ce1-translation
2021年11月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译模拟试题及答案(2)
2021年11月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译模拟试题及答案Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (50 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 2021 to 2021. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2021, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.In 2021 and 2021 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2021, an increase of 8.2 percent since 2021. As of 2021, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2021, 35.1 percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2 percent during the 2021-2021 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2021-2021 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6 percent.Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2021, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983,the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The pass age of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 2021 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion and race is illegal.Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2021 and a public smoking ban in 2021. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.参考译文:爱尔兰共和国是西欧的一个主权国家，其国土面积为爱尔兰岛的六分之五。
CE符合性声明指南说明书
GuidelineCE Declarations of Conformityusing the safety standards EN IEC 62368-1:2020 (3rd edition) and IEC 62368-1:2018 (3rd edition) respectivelyGuideline CE Declarations of Conformity using the safety standards EN IEC 62368-1:2020 (3rd edition) and IEC 62368-1:2018 (3rd edition) respectivelyAuthors:Bargel Matthias MTM Power Messtechnik Mellenbach GmbHGeorgius Holger Eltek Deutschland GmbHHeuermann Malte BLOCK Transformatoren-Elektronik GmbHHüger Philipp TDK-Lambda Germany GmbHKlemm Clemens Siemens AGLeible Erich J. Schneider Elektrotechnik GmbHLühring André BLOCK Transformatoren-Elektronik GmbHPfaff Jean-Luc SOCOMEC GmbHRaspotnig Michael PULS GmbHRoberts Steve RECOM Electronic GmbH & Co. KGSchmitt Gunter Eltek Deutschland GmbHUludag Timur Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG (Arbeitsgruppen-Vorsitzender) Wagner Stefan WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KGWaser Bernd Murrelektronik GmbHWöhl Bernhard inpotron Schaltnetzteile GmbHPublisher:ZVEI Germ an Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ AssociationTransformers & Power Supplies DivisionLyoner Str. 9 • 60528 Frankfurt am MainResponsible:Dr.-Ing. Rolf WinterPhone: +49 69 6302-402E-Mail:***************•/tusMarch 2021, 1. EditionThis work including all its parts are protected by copyright.Any use outside the narrow limits of copyright law is notpermitted without the publisher's consent.This applies in particular to duplication, translation, micro-filming and storage and processing in electronic systems.Table of contents1. Introduction (2)2. Alternative Options (2)3. Sample DoCs (4)1. IntroductionThe use of harmonised standards for Declarations of Conformity for CE marking has the advantage that there is a presumption of conformity and it can therefore be assumed that the safety objectives of the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) are met for such certified products. As a rule, therefore, one should use harmonised standards where possible.Due to the current delays in listing updated harmonised standards in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU), manufacturers of electrical equipment find themselves in a dilemma. The version of the harmonised safety standard EN 62368-1:2014 (second edition) currently listed in the OJEU lags behind the internationally recognised state of the art. Unfortunately, it may be some time before EN IEC 62368-1:2020 (third edition) or an equivalent is listed as a harmonised standard. The reason for the delay in the inclusion of this updated edition is not due to safety concerns about this standard, but to formal criticisms from EU member states regarding some of the detailed wording in some of the clauses which are being currently addressed by the HAS consultative process.Manufacturers of power supplies currently have to carry out assessments according to both the current and the already obsolete editions of the 62368-1 standard in order to meet both the international and European safety requirements.An assessment according to two different versions of the same standard prolongs the design process