翻译作业 (2)

翻译作业 (2)
翻译作业 (2)

11.翻译转换

卡特福德

卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》(1965)是以韩礼德的阶和范畴语法为基础,卡特福德在书的第一章对其进行了大致的概括。在接下来的翻译理论中,卡特福德对文本等值和形式形式对应做了一个重要的对比。翻译等值产生的前提是源语言形式和目标语形式至少在事物的共性上有一些联系(最典型的是情景特征)(cf. 1965: 50). 在卡特福德描述的意义理论中(大部分来源于弗思的作品),人们不能说源语文本与目标语文本“具有相同的意义”,因为每种语言都有自身独有意义,其中部分包含了该语言中本身条目之间的联系:意义是不能脱离语言而存在的。翻译等值通常是根据情景来定义,而非语义。

等值的定义是相对的:“至少一些”情景特征必须是两种语言所共有的。这是因为即使非常简单的句子在两种语言中也几乎没有完全相同的情景特征。比如,

尽管英文I have arrive译为俄语, 但是两种话语中依然存在着差异:俄语表明说话人是一名女性,而且到达的方式是步行。

卡特福德也讨论了翻译规则的核心概念(1965:29-31)。作为最初的近似值,我们能够估计一个特定的源语条目译为目标语条目时的无条件概率:比如,在正常情况下我们可以说法语的dans 通常被翻译为in,但有时译为into。但是一个显性的翻译规则必须阐明每种翻译选择的条件概率:比如,在特定的具体类型的语境中dans被译为into(例如使用动态动词)。如果这个概率是一定的,即概率为数字1,那么该规则就可以成为电脑遵循的运算法则。机器翻译工作的目的,实际上是任何语言对的翻译研究,从而产生概率接近1的运算法则。当然,所面临的挑战就是对条件的阐释(包括句法的,语义的,语用的,风格的等方面的条件),在这些条件下,给定的翻译概率要达到1,或者接近1.

该书也从文化和语言学的角度讨论可译性的局限(比如双关语)。

接下来的章节重印了翻译转换的分类:即在翻译过程中发生的形式改变。这里将会对术语和缩写依次做简单陈述。卡特福德的层次包括语法,词汇,语音,词形。范畴包括下列四种:

单位——句子,小句,短语,短语,词,词素:这些单位组成了一个级阶。

结构——在一个文本中每个单位都有一个结构;比如在小句单位,结构包括主语,谓语,补语(包括宾语),状语,在词组单位中,结构成分是前置修饰语,中心词以及后置修饰语。

词类——特定类型的一组单位成分,比如“名词词组”(Ngp),“肯定动词”(vA), “疑问动词”(vI)。

系统———组系统内部的选择,比如单复数的选择,主被动语态的选择。

一个给定等级的单位是上层单位结构的成分的指数:比如,一个名词词组是主语的指数。Delicacy是用来表明细节分析程度的术语。

在回顾了各种类型的有限翻译,我们现在进行大致讨论:尤其是要对翻译时出现的一些改变或“转换”进行简要地系统性调查。“转换在”是指从源语到译语的过程中,偏离了形式的对应。两种主要的转换类型包括:(1)层次转换:(2)范畴转换。

1. 层次转换

层次转换是指源语中处于某一语言层次上的成分,在目标语中却处于另一个不同的层次。

我们已经指出了在语音和词形层次上的翻译,或者其中任一层次与语法和词汇层次上的翻译是不可能的。这些层次上的翻译绝对是排除在我们的理论之外的,我们的理论假定“相同物质的关系”是翻译等值的必要条件。现在只剩下语法和词汇层次之间的转换是翻译中唯一可能的层次转换,当然这类转换也非常普遍。

1.1

层次转换的例子有时出现在俄语和英语的动词体的翻译中。这两种语言中都有大致相同类型的体对立,在过去时中最明显:俄语中完成体和未完成体的对立,英语中一般体和进行体的对立。

然而,这两种语言的体系统中有一个重要的区别,即标志的对立不同。在俄语系统中被标记的术语是完成体,是指事件的独一无二和完成。未完成体是非标记的——换句话说就是未完成体在这些方面是相对中性的(事件可能是也可能不是独一无二的,完成的,但是无论如何未完成体与这些特点是无关的,不会明显的指明事件的“完成”)。

在英语中,标记的术语是进行体,该体明确地指出事件的发展和过程。在这一方面,一般体是中立的(事件可能处于也可能不处于发展过程之中,但是一般体不会明确地指出事件的这个方面)。

我们通过下列的表格来说明这些区别,其中俄语和英语体系统中标记的术语用矩形圈起来。

1.2

俄语和英语之间的差别导致了俄语的未完成体在译为英语的一般体和进行体时频率相同。但是两种语言中标记的术语相互之间不可译。

一个俄语作家通过使用未完成体,然后使用标记的完成体来覆盖它,会产生一种对比的效果。在这种情况下,要表达相同明显的,对比性的,涉及到事件完成的效果,在翻译成英语时,必须对词汇条目进行改变。我们用下面的例子加以说明:

这里的未完成体被完成体覆盖,既可以译为did也可以译为was doing------但是因为没有上下文对事件的发展过程做出明显参照,所以译为did会更好。因此我们可以说’What did Beltov do ...’。俄语的完成体,强调事件的完成,所以可以有效的覆盖未完成体:what did he do and complete? 但是英语标记术语一般体强调事件发生的过程,所以不能用在这里(What was be doing 很明显是不合适的)。在英语中,这种情况下我们必须使用一个不同的词汇:该词

汇在语境意义中指示事件的完成,比如achieve. 所以整个句子翻译为如下英语。

1.3

在其他语言之间的翻译中,语法和词汇之间或多或少的不完全转换的例子非常普遍。比如,英语翻译为法语是

其中英语的修饰语This是语法指示词系统中的一个术语,译为法语时为,该词是一个冠词加上一个形容词组成。这样的例子在法语中并不少见。

这里语法条目this 有一个部分的词汇翻译对等

2. 范畴转换

在2.4中(Catford, 1965), 我们指出级无限和级受限翻译:级无限翻译类似于“常规的”,“自由的”的翻译,翻译时源语与目标语的对等发生在任何合适的等级。通常情况会出现句子之间的对等,但并非总是这样,在翻译文本时,对等转换会发生在级阶的各个等级,但是经常发生在低于句子等级。我们这里所说的级受限翻译只是指在一些特殊的情况下,翻译对等被刻意的限制在句子之下的等级, 从而出现“死译”的情况,比如译文既非正规的目标语形式,也不和原文本的情景特征相关。

在一般的级无限翻译中,翻译对等的情况可能会出现在句子,从句,词组,词以及词素(比较少见)中。下面的例子就是用来说明在某种程度上,翻译对等可以出现在词素上。

然而,译者通常情况下并不能简单地在原文本和目标语文本的相同等级上实现翻译对等,一个源语的词组可能与目标语的从句对等。

等级变化(单位转换)绝不是翻译之中此类转换的惟一方式,此外还有结构,类别,系统的变化。而且这些类型的变化,尤其是结构变化甚至要比等级变化更加频繁。

我们把这种类型的变化称为范畴转换。范畴转换这一概念在翻译讨论中必不可少;但是除非源语和目标语中存在一定程度的形式对应,否则讨论范畴转换很明显是没有意义的;事实上这就是我们的理论中辨认形式对应的只要理由(cf, 1965). 范畴转换就是翻译中对形式对应的偏离。

接下来我们会对范畴转换加以讨论和说明,顺序依次是结构转换,类别转换,单位转换,内部系统转换。

翻译报告

我翻译的是该文章的前半部分,层次转换。关于卡特福德的层次转换和范畴转换的文献有很多,所以在作这篇翻译时,我先阅读了大量关于科特福德的层次转换和范畴转换的论文,同时又阅读了一些关于韩立德的阶和范畴方面的知识,这是已经对层次转换有了一个大致的认识。文中提到的层次包括语法,词汇,语音,词形,其中主要是语法和词汇这两个层次间的转换,举得例子是英语和俄语间的转换。因为之前读过一篇论文是关于概念迁移,其中的例子也是用俄语和英语词汇和语法之间的转换为例,所以在分析文中的例子时也没有很大的难度。总体说来,关于卡特福德层次转换的翻译没有很大的难度,而且文中的基本思想已经掌握。

翻译作业2及答案

The UN General Assembly, the central political forum, is composed of 193 members, including virtually all the world’s nation-states. Two thirds of its members are developing countries, which account for about three-quarters of the world’s population. Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus(一致). As a result, important agreements are often held hostage (持有人质)by narrow special interests, and most agreements are reached only by reducing them to their lowest common denominators(共同特性,分母). But the real question is whether the major countries of the world will allow democracy(民主(政治))to function at the highest level. The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security, deals with issues of the greatest political importance. The Council has only 15 members so it can meet frequently and deal with crises. Once impotence(无效)due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter. 联合国大会是最重要的政治论坛,由193个成员国组成,几乎包括了世界上所有的国家。其中三分之二为发展中国家,这些国家的人口占了全球总人口的四分之三。 大会做出决议并非易事,因为按照惯例所有的协议都必须在成员国之间达成共识。结果,一些重要协议往往因为少数国家的特殊利益而面临被否决的可能,

