专业英语课后习题答案
专业英语课后习题答案
【篇一：专业英语课后答案】
?what are the three basic questions of corporate finance?
a. investment decision (capital budgeting): what long-term investment strategy should a firm adopt?
b.financing decision (capital structure): how much cash must be raised for therequired investments?
c. short-term finance decision (working capital): how much short-term cash
flow does company need to pay its bills.
? list three reasons why value creation is difficult.
value creation is difficult because it is not easy to observe cash flows directly. the reasons are:
a. cash flows are sometimes difficult to identify.
b. the timing of cash flows is difficult to determine.
c. cash flows are uncertain and therefore risky.
concept questions - chapter 2
? what is the balance-sheet equation?
assets = liabilities + stockholders equity
? what three things should be kept in mind when looking at a balance sheet? accounting liquidity, debt vs. equity, and value vs. cost.
? what is the income statement equation?
revenue - expenses = income
?what are the three things to keep in mind when looking at an income statement? generally accepted accounting principles (gaap), noncash items, and time and costs.
? what are noncash expenses?
noncash expenses are items included as expenses but which do not directly affect cash flow. the most important one is depreciation.
? what is net working capital?
it is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
?what is the change in net working capital?
to determine changes in net working capital you subtract uses of net working capital from sources of net working capital.
? how is cash flow different from changes in net working capital?
the difference between cash flow and changes in new working capital is that some transactions affect cash flow and not net working capital. the acquisition of inventories with cash is a good example of a change in working capital
requirements.
? what is the difference between operating cash flow and total cash flow of the
answers to concept questions
a-1
firm?
the main difference between the two is capital spending and additions to
working capital, that is, investment in fixed assets and investment in working capital.
concept questions - chapter 3
?define future value and present value.
future value is the value of a sum after investing over one or more periods. present value is the value today of cash flows to be received in the future.
? how does one use net present value when making an investment decision? one determines the present value of future cash flows and then subtracts the cost of the investment. if this value is positive, the investment should be undertaken. if the npv is negative, then the investment should be rejected. ? what is the formula for the net present value of a project?t
npv = -c0 + ?ct /(1+i)t
t=1
? what is the relationship between the stated annual interest rate and the effective annual interest rate?
effective annual interest rate = (1 + (r/m) )m - 1.
? define continuous compounding.
continuous compounding compounds investments every instant.
? what are the formulas for perpetuity, growing-perpetuity, annuity, and
growing annuity?
perpetuity: pv = c/r
growing perpetuity: pv = c/(r-g)
annuity: pv = (c/r) [1-1/(1+r)t]
growing annuity: pv = [c/(r-g)] [1-((1+g) / (1+r))t ]
?what are three important points concerning the growing perpetuity formula?
1. the numerator.
2. the interest rate and the growth rate.
3. the timing assumption.
concept questions – chapter 4
? define pure discount bonds, level-coupon bonds, and consols.
a pure discount bond is one that makes no intervening interest payments. one receives a single lump sum payment at maturity. a level-coupon bond is a
combination of an annuity and a lump sum at maturity. a consol is a bond that makes interest payments forever.
a- answers to concept questions 2
?contrast the state interest rate and the effective annual interest rate for bonds
paying semi-annual interest.
effective annual interest rate on a bond takes into account two periods of
compounding per year received on the coupon payments. the state rate does not take this into account.
?what is the relationship between interest rates and bond prices?
there is an inverse relationship. when one goes up, the other goes down.
? how does one calculate the yield to maturity on a bond? flows with the price of the bond.
? how to calculate the value of a stock with a dividend-growth (1)zero
growth;(2)constant growth (3)differential
(1)p=div/r (2)p=div/r-g (3)p=(div t+1 /r-g )/ (1+r))t
? what are the three factors determining a firms p/e ratio?
1. todays expectations of future growth opportunities.
2. the discount rte.
3. the accounting method.
? how dose one estimate the dividend growth rate g?
concept questions - appendix to chapter 5
?what is the pie model of capital structure?
it is a model in which the value of the firm is pictured as a pie cut into debt and equity slices.
?why should financial managers choose the capital structure that maximizes the
value of the firm.
because this capital structure also maximizes the value of equity. ? calculate the eps of an unlevered company and a levered company.
?describe financial leverage.
it is the extent to which a company relies on debt in its capital structure.
?what is levered equity?
the equity of a firm that has debt in its capital structure.
?why does the expected return on equity risk with firm leverage?
because increasing leverage raises the risk of equity.
?what is the exact relationship between the expected return
on equity and firm
answers to concept questions
a-3
leverage?
rs = ro + (ro – rb) (b/s)
?how are market-value balance sheets set up?
they are set up the same way as accounting balance sheets with assets on the left side and liabilities on the right side. however, instead of valuing assets in terms of historical values, market values are used.
?what is the quirk in the tax code making a levered firm more valuable than an
otherwise-identical unlevered firm?
interest payments are tax deductible and dividend payments are not.
?what is mm proposition under corporate taxes?
vl = vu + tcb
?what mm proposition ii under corporate taxes?
rs = p + (b/s)(1-tc)(p-rb)
concept questions - chapter 6
?what is a merger? how does a merger differ from other
forms of acquisition?
a merger is the absorption of one firm by another, where the acquiring firm retains its identity and the acquired firm ceases to exist. it differs from other forms of acquisition in that no new firm is created, and there is no need of buying the individual assets of the acquired firm or its stock.
?what is a takeover?
it is the transference of control of a firm from one group of shareholders to another by means of a majority vote of the board of directors.
? explain the source of synergy from acquisitions.
(1)revenue enhancement (2)cost reduction (3)lower taxes (4)lower cost of capital.? what are the advantages and disadvantages to using a merger to acquire a firm?
(1)advantages :a merger is legally straightforward and does not cost as much as other forms of acquisition .it avoids the necessity of transferring title of each individual asset of the acquired firm to the acquiring firm.(2)disadvantages :a merger must be approved by a vote of the stockholders of each
firm .typically ,votes of the owners of two-thirds of the shares are required for approval .in addition ,shareholders of the acquired firm have appraisal
rights .this means that they can demand that their shares be purchased at a fair value by the acquiring firm .often the acquiring firm and the dissenting
shareholders of the acquired firm cannot agree on a fair value ,which results in expensive legal proceedings.
a- answers to concept questions 4
【篇二：专业英语课后答案】
> exe. 1
exclusive, selective, intensive
merchant wholesalers, manufactures’ sales branches, agents and brokers
premiums, sweepstakes, point-of-purchase displays
prospecting, approaching, objection handling, closing of sale source credibility, timing flexibility, lifespan
exe. 2
目录展示零售店
促销组合
干扰度
质优价廉零售店
潜意识广告
代理商和经纪人
总经销，独家代理
市场覆盖密度
接近客户
随机展示商品方式
wholesalers
distribution channels
government buyers
institutional advertising
sweepstakes
sales volume
pass-along rate
marketing institutions
intensive distribution
retail outlets
exe. 3
agents work on commissions based on their sales volume, and they have almost no say about delivery dates, prices, and other sales policies of the company they represent.
the stimulation of consumer for goods or services by advertising, publicity, personal selling, and so on is promotion. public relations is any communication or activity intended primarily to obtain goodwill or prestige for a company through publicity.
the cost of advertising media varies greatly due to different market coverage, with tv the most expensive, while the cost of advertising on radio or newspaper is much cheaper.
the sales volume and profitability of a product will change with the elapse of time.