and creates additional work and cost.2. Alternative OptionsInstead of a complete assessment, test report and certification according to different variants of the 62368-1 standard (Option1), the intention of this guide is to show two simpler alternative options.In concrete terms, the following versions of the 62368-1 safety standard are of interest:- IEC 62368-1:2018(also known as third edition), suitable for international applications (CB Reports)- EN 62368-1:2014 + AC:2015(often also called second edition), a harmonised standard suitable for Europeanapplications with corresponding presumption of conformity- EN IEC 62368-1:2020the most up-to-date EN standard, but not yet harmonised (not yet listed in the Official Journal of the EU)From a practical point of view, the following procedures are available:Option 1: (Current Recommendation)Certify the power supply according to EN 62368-1:2014 + AC:2015 + A11:2017 Disadvantage: does not apply outside the EU as this version is now obsolete Advantage: easiest way to demonstrate LVD (2014/35/EU) presumption of conformity as this version is listed in the OJEU as a harmonised standard.Option 2: (Alternative 1)Certify the power supply according to the non-harmonised standard IEC 62368-1:2018. Disadvantage: not OJEU listed, so it needs a delta analysis to demonstrate LVD conformity based on the IEC 62368-1:2018 testing results and a product-specific assessment. Advantage: most up-to-date version of the standard outside of the EU (also offered as a combined certification with UL 62368-1, 3rd. Ed.)Option 3: (Alternative 2)Certify the power supply according to the non-harmonised standard EN IEC 62368-1:2020. Disadvantage: not OJEU listed, so it needs a Delta Analysis1 to demonstrate LVD conformity based on the EN IEC 62368-1:2020 testing results and a product-specific assessment.Advantage: can be done without using the CB scheme, which saves cost, and prepares for the possible listing of this version in OJEU in the future.For each of these three options, you will find corresponding sample Declarations of Conformity documents listed below.1 The Delta Analysis aims at identifying and comparing the differences of the standard 62368-1 in its different variants (IEC, EN, EN IEC) and editions (Edition 2, Edition 3) - with regard to a specific product, possibly also to a specific application.Caution! This is not the equivalent of a risk analysis, which stands for an in-depth analysis of the risks of the device and their consequences for health.CENELEC Guide-32 provides guidance and assessment criteria for this.The risk analysis must always be carried out in the course of assessing the compliance of the equipment with 2014/35/EU.3. Sample DoCsBelow are sample Declaration of Conformity documents for power supplies issued in accordance with EMC, LVD and RoHS, in which reference is made to one of the three editions of standards mentioned above (the other standards mentioned are to be understood as examples).As no specific language is required for the declaration of conformity in the above three directives, the manufacturer is initially free to choose it. In individual cases, market surveillance authorities can demand a translation that they understand. Many authorities accept the English language.Option 1Does not require further consideration as the presumption of conformity is given by the listing of the harmonised standard in the Official Journal.This option should be selected if a CB Scheme or a test report according to IEC 62368-1: 2018 is available as a basis. The national deviations for the European member states must be observed.This option is advantageous if a test report according to EN IEC 62368-1: 2020 is available as a basis and the cost of applying for a CB Scheme report is not economical:。
CE中英文