翻译作业2

1. Let it deceive them, then, a little longer; it can not deceive them too much. 2. We shall never get anywhere with all the criticism and fault finding. I believe in the principle "Live and let live". 3. He said that no one could beat him at tennis, but he had to eat his word after losing several games. 4. I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love. 5. In fact, one office-system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that was functioning at more than 60 percent efficiency. 6. Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and serious faults. 7. There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the

实用英文写作与翻译作业与参考答案21

实用英文写作与翻译2-1作业及参考答案 第一次作业: Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for([在数量,比例方面] 占) 39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While(尽管)the nutritional quality(营养质量)of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While (尽管)the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically(一般地;通常)eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat(饱和脂肪), and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke(中风), cancer, diabetes(糖尿病), osteoporosis-related hip fractures(与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折) and neural tube birth defects(神经管先天缺损). Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths(早亡), the department said. 参考译文:美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下 据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康,美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%,比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称:“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称:“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是,一般来说,家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明:“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份,美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食,因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善,然而,外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份,包括脂肪和饱和脂肪,也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的,如钙,纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病,中风,癌症,糖尿病,与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称,在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用,医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。 第二次作业 1、Kill one’s appetite ?Kill time ?Kill the peace ?Kill the mood ?Kill the proposal ?Kill the engine ?Kill the child with kindness 2、If the doctor had been available, the child would not have died. 3、This ticket is available in all parks. 4、I’ll have Mr. Perkin call you back as soon as he is available.

句子翻译作业2

进阶翻译练习1 1. 人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。 2. 许多学生没有意识到考试作弊的后果 3. 随着其他领域改革的进行,中国高等教育也在经历着巨大的变化。 4. 依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。 5. 一个人的实际能力才是企业所真正看重的。 6. 我们希望我们的政府采取更强硬的措施来防止传染病,比如艾滋。 7. 尽管经济危机,当局还是应该投放大量的预算去帮助有需要的人。 8. 环境中的化学废弃物会严重危害人们的健康。比如,河流中的化学排放物会疾病,基因变易甚至死亡。 9. 说句公道话,严肃性的课堂教学可以使我们学到很多知识。但用这种方式上课,学生们经常无法积极参与课堂活动。 10. 此外,大家庭也给我们提供了好的机会来培养我们的各种能力和性格。比如:合作,团队精神,独立,平等和关心他人。 11. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 12. 一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。正如那句老话:只工作不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。 13. 当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。 14. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 15. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 16. 考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。 17. 给学生评定成绩的时候,应该把他的出席情况和课堂表现考虑在内。 18. 那些赞成“竞争教育法”的人认为,要想孩子在将来的社会中生存,必须从小就灌输竞争精神。 19. 现在,之所以会有如此多的包装纸是因为我们每天消耗的比过去的家庭要多得多。 20. 我认为我们发明一种新的语言来取代英语是没有必要的. 21. 环境保护是一个如今为人们广为讨论的一个话题。 22. 笔记本电脑流行的主要原因是它操作简单。 23. 没有人能否人这一事实:教育是人生最重要的一方面。 24. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。 25. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 26. 我们必须承认,那些反对此观点的人们也有一定的道理。 27. 人们往往会和观念与自己相近的人交朋友。 28. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 29. 说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 30. 众所周知,环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。 31. 值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。 32. 例如,一些孩子花很多时间在电视机前,忽视他们的学习,户外活动甚至家庭。父母们

翻译作业(2)及作业(1)答案

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AGB Bank _________________________SWIFT Message Ack(可不翻译) ____________________________ Notification (Transmission) of Original sent to SWIFT (ACK) Network Delivery Status : Network Ack Sender :AGUBDZALXXX ALGERIA GULF BANK ALGERIA ALGIERS Receiver :PNBPCNSHXXX WACHOVIA BANK, NA CHINA SHANGHAI ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message Body: _____________________________________________________________________ _ :27: Sequence of Total(不用翻译) 1/1 :40A: Form of Documentary Credit IRREVOCABLE :20: Sender's Reference 201CD10488542 :31C: Earliest Exercise Date 100811 :40E: Applicable Rules UCP LATEST VERSION :31D: Date and Place of Expiry 101104 WACHOVIA :51A: Sending Institution(不用翻译) AGUBDZAL :50: Ordering Customer(不用翻译) SARL DISMAC

翻译作业2

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翻译作业 2

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[北语]20春《英汉/汉英翻译》作业2

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英语精读下1-2-3-6-8-9翻译作业

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