exe. 4
广告是指由知名人士有偿向公众展示某种商品、服务或者创意的行为。公司广告能为公司树立良好的形象。公益广告就有争议的社会和经济问题表明立场。产品广告主要针对某一特定
商品或服务。如果把它用于刺激对一种新产品的需求，又可称为倡导广告。比较广告也属于产品广告，它把广告产品与竞争对手的知名产品进行比较。
影响零售店的一个最重要的因素是商店形象——即顾客如何看待该店与其他零售店的差别。商店形象可以从许多方面表现出来：员工待客友善、商品质量可靠、服务热情周到、店前交通便利。商店形象还会产生一种光晕效应：对一家商店的整体印象甚至会影响到顾客对该店其他方面的看法。例如，对某一折价店印象很好的顾客可能认为该店的货比其他折价店的货质量要好些，即使它们是相同的商品。做广告有助于提高零售店的形象。
商店摆放一些样品，顾客查询商品目录，然后订购自己所需商品，所订商品从附近的仓库送到顾客手中，这种零售方式称为目录展示零售店。在这种店购物时，顾客交上订单，获得一个号牌，然后等着叫号，即可去领取自己所需商品。这种零售方式跟厂家直销方式一样发展很快，自有个中道理。目录展示零售店跟其他卖同类商品的零售店相比有很多成本优势：他们的销售成本、摆放成本、服务成本与传统的零售店相比通常都要低很多，即使它们也有许多品牌商品。他们的价格通常都很低——有时甚至比他们专营的关键产品还要低一些，例如珠宝以及家用品。
exe. 5
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. c
5. d
key to exercises of unit 7
exe. 1
medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value; commodity money, credit money, fiat money commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions,
life-insurance companies, pension funds
demand deposit, savings deposit, hybrid savings and checking account, time deposits;
money-wiring, safety deposit boxes, financial advice, automated teller machines
proportional, progressive, regressive
administration costs, compliance costs, excess burden
exe.2
货币本位
金融中介
货币政策工具
特许权税
电子资金转账系统
负税能力原则
公开市场业务
工资税
自动取款机
养老基金
direct finance
standard of value
standard money
federal reserve system
individual income tax
progressive tax
tax-exempt income
property tax
corporate income tax
exe. 3
the principal functions of a central bank can be summarized as issuing bank, banks’ bank and state’s bank.
common monetary policy tools the fed uses to regulate money supply include discount rate, reserve requirements, and open-market operations.
a progressive tax takes a higher percentage of income as income rises --- rich people not only pay a larger amount of money than poor people, but a larger fraction of their incomes. the businesses of commercial banks mainly include deposits and loans as well as such financial services as safety deposit boxes, financial advices, receives and payments on behalf of their customers.
a pollution tax is a tax levied on a company that produces air, water, or soil pollution over a
certain level established by the government. it provides an incentive for companies to pollute less and thus reduce damage to the environment.
exe. 4
从理论上讲，财产税是对一个人的所有财富（指个人的所有财产，包括股票、债券一类的金融资产以及住房、汽车、艺术品之类的不
动产）征收的税。
货币政策主要是通过调节货币供给以及利息率来影响经济的运行，如影响产出水平、就业率和通货膨胀率。
企业的收入包括营业收入和资本利得。短期资本收益按普通营业收
入课税。长期资本收益在税收上能享受优惠。
负税能力原则的第一个要求就是要做到横向公平，即经济状况相同
的人应该缴纳相同的税。第二是要求纵向公平，即一种税制应该把
税负在不同负税能力的人之间公平分配。
如果货币的增长比每年生产的商品和提供的服务的数量增长快得多，或者人们把他们持有的货币更快地消费掉，那么其结果是可能引发
通货膨胀。
key to exercises of unit 8
exe. 1
common stock, preferred stock
mutual funds, futures contracts, options
treasury bills, treasury notes, treasury bonds
primary markets, secondary markets; organized stock exchanges, the over-the-counter securities market, the commodities exchanges
property and casualty, life, health and disability, old-age and unemployment
homeowner’s insurance, tenant’s insurance, auto mobile insurance, marine and other forms of transportation insurance, commercial property and casualty insurance
term life insurance, permanent life insurance
金融期货
商品交易所
免税收入
保险价值
风险管理
优先股
可转换债券
伤残保险
重置成本
保险单
dividends
nonconvertible bonds
unemployment insurance
life insurance
insurance regulation
deductibles
insurance agent
portfolio
over-the-counter market
mutual funds
exe. 3
bonds are marketable securities which are sold to investors by economic entities for raising money with a promise to pay interest regularly and repay the principal when it is due. a bond certificate is issued as proof of the obligation.
stocks are marketable securities publicly issued by corporations as a proof of the identity and rights of stockholders to acquire dividends.
portfolio usually refers to the combination of stocks, bonds and other marketable securities owned by individual or institutional investors.
in line with the consequences caused by risks, we can divide risks into pure risks and speculative risks.
life insurance is a kind of insurance using a person’s life, body or health as the object insured.
exe. 4
期权合约指的是期权持有人有权在约定的时间内买进或卖出约定数量的股票或其他金融资产的合约。
投资者的态度会随经济活动的变化而变化，政府也会做出加速或减缓经济发展的努力，这些都会使市场状况发生变化。
被保险人遭受损失后，必须及时通知保险公司，提出索赔要求，才有可能获得赔偿。
责任保险是在被保险人给他人造成人身伤害或财产损失而依法应负损害赔偿责任时，由保险人承担其赔偿责任的保险。
风险管理是对一个组织的风险和不确定性状况进行识别、评价、分析其原因及后果的综合管理过程。风险管理的目的在于使组织以最
直接、最高效的路径朝其目标迈进。
key to exercise of unit 9
exe. 2
1. managers, investors, creditors, government agencies
2. bookkeeping, accountants, public accountants, certified public accountants (cpas), private accountants, certified management accountants (cmas), auditors
3. accounting equation, double-entry bookkeeping, end-of-period adjustments
4. assets, liabilities, owners’ equity
5. revenues, expenses, net profits or losses
6. liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, debt ratios
exe. 3
1. 会计周期
2. 管理会计
3. 季度报表
4. 外部审计员
5. 营运费用
6. 应付账款
7. 资产负债表
8. 流动负债
9. 折旧费用
10. 流动比率
11. accounting equation
12. intangible assets
13. owner’s equity
14. income statement
15. net profit margin
16. debt-to assets ratio
17. last-in, first out
18. financial report
19. double-entry bookkeeping
20. fix assets
exe. 4
1. the concern of investors about earnings per share cannot
be overemphasized as the single most important barometer of financial performance.
2. indiscriminate switching of inventory valuation methods would let a company show practically any picture it wanted to on its financial reports or tax returns.
3. charging a portion of the total cost of a depreciable item ---
a building or a major piece of
equipment, for example --- to each of the years it is used results in an accurate picture of the total costs involved in the firm’s current operations.
4. intangible assets consist of copyrights, patents, trademarks, and goodwill, etc.
5. the ratios commonly found in accounting include current ratio, acid-test ratio, net profit margin, return on investment, earnings per share, debt-to-assets ratio, and the interest-coverage ratio.
【篇三：专业英语课后习题答案】
>chapter1
i.1.application software
2. -128 127
3. system software
4. hardware system software system
5.microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, supercomputers
ii. 1. false2. false 3. false 4. true 5.true
iii. (1) b (2) c (3)a(4) d
iv. (1)编码技术 (2)应用软件 (3) 浮点数据 (4)分时 (5)存储容量
viii．1.by using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols
通过应用多种编码技术，一组二进制数字不但可以表示二进制数据，而且还可以表示其它的离散符号
2.system software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs.
系统软件不仅包括技术人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，而且还
包括用于启动计算机和提供给其他程序使用的管理程序。
3.data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.
数据是数字和其他的二进制代码信息，通过处理这些数据得到所需
要的计算结果。
4.rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.
计算机能将若干字符连成串，用一些字符代替其他字符或另行处理
字符串，而不是用算术方法或逻辑方法处理字符。
5.software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and
drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a computer.
软件应用，像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、绘图程序及桌面印刷等进入商业市场，使更多的人去使用计算机。
chapter2
i. 1. the i/o subsystem
2. read only memory(rom)
3. sram
4. i/o interface
5. interrupts
ii. 1. false 2. true 3. false 4. false 5.false
iii. 1. c2. d 3. a 4. b
iv. 1.系统总线 2.虚拟存储器 3.计算机体系结构4. 指令集 5.直接存储器读取 viii.
1. by asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit
causes the cpu and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.