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/42/EECof 14 June 19931993年6月14日理事会第93/42/EEC号指令concerning medical devices关于医疗器械THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,欧洲共同体理事会Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof, 依据欧洲经济体所制订的罗马条约, 特别是第100a条规定Having regard to the proposal from the Commission依据执委会的建议案In cooperation with the European Parliament配合欧洲议会Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,依据经济暨社会委员会的意见Whereas measures should be adopted in the context of the internal market; whereas the internal market is an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured;鉴于内部市场的完成应采取一些措施; 鉴于内部市场是一无内部疆界的区域, 区域内的货物, 人员, 服务及资金应可自由流通Whereas the content and scope of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions in force in the Member States with regard to the safety, health protection and performance characteristics of medical devices are different; whereas the certification and inspection procedures for such devices differ from one Member State to another; whereas such disparities constitute barriers to trade within the Community;鉴于各会员国间现存有关医疗器械的安全, 对健康的保护及使用特性方面的法律, 法规及行政命令的内容与范围不尽相同; 鉴于各会员国对此器械的验证及检验程序也不相同; 鉴于前述的分歧将阻碍共同体内的贸易活动;Whereas the national provisions for the safety and health protection of patients, users and, where appropriate, other persons, with regard to the use of medical devices should be harmonized in order to guarantee the free movement of such devices within the internal markert;鉴于医疗器械的使用对病患, 使用者, 甚至其他人有关安全及健康保护的相关国家规定应加以调和, 以保证此类器械在内部市场能自由流通;Whereas the harmonized provisions must be distinguished from the measures adopted by the Member States to manage the funding of public health and sickness insurance schemes relating directly or indirectly to such devices; whereas, therefore, the provisions do not affect the ability of the Member States to implement the abovementioned measures provided Community law is complied with;鉴于调和的规定必然与各会员国采取的部分措施有所不同, 这些措施是为筹措公共健康与疾病保险计划的基金, 且直接或间接与医疗器械有关; 鉴于共同体若与上述措施相符, 则这些规定并不影响会员国落实上述措施的能力;Whereas medical devices should provide patients, users and third parties with a high level of protection and attain the performance levels attributed to them by the manufacturer; whereas, therefore, the maintenance or improvement of the level of protection attained in the Member States is one of the essential objectives of this Directive;鉴于医疗器械应提供病患, 使用者及第三者高度的保护, 且应该达到厂商所要求的性能水准; 鉴于维持或改进各会员国对病患等保护的程度乃本指令目的的一;Whereas certain medical devices are intended to administer medicinal products within the meaning of Council Directive 65/65/EEC of 26 January 1965 on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to proprietary medicinal products; whereas, in such cases, the placing on the market of the medical device as a general rule is governed by the present Directive and the placing on the market of the medicinal product is governed by Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas if, however, such a device is placed on the market in such a way that the device and the medicinal product form a single integral unit which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable, that single-unit product shall be governed by Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas a distinction must be drawn between the abovementioned devices and medical devices incorporating, inter alia, substances which, if used separately, may be considered to be a medicinal substance within the meaning of Directive 65/65/EEC; whereas in such cases, if the substances incorporated in the medical devices are liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device, the placing of the devices on the market is governed by this Directive; whereas, in this context, the safety, quality and usefulness of the substances must be verified by analogy with the appropriate methods specified in Council Directive 75/318/EEC of 20 May 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to analytical, pharmaco-toxicological and clinical standards and protocols in respect of the testing of proprietary medicinal products;鉴于部分医疗器械是符合1965年1月26日理事会第65/65/EEC号指令, 与专卖医药产品有关的法律, 法规或管理行为所订的实施规定, 鉴于医疗器械的上市基本上由本指令规范, 但医疗产品的上市则受65/65/EEC号指令规范; 鉴于若有某种器械须与其他医疗产品组成一完整的产品而上市销售, 使用, 且无法二次使用时, 则该组合产品应受65/65/EEC 号指令规范; 鉴于前述的医疗器械和包含医疗物质且该物质单独使用时符合65/65/EEC号指令规定的医疗器械应加以区别; 鉴于前述包含于医疗器械的医疗物质若对人体产生作用以辅助医疗器械的作用时, 则该医疗器械的上市应由本指令规范; 鉴于1975年5月20日75/318/EEC号理事会指令[制定各会员国在测试专利医疗产品方面有关分析药物毒性和临床的标准及调查书的法律调和], 医疗物质的安全, 品质及效用在前述情况下则须依该指令明定的适当方法加以证实;Whereas the essential requirements and other requirements set out in the Annexes to this Directive, including any reference to 'minimizing' or 'reducing' risk must be interpreted and applied in such a way as to take account of technology and practice existing at the time of design and of technical and economical considerations compatible with a high level of protection of health and safety;鉴于本指令附录所订的基本要求及其他要求, 包括[最低]或[降低]危险部分的应用, 应考虑设计当时的科技及实施情形, 并在符合健康和安全高度保护的原则下考虑技术及经济的因素;Whereas, in accordance with the principles set out in the Council resolution of 7 May 1985 concerning a new