外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译第1课对外贸易
第1课中国的对外贸易
China in the Market Place 市场经济中的中国
一、 Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas linksb5E2RGbCAP 巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of the People’s Republic.During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialisation programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.The Great Leap Forward of 1958-1959 initially produced gains in agricultural and industrial production, but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests (1959-1961> with the result that national income and the volume of foreign trade contracted during 1960-1962.p1EanqFDPw 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换 取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化工程。1958~1959年的“大跃进”最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961>加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。DXDiTa9E3d The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towardsJapan and Western Europe.A consistent theme of China’s foreign trade policies has been the strong emphasis which has been placed on developing trade relations with the Third World countries.RTCrpUDGiT 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。5PCzVD7HxA The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976> when agricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints限制 became more serious.jLBHrnAILg “文化大革命”期间<1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。xHAQX74J0X Foreign trade, which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme, has grown rapidly over the past few years.A major trade agreement with Japan, under which China exports coal and oil in return for industrial equipment and technology was signed in February 1978 .China also signed a long-term trade agreement with the EEC in 1978 while trade with the USA has increased rapidly in the wake of继什么之后the normalization of diplomatic relations at the beginning of 1979.The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force<解释：施行）in February 1980, accords授予 China most-favoured nation treatment.<最惠国待遇）LDAYtRyKfE 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口煤和石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。Zzz6ZB2Ltk Breakdown分类 A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels <燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, food products for 13 per cent, textile fibres and mineral ores for 7 per cent and manufactured goods (the most important products were textiles, chemicals and machinery and transport equipment> for 55 per cent.Since the founding of the People’s Republic， strong emphasis has been placed on importing capital equipment in order to strengthen the industrial sector.But the leading categories of imports in 1982 were food, which accounted for 22 per cent of the total, light manufactured items with a share of 20 per cent and machinery and transport equipment with 17 per cent.dvzfvkwMI1 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%<最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备以便加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。rqyn14ZNXI During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities<权威、权力）has been to reduce<减少）the proportion<比例） of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products.A wide variety<多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry,food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.EmxvxOtOco 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设工程SixE2yXPq5 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化 The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately <大约）11 per cent per annum.As a result, the visible trade ‘surplus<有形贸易顺差） rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983.Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979.Official<官方）recognition<承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy.Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton.6ewMyirQFL 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业工程推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。kavU42VRUs The pattern of foreign trade growth was reversed in 1984: the value of exports increased by 10 per cent, but imports jumped 38 per cent with the result that the visible trade account was in deficit by US $ 1.1 billion.The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant上升的economic activity as well as to the success of the Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.y6v3ALoS89 1984年外贸发展模式出现反向发展，出口值增长10%，进口值急剧上升到38%，结果有形贸易支出出现逆差，达11亿美元。去年进口的大幅度上升归因于政府的贸易政策和对外贸易政策的成功以及区域升温的经济活动。M2ub6vSTnP Direction of Trade 贸易方向 Hong Kong is China’s major export market accounting for approximately<大约） 26 per cent of total exports in 1983 (though much is re-exported to other destinations from there>.Other important markets include Japan, with a share of 20 per cent in 1983, and the USA with approximately 8 per cent.The EEC’s share of China’s exports has generally been around 11-12 per cent over the past few years (the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom>, while theproportion destined指定for the Comecon countries declined from almost 15 per cent in 1978 to 6 per cent in 1983.The non-oil developing countries (excluding Hong Kong> accounted for 23 per cent of China’s total exports in 1983.0YujCfmUCw 香港是中国的主要出口市场，1983年约占总出口的26%<尽管许多出口商品从那里再出口到其他地方）。其他重要的出口市场包括日本，1983年占20%；还有美国，占总出口近8%。过去几年欧共体展中国出口额大约11-12%<欧共体内主要的出口市场是德国和英国），出口到经互会国家的比例从1978年的约15%下降到6%。1983年非石油国家<不包括香港）占中国出口总额的23%。eUts8ZQVRd In sharp contrast<鲜明对比）the developing countries provided less than 15 per cent of China’s imports in 1983.The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan, with a share of 26 per cent, and the USA with 13 per cent.The EEC’s share in 1983 was 15 per cent and that of Comecon 8.2 per cent.sQsAEJkW5T 1983年发展中国家给中国提供的进口不到15%，与发达国家形成鲜明对比。工业国家中对中国来说最大的供应国是日本，占26%；其次是美国，占13%。1983年欧共体国家占15%，经互会国家占8.2%。GMsIasNXkA The successful outcome to negotiations<谈判）between Britain and China about the future<未来） of Hong Kong will strengthen<加强）Sino-British relations and is expected to boost<推动）trade between the two countries.A large British economic and trade delegation<代表团）, headed by Lord Young, Minister without Portfolio<不管大臣）, visited China in March.The value of Chinese exports to Britain, which rose rapidly between 1977 and 1980, declined in 1981-1982, but recovered strongly in 1983。imports from the United Kingdom followed a similar pattern<相似的样式）.The most important Chinese exports to Britain in 1983 were clothing, textile fibres<纺织品纤维）, tea and food products while the leading British exports included iron and steel<铁和钢）, machinery and transport equipment, scientific instruments, chemicals and textile fibres.TIrRGchYzg 中英关于香港未来谈判的成功将会加强中英关系并有望促进两国贸易。有不管大臣杨勋爵率领的一个大型英国经济和贸易代表团3月份访问了中国。中国出口到英国的总值在1977-1980期间迅速增长。1981-1982年间下滑，但1983年恢复很快；从英国的进口基本上也是一样。1983年中国出口到英国的最重要的物品是服装、纺织纤维、茶叶和食品；英国的主要出口商品包括钢铁、机械及运输设备、科学仪器、化工产品和纺织纤维。7EqZcWLZNX Chinese officials stress<着重）the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry<国内的工业）, but the need is for technology of varying<不同的）degrees of sophistication, not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.lzq7IGf02E 中国政府重视向国内的工业引进先进的的技术，但是需要的是各种各样的高精尖技术，，而不一定是西方人所理解的先进技术。zvpgeqJ1hk Reserves Rise 储备增加 There are no official statistics covering the invisible account of the balance of payments, but the size of the visible trade surplus<过剩的）during 1981-1983 and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest<表明）that the current account<经常工程）has been in surplus over the past few years.NrpoJac3v1 关于国际收支的无形贸易收支目前还没有官方统计资料，但是1981-1983年间的有形贸易顺差规模以及公布的旅游收益增加表明，在过去几年中经常工程一直是顺差。1nowfTG4KI Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately<近似地, 大约）US $ 2.5 billion at end –1980 to US $ 17.0 billion (sufficient<充分的, 足够的） for approximately eight months’imports> by October 1984.Approximately US 12 billion of the country’s reserves are held by the central bank, the People’s Bank of China, while the balance is controlled by the Bank of China which specialises in foreign exchange business.Individual<个别的, 单独的） cities must try to balance their foreign exchange earnings and requirements, but there is some scope for purchasing<购买） additional foreign exchange with Renminbi yuan.The authorities<权力）are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the next few years as a means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology.fjnFLDa5Zo 外汇储备从1980年底的近25亿美元迅速上升到1984年10月的170亿美元<足以用于近8个月的进口）。约120亿美元的外汇储备由中央银行及中国银行拥有，剩余部分由专门从事外汇业务的的中国银行控制。各个城市必须平衡各自得外汇盈余和所需，但是允许用人民币购买额外的外汇。政府愿意在未来的几年中允许减少国家的国际储备，作为加速引进外国技术的一种途径。tfnNhnE6e5 China has shown a much more flexible approach to foreign trade over the past few years and has adopted a series of measures designed to strengthen international economic co-operation.Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China itself has participated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad.Since the late 1970s China has also adopted foreign trade practices long-established in many other countries, Good are produce according to a sample provided by the customer, while strong encouragement is given to compensation trade where by a foreign seller supplies raw materials<原料）and equipment and receives manufactured goods, produced by the equipment provided, in https://www.360docs.net/doc/f411967381.html,pensation trade differs from barter or counter-trade insofar as there is a direct link between the equipment supplied from abroad and the manufactured product.Assembly manufacturing began in 1978 and particular forms of foreign grade are eligible for exemption from customs duties and taxation.HbmVN777sL 在过去的几年中，中国的对外贸易表现出非常灵活的方式，并采取了一系列措施，用以加强国际经济合作。鼓励外国在中国举办商品展览，中国自己也参与了一系列在国外举办的商品展览交易会。自从20世纪70年代末以来，中国也采纳了许多国家早已建立的对外贸易惯例。根据顾客所提供的样品生产货物，同时极力推行补偿贸易，即外商供应原材料和设备,并回收由这些设备生产的制造品。补偿贸易不同于易货贸易和反向贸易，因为在给外国所提供的设备和制造品之间有着直接的联系。始于1978年的制造业组装和特殊的对外贸易形式可以免除海关税和工商统一税。V7l4jRB8Hs Investment Encouraged 鼓励投资 A series of polices designed to encourage foreign investment have accompanied these trade reforms<改革）.A law adopted in 1979 defines<定义, 详细说明）the principles<法则, 原则）governing the rights and interests of participants in joint ventures<合资）.The China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC>, established in 1979, co-ordinates incoming foreign investment, promotes joint ventures by assisting Chinese and foreign enterprises to find suitable business partners and also has responsibility<责任, 职责） for negotiating<谈判）contracts relating to 100 per cent foreign-owned enterprises.When negotiations are complete and a joint venture contract has been agreed, it is submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for final approval.83lcPA59W9 伴随着这些贸易改革，中国政府制定了一系列鼓励外国投资的政策。1979年采用的一项法律界定了指导合资企业参与者的权利及利益的准则。建立于1979年的中国国际信托投资公司协调外来投资，通过帮助中外企业找到合适的商业伙伴推进合资企业的发展，并负责与独资企业通过谈判签订合同。当谈判结束，统一签订合资企业合同时，该合同要提交到对外经济贸易部最后审批。mZkklkzaaP China’s cautious<谨慎的, 小心的）approach to foreign borrowing <借款）is to be maintained<维持,）, at least for the time being.The debt<债务, 罪过） problems confronting<面对, 面对面, 对质） a number of developing countries have reinforced<加强） China’s determination<决心, 果断） to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.Foreign investment is advantageous<有利的）insofar<在...的范围）as it facilitates the transfer of technology and skills and avoids creating an overhang of debt.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy, such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints, have been tackled.(解决> China’s access 进权使用to substantial大量的 sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms.AVktR43bpw 中国借用外款的谨慎态度还要继续维持下去，至少暂时是这样。