中山大学考博英语真题及答案(20002009)

中山大学肿瘤学考博历年真题

精品文档 中山大学肿瘤学 考博真题 （临床部分看万德森的临床肿瘤学；基础部分结合曾益新的肿瘤学及温伯格的癌生物学一起理解看；06及17年真题实在找不齐，抱歉。）

2002年 一、必答题 1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义 2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义 . 精品文档 3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则 4、癌变的二阶段学说 5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系 6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义 二、选答题 1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？ 2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。 3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。 4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。 5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用 6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明 7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明 8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。 9、中上段食管癌的临床表现 2003年 一、必答题 1、癌发生的二阶段学说 2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化 3、p53基因生物学特性与意义 4、信号传导通路的组成 二、选答题 5、调亡的特点及生物学意义 6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程 7、基因突变形式几检测方法 8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制 9、基因治疗策略 10、腹部肿块的类型并举例 11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结 . 精品文档 12、食道癌的X线表现 13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理

14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物 15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物 16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用 2004年 一、必答题 、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。1 、术前放疗的原则2 3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？ 5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7、信号转导的组成二、选答题 8、肺癌淋巴引流分组 9、肿瘤外科发展趋势 10、试述肿瘤的异型性 11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症 12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些 13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则 14、凋亡特征及发展机制 15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？ 16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义 17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的 18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法 19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点 20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物 . 精品文档 21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例 22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防 23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法 24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制 25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生 2005年 一、必答题 1、恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。 2、肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。 3、自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。 4、拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义？举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。 5、肿瘤多步骤转移机制。 6、细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。 二、选答题 7、从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。（何领域？何进展？反正是这 方面 8、目前抗癌药物的开发和应用，除细胞毒药物外，尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，

华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic

2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized. A. logical B. haphazard C. orderly D. tidy 【答案】B 【解析】句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当困难。haphazard 随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。orderly整齐的；有组织的。 2. Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine. A. destructive B. horrible

2019年中山大学考博英语真题

中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm

2012四川大学考博英语真题及答案详解

四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）

2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析

Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、

2018年中山大学考博英语真题

2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm

哈工大考博英语真题及答案

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre. 1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers. A.acclaimed B.claimed C.blamed D.studied 【答案】B 【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。 2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or more controversial than Margaret Mead. A.imaginative B.hard-working C.celebrated D.strong-minded 【答案】C 【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/e914039276.html,munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinary shortwave radios. A.conveniently B.reliably C.accessibly D.concisely 【答案】B 【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强

北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析

北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered