important barometer of financial performance.

2. Indiscriminate switching of inventory valuation methods would let a company show practically any picture it wanted to on its financial reports or tax returns.

3. Charging a portion of the total cost of a depreciable item --- a building or a major piece of equipment, for example --- to each of the years it is used results in an accurate picture of the total costs involved in the firm’s current operations.

4. Intangible assets consist of copyrights, patents, trademarks, and goodwill, etc.

5. The ratios commonly found in accounting include current ratio, acid-test ratio, net profit margin, return on investment, earnings per share, debt-to-assets ratio, and the interest-coverage ratio.

Exe. 5

公众会计师提供的主要服务是审计。银行通常要求申请贷款的公司提供经过审计的财务报表，而该审计必须由独立的专业人士即注册会计师进行，不能让公司的内部雇员审计，当然，该公司也必须支付给注册会计师必要费用。要上市公开发行证券的公司也必须在发售证券前进行财务审计。而且在上市后，只要其证券仍然在市场上交易，该公司就必须定期接受财务审计。

审计的目的是为了保证公司财务报表的可信度。在审计时，审计员要仔细检查公司的各种报表及原始的会计记录。在检查中，审计员主要是看各种报表是否真实反映了该公司的财务状况和营运结果，在会计做帐时是否遵循了公认会计原则。银行、投资者及其他人士都是依靠一个公司的财务报表来做出发放贷款、授信及买卖证券的决策。审计师的职责就是要证实财务报表中包含信息的可靠程度。

Key to Exercises of Unit 10

Exe. 2

natural, tariff, non-tariff, buy national, antidumping

GATT, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Trade Expansion Act, Export Trading Companies Act, economic-integration plans

exporting, licensing, contract manufacturing, joint ventures, direct foreign investment

barter, compensation deals, counter purchase, buy-back

balance of trade, balance of payments

Exe. 3

绝对优势

委托加工

进口配额

关税同盟

国际贸易平衡

购买国货规定

浮动汇率

特惠税

跨国公司

直接对外投资

antidumping laws

counter trade

tariff barriers to trade

marks of origin

favorable balance of trade

fixed exchange rate

economic integration

exchange control

free-trade zone

specific duty

Exe. 4

A low price is not in itself sufficient reason to warrant an antidumping duty.

In the course of economic integration, some nations may agree on a preferential tariff, some other nations may form free-trade zones, still others may integrate further by creating customs unions. As market differences declined in the EC, greater uniformity was developed in the approach of international firms to member countries.

For example, Japan agreed to a voluntary quota on the number of its automobiles that the United States would import, and the quota has been renewed each year.

There are a number of advantages of the firm offering a license. During the licensing period, goodwill generated for a product may pave the way for the firm’s decision to do its own production in the foreign country later on.

Exe. 5

非关税贸易壁垒中一种比较典型的叫自愿出口限制（VERs）。这是指这样一种情形：当一个国家的出口威胁到进口国一个行业的发展时，进口国以实行全面的贸易限制相要挟，诱使出口国“自愿”减少出口商品数量。从20世纪50年代以来，美国、欧盟及其他工业化国家都曾运用过这种手段来减少日本、韩国及其他国家的纺织品、钢铁、电子产品、汽车和其他产品的出口。在20世纪80年代这些行业在这些工业国家都属于成熟产业，就业率急剧下降。这种自愿出口限制有时又被称作“市场秩序安排”，它至少使美国及其他工业化国家在表面上支持自由贸易原则的继续发展。

如果自愿出口限制成功实施，其经济效果同进口配额的差不多（当然也可以以同样的方法进行分析），只不过它控制在出口国手里，所以其收入效应或者说垄断利润被出口商攫取。一个典型的例子就是1981年美国就日本的出口汽车商定的一个“自愿”出口限制。1982年供应商把进口量控制在只占美国钢材市场的20%。据估计这为美国保留了20，000个工作机会，但却使美国的钢材价格上涨了20-30%。该自愿出口限制于1992年到期，但美国钢铁行业立即要求对外国钢材出口商征收反倾销税，这又引起美国、日本、欧盟和其他国家之间激烈的贸易争端。

在限制进口方面，自愿出口限制没有进口配额有效，因为出口国是出于无奈才限制出口，而出口商很可能会用高质高价的产品来完成他们的配额。从对日本出口到美国的汽车实行自愿出口限制来看，这种产品的升级确实很明显。而且，这种限制往往只针对大的供货商，而其他国家出口商却可乘机填补受限国家出口商留下的市场空缺，即使是受限国家出口商也可通过第三国做转口贸易达到供货的目的。