许多发展中国家所面对的债务问题加强了中国通过直接投资和由卖方提供付款方式来引进外资，而不是通过国际资本市场筹集大额资金来引进外资的决心。外国投资具有优越性，因为它可推进技术转 让，避开债务威胁。中国当局认为，除非经济中的许多实际障碍，比如欠发达的交通网和能源限制得到解决，否则招致巨额外债是不适当的。中国对世界银行相当数额的享用权也减少了按商业条件借款的必要性。ORjBnOwcEd China has borrowed almost US $ 2 billion from the World Bank and its affiliates, but a substantial proportion of these loans are still to be disbursed.支出，付出Figures compiled by the OECD and the Bank for International Settlements show borrowings from western commercial banks of approximately US $ 2 billion, but also show that the bulk of China’s foreign obligations consist of non-bank trade related credits which exceed US $ 4 billion.2MiJTy0dTT 中国从世界银行及其附属机构借款近20亿美元，但这些贷款的相当比率还有待支付。经济合作和发展组织与国际清算银行收集的数字表明，中国从西方商业银行的借款近20亿美元，但是这些数字也表明，中国外债的绝大部分是卖方信贷，共超过40亿美元。gIiSpiue7A While there are limited lending opportunities in the short-term, there appears considerable scope for foreign banks to undertake profitable business over the longer term.The need to develop business relationships with Chinese enterprises and government officials, which have persuaded 说服 a large number of foreign banks to open representative offices in Beijing or other parts of China.uEh0U1Yfmh 尽管从短期来看，存在有限的借出机会，但是长远看来外国银行进行有利可图的商业活动还是很有前景的。由于需要与中国企业和政府官员发展商业，一大批外国银行在北京和中国的其他地方设立了代办处。IAg9qLsgBX ----From China Now Spring 1985, No.112 ----摘自《当今中国》<1985年春，第112期）二、Words and Expressions initially ad.最初；开头 subsequently ad.随后；后来；接着 exacerbate v.使加剧；使恶化 contract v.收缩；缩小 disrupt v.扰乱；使中断 constraint n.约束；限制 in the wake of 紧紧跟随；在...后 accord v.授予；给予 breakdown n.分类 sector n.部分；部门 category n.种类；类 item n.工程；项 balance n.<收支等的）平衡；均衡 per annum <拉丁语）每年 undue a.过度的；不应有的 strain n.重负；过度的要求 reverse v.倒转；反向 in deficit 赤字；逆差 attribute v.把...归因于；把...归于 buoyant a.趋于上升的 destination n.目的地；终点 destine v.预定；指定 decline v.下降；减少 outcome n.结果；结局 boost v.推动；提高 Lord n.<英）勋爵 recover v.恢复；复苏 instrument n.仪器 introduce v.引进 varying a.不同的；有差异的 sophistication n.<技术、产品等的）紧密；高级；尖端term n.术语；词语 statistics n.统计资料 pronounced a.显著的；明显的 earning(s> n.收益；赢利 tourism n.旅游业 suggest v.<间接地）表示；暗示 in surplus 盈余；顺差 specialize v.专门从事 scope n.余地；机会 run-down n.减少；减缩 accelerate v.加快；增速 flexible a.灵活的 approach n.<处理问题的）方式；方法 mount v.举办；进行<活动等） fair n.商品展览会；商品交易会 practice n.惯常做法；惯例 compensation n.补偿 assembly n.装配；组装 eligible a.在法律上合格的 exemption n.免税；免除 customs duties 关税；海关税；进口税taxation n.税；税收 govern v.<法律、规律、准则等）适用于；指导approval n.批准；核准 raise (money,funds> v.筹集<款项，资金） facilitate v.使变得<更）容易；使便利 overhang n.威胁 incur v.招致；引起 bottleneck n.阻碍进展的人<或事情、情况等）；障碍tackle v.对付；处理 access n.接近<或进入）的机会；权；享用权 affiliate n.附属机构 loan n.贷款 disburse v.支付，支出 bulk n.绝大部分；主体 obligation n.债务 credit n.信贷 enterprise n.企业单位；公司 三、重点词语解释 1.pattern: model 2.exacerbate: deteriorate 3.came into force: took effect 4.objective: purpose 5.buoyant: brisk 6.scope: opportunity 7.accelebrating: speeding up 8.outcome: result 9.break down: analysis record 10.overhang: threat 四、英汉互译短语 1.industrialisation programme: 工业化工程 2.national income: 国民收入 3.volume of foreign trade: 对外贸易额 4.visible trade account: 有形贸易收支 5.invisible trade account: 无形贸易收支 6.growth rate: 增长率 7.foreign exchange: 外汇 8.trade fairs: 贸易展览会 1.贸易顺差：trade surplus 2.补偿贸品：compensation trade 3.合资企业：joint venture 4.经常工程：current account 5.计划经济：planned economy 6.出口定额：export quota 7.增长点：growth point 8.高科技产业：high-tech industries 五、重点语句 1.the overseas economic links 《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction 旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。 第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.360docs.net/doc/f411967381.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.360docs.net/doc/f411967381.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的 自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸 第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料
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