approach to technical harmonization and standardization, rules regarding the design and manufacture of medical devices must be confined to the provisions required to meet the essential requirements; whereas, because they are essential, such requirements should replace the corresponding national provisions;鉴于为符合1985年5月7日理事会决议中有关技术调和与标准化新方针所订定的原则, 有关医疗器械的设计及执照应遵守相关条款以符合基本要求; 鉴于这些要求属基本要求, 所以应取代对应的国家规定;whereas the essential requirements should be applied with discretion to take account of the technological level existing at the time of design and of technical and economic considerations compatible with a high level of protection of health and safety;鉴于基本要求的落实应谨慎考虑设计当时的科技水准, 并在符合健康和安全高度保护的原则下考虑技术及经济的因素;Whereas Council Directive 90/385/EEC of 20 June 1990 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to active implantable medical devices is the first case of application of the new approach to the field of medical devices; whereas in the interest of uniform Community rules applicable to all medical devices, this Directive is based largely on the provisions of Directive 90/385/EEC; whereas for the same reasons Directive 90/385/EEC must be amended to insert the general provisions laid down in this Directive;鉴于1990年6月20日通过的90/385/EEC号[各会员国有关主动植入式医疗器械法律调和] 的理事会指令是第一个应用在医疗器械方面的新方法指令; 鉴于为使共同体规定适用于所有的医疗器械, 本指令基本上是以90/385/EEC号指令的条款为依据; 鉴于90/385/EEC号指令,因此也必须增加本指令所列的一般条款的部分;Whereas the electromagnetic compatibility aspects form an integral part of the safety of medical devices; whereas this Directive should contain specific rules on this subject with regard to Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility;鉴于医疗器械的电磁相容性是整个产品安全的一部分; 鉴于本指令因此须包括1989年5月3日89/336/EEC号[各会员国有关电磁相容性法律调和]的理事会指令中所制订的特定规定;Whereas this Directive should include requirements regarding the design and manufacture of devices emitting ionizing radiation; whereas this Directive does not affect the authorization required by Council Directive 80/836/Euratom of 15 July 1980 amending the Directives laying down the basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionizing radiation, nor application of Council Directive 84/466/Euratom of 3 September 1984 laying down basic measures for the radiation protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment; whereas Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work and the specific directives on the same subject should continue to apply;鉴于本指令应包含释放电离辐射医疗器械设计及制造的相关要求; 鉴于本指令不影响1980年7月15日80/836/Euratom 理事会指令所需要的授权, 该指令目的在修订为保护大众及工作人员健康, 防止电离辐射危险而制订基本安全标准的其他指令; 本指令亦不影响1984年9月3日84/466/Euratom号[制订保护人员在医疗检查或治疗中不受辐射影响的基本方法] 理事会指令的适用; 鉴于1989年6月12日89/391/EEC号理事会指令[鼓励改善工作场所中工人的安全与健康]及其他相关主题的指令应持续适用;Whereas, in order to demonstrate conformity with the essential requirements and to enable conformity to be verified, it is desirable to have harmonized European standards to protect against the risks associated with the design, manufacture and packaging of medical devices; whereas such harmonized European standards are drawn up by private-law bodies and should retain their status as non-mandatory texts; whereas, to this end, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (Cenelec) are recognized as the competent bodies for the adoption of harmonized standards in accordance with the general guidelines on cooperation between the Commission and these two bodies signed on 13 November 1984;鉴于为证明符合基本要求并使该符合性得以落实, 有必要建立调和的欧洲标准, 以避免医疗器械在设计, 制造及包装上所可能带来的危险, 鉴于调和的欧洲标准由私人立法机构制订, 而且应维持自愿性质; 鉴于欧洲标准化委员会(CEN) 及欧洲电工标准化委员会(CENELEC) 被认为是制订调和标准有能力的团体(competent bodies),而此标准符合1984年11月13日执委会与上述两团体所签订的合作纲要为基础的一般指导原则;Whereas, for the purpose of this Directive, a harmonized standard is a technical specification (European standard or harmonization document) adopted, on a mandate from the Commission, by either or both of these bodies in accordance with Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations, and pursuant to the abovementioned general guidelines; whereas with regard to possible amendment of the harmonized standards, the Commission should be assisted by the Committee set up pursuant to Directive 83/189/EEC; whereas the measures to be taken must be defined in line with procedure I, as laid down in Council Decision 87/373/EEC; whereas, for specific fields, what already exists in the form of European Pharmacopoeia monographs should be incorporated within the framework of this Directive; whereas, therefore, several European Pharmacopoeia monographs