通过维护内部和外部控制信号的正确顺序，控制单元促使cpu和计算机的其他部件根据正确的处理指令完成操作。
2. in a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from ram to a
hard disk and are moved back only when needed.
在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序被从ram移到硬盘中，仅当需要时才被移回来。
3. a technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an
extremely fast, small cache between the cpu and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.
用于弥补操作速度的不匹配的一项技术是在cpu和内存之间采用非常快的小容量高速缓冲存储器，它的存取时间接近于处理器的逻辑时钟周期。
4. the data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the cpu, and
consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.
外部设备的数据传输速率通常比cpu的数据传输率更慢，相应的，需要一种同步机制。
5. in some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where
the beginning address of the i/o service routine is stored.
在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储i/o 服务程序其实地址的单元。
chatper3
i. 1. pipelines 2. the overlapping of computation3. the length of the vector
4. risc cisc
5. instruction stream data stream
ii. 1. false2. false 3. true4. true5. false
iii. misd,simd,mimd, sisd
iv. 1.并行处理 2.流水线处理 3.向量处理 4.标量处理器 5.向下兼容 viii. 1.the purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing capability and increase its throughout, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.
并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量，所谓吞吐量是在制定规定的时间间隔内所完成的指令。
2.流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处理几个不同的运算。
3.为了获得所需要的高性能，有必要采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理与并行处理等新技术的革新过程。
4. 总的来说，指令集中的指令书越多，cpu中的传播延迟越大。
5.尽管cisc处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定导致开发成本的增加。 chapter4
i. 1. its syntax, its semantics 2. pseudocode 3. running time4. maximum 5. list ii. a. falseb. false c. true d. false e. false
iii. 1.first, divide the original problem into a number of subproblems.
next, solve the subproblems.
2. dynamic programming
the greedy strategy
3. a binary tree can be empty, whereas a tree cannot.
each node in a binary tre has exactly two subtrees. each node in a tree can have any number of subtrees.
the subtrees of each node in a binary tree are ordered. the subtree in a tree are unordered. iv. 1.并行算法 2.穷举查找3.动态规划（动态程序设计） 4.双链表 5.二维数组
viii 1. 简而言之，算法描述所采用的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不够详细也会使交流产生问题。
2. 另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真”时，循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。
3.在众多算法中，影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入，也包括相同长度的不同输入。
4.因此，动态程序设计是一种从下而上的方法，这种方法通常先解决最小的子问题，并保存其解，再利用这些解对较大问题求解，一步一步地进行直至得到原问题的解。
5.从这种概念性的一维的方式到机器内存中的实际安排的转换是非常直接的。这些数据可以保存在由程序员想象的相同顺序的24个相邻的内存单元中。
chapter5
i．1. user documentation, operator documentation, programmer documentation
2. program
3. machine language
4. 4gls
5. natural languages ii. 1. false 2. false 3. false 4. true5. true
iii1. the first step: problem definition
the second step: program design
the third step: program coding the fourth step: program testing the fifth step: program documentation and maintenance 2. machine language、assembly language、high-level language、very-high-level language、natural language
3. high-level language programs are compiled, assembly language programs are assembled.
high-level languages are platform-independent, the same high-level source code can be compiled to run on different microprocessor and operating systems. each assembly language is specific to one microprocessor and assembly language programs usually run on only one platform. iv. 1.派生类 2.继承 3.标记语言4. 超链接 5.java虚拟机
viii. 1.与程序设计相关的每一个人-用户、操作员和程序员都需要文档。
2.而是，用高级语言或者汇编语言编写的程序被转换成机器语言，
然后由计算机执行。
3.相应的程序建立了精确的过程，或者执行序列，并且程序员必须
按照正确的执行序列来解决问题。
4.4gls可能并不能完全替换掉第三代语言是因为她们通常集中解决
专门的任务并因此可供的选择很少。
5. 继承是一种方法，通过它，类的对象可以访问以前精确定义过的
类中的成员变量和函数，而不用重新声明那些定义。
chapter6
i. 1. shell 2. memory management3. process control block 4. blocked 5. prevention, detection, avoidance
ii. 1. false 2. true 3. false 4. false 5. true
iii. 1.operating system, utility software, language translators.
2. the operating systems as a user/computer interface
the operating systems as resource manager
3.deadlock is the blocking of a set of processes that either compete for system resources or communicate with each other.
there are three general approaches to dealing with deadlock: prevention, detection and avoidance.
4. process management
mutual exclusion
deadlock
memory management
uniprocessor scheduling
multiprocessor and real-time schelduling
i/o management
file management
iv. 1.图形用户界面 2. 进程控制块 3. 互斥 4. 信号量 5. 并发进程
viii． 1.安装实用软件大都包括用于执行动作的程序，这些动作对于
计算机的安装非常重要但是没有包括在操作系统之中。
2.现代的外壳程序是通过图形用户界面（gui）来完成这一工作的，
在图形界面中要操作的诸如文件和程序等对象是在计算机屏幕上以
图形化的图标方式表示的。
3. 分时系统的基本技术是要有多个用户通过终端同时使用这一系统，操作系统在一个短暂的时间片内定时交替执行每一个用户程序。
4.实时的进程或任务是指那种运行时要与一些处理或函数或者计算
机系统以外的一系列事件相联系，并且它必须满足一个或多个时间
界限来与外部环境有效地和正确地交互的进程或任务。
5.它提供了与windows 9x类似的用户界面，是一个多任务、多进
程的操作系统，它在系统内提供了对大型计算机网络的支持-这就是说，windows nt是一个多用户系统。
chapter7
i．1. word processing 2. scrolling 3.application
software4.spreadsheet 5.groupware ii. 1. true2. true 3. false 4. false 5. false
iii. 1.macro2. cell 3.function4.workflow software 5.integrated software iv. basic productivity software
business and specialty software
entertainment software
education/reference software
viii. 1.应用软件是设计用来帮助你们解决专用于商业或执行专门商
业任务的软件。
2. 虽然应用软件包在特定命令和功能的使用上不同，绝大多数应用
软件有一些共同的特征。
3.许多应用软件程序允许你从一个文件中复制一项然后粘贴到另一
个文件或应用程序中，或者复制一项然后把它放置在同一文档的另
一个位置。
4.用户在打印之前可以在屏幕上以所见即所得的方式完成这些操作。
5.值得一提的是来自于生产商的文字处理程序（实际上绝大多数的
应用程序）具有默认设置。
chapter8
1. a. field, data item
b. record key, storage address
c. accurate, consistent, up to date.
d. record key or identifier
2. (a) false(b) true (c) true
3. (1) e (2)f(3)h(4) g (5)a(6) b (7) c(8) d(9)j(10) i(11) k
(12) m (13) n (14) l
4. (1) c (2) c
5. a. data redundancyb. lack of integrityc. lack of program independence
6. a. serialb. sequentialc. randomd. indexed
chapter8
i. 1. data dictionary 2. database3. dba 4. instance
5. data independence, logical data independence, logical data independence
ii. 1. true2. false 3. true 4. false 5. true
iii. database management
data model
data independence
data dictionary
data-manipulation language(dml)
iv.(1). view level (2). logical level (3). physical level
viii. 1. 由于文件和程序是由不同的程序员创建的，因此不同的文件
可能采用不同的格式，不同的程序也可能是采用不同的计算机语言
来编写。
2. 接下来看一看数据库系统为了解决上述问题而提出的概念和算法。
3. 尽管在逻辑层使用了比较简单的结构，但由于数据库的规模巨大，所以仍存在一定程度
的复杂性。
4. 在回过头来看一下customer记录类型的定义，注意，我们只是
定义了customer类型而没
有定义任何变量。
5. 确保原子性和持久性的属性是数据库本身的任务，更确切一些，
是事务管理部件的任
务。
chapter9
i. 1. software engineering 2. abstraction 3. prototyping4. software life cycle 5. requirement
ii. 1. true 2. true 3. false 4.false5.false
iii. (5) software engineering
(1) system architecture
(4) case
(3) unit testing
(2) software process
iv. (1) requirements analysis and definition
(2) system design
(3) program design