may be considered equal to the abovementioned harmonized standards;鉴于为达本指令目的, 调和标准是前述机构接获理事会命令后, 依理事会1983年3月28日通过的83/189/EEC号指令[有关制订技术标准及法规资讯提供的程序]而采纳的技术规范(欧洲标准或调和文件, 符合前述一般纲要的规定 ; 鉴于调和标准的修正有赖于83/189/EE号指令建立的委员会的协助; 鉴于应采取的措施须依照理事会87/378/EEC号指令程序一的规定; 鉴于特殊领域中现存的欧洲药典专题论文应纳入本指令的架构中; 因此数篇欧洲药典专题论文将视其与前述调和标准有着同等的效力;Whereas, in Decision 90/683/EEC of 13 December 1990 concerning the modules for the various phases of the conformity assessment procedures which are intended to be used in the technical harmonization directives, the Council has laid down harmonized conformity assessment procedures; whereas the application of these modules to medical devices enables the responsibility of manufacturers and notified bodies to be determined during conformity assessment procedures on the basis of the type of devices concerned; whereas the details added to these modules are justified by the nature of the verification required for medical devices;鉴于理事会在1990年12月13日通过的90/683/EEC号[有关技术调和指令适用的符合评鉴程序各阶段模式]决定中制定调和的符合评鉴程序; 鉴于这些模式于医疗器械的应用, 可以依相关器械的型式决定制造商及公告机构在符合评鉴程序中应负的责任; 鉴于医疗器械的证明有必要在模式里增加细节的规定;Whereas it is necessary, essentially for the purpose of the conformity assessment procedures, to group the devices into four product classes; whereas the classification rules are based on the vulnerability of the human body taking account of the potential risks associated with the technical design and manufacture of the devices; whereas the conformity assessment procedures for Class I devices can be carried out, as a general rule, under the sole responsibility of the manufacturers in view of the low level of vulnerability associated with these products; whereas, for Class IIa devices, the intervention of a notified body should be compulsory at the production stage; whereas, for devices falling within Classes IIb and III which constitute a high risk potential, inspection by a notified body is required with regard to the design and manufacture of the devices; whereas Class III is set aside for the most critical devices for which explicit prior authorization with regard to conformity is required for them to be placed on the market;鉴于为达到符合评鉴的目的有必要将医疗器械分为四类; 鉴于分类是以考虑器械的技术设计及制造对易受伤的人体可能带来的危险程度为原则; 鉴于第I类医疗器械对人体可能产生的伤害较轻微, 其符合性评鉴程序大致可由制造商完全负责执行; 鉴于对第II(a)类医疗器械而言, 在生产阶段时公告机构的介入应属强制性质; 鉴于属于第II(b)类及第III类的医疗器械对人体具有较高的潜在危险, 因此在器械的设计及制造阶段必须有公告机构的检验; 鉴于第III类的器械皆为较特别的器械, 其一致性需在上市的前获得明确授权;Whereas in cases where the conformity of the devices can be assessed under the responsibility of the manufacturer the competent authorities must be able, particularly in emergencies, to contact a person responsible for placing the device on the market and established in the Community, whether the manufacturer or another person established in the Community and designated by the manufacturer for the purpose;鉴于器械的一致性如能由制造商负责评鉴, 相关主管机关, 特别是紧急状况时, 应能联络到一位设于共同体内负责将器械在市场上销售的人员, 该人员可以是制造商本人或其他设于共同体内经制造商授权的人员;Whereas medical devices should, as a general rule, bear the CE mark to indicate their conformity with the provisions of this Directive to enable them to move freely within the Community and to be put into service in accordance with their intended purpose;鉴于医疗器械应附加CE标志, 表示其符合本指令的条款, 而得以在共同体市场上自由流通并依其设计的目的使用;Whereas, in the fight against AIDS and in the light of the conclusions of the Council adopted on 16 May 1989 regarding future activities on AIDS prevention and control at Community level, medical devices used for protection against the HIV virus must afford a high level of protection; whereas the design and manufacture of such products should be verified by a notified body;鉴于为抵抗爱滋病, 并顾及理事会于1989年5月16日采纳有关共同体层次未来防止暨控制爱滋病相关活动的结论, 用于防止HIV病毒感染的医疗器械应提供人体高度的保护; 此类产品的设计及制造应由公告机构的证实;Whereas the classification rules generally enable medical devices to be appropriately classified; whereas, in view of the diverse nature of the devices and technological progress in this field, steps must be taken to include amongst the implementing powers conferred on the Commission the decisions to be taken with regard to the proper classification or reclassification of the devices or, where appropriate, the adjustment of the classification rules themselves;whereas since these issues are closely connected with the protection of health, it is appropriate that these decisions should come under procedure IIIa, as provided for in Directive 87/373/EEC;鉴于前述的分类原则大多可以适当地将医疗器械分类; 鉴于医疗器械性质及相关领域技术进步的性质各异, 因此必须采取一些措施以决定授予执委会的执行权力及有关器械的分类或再分类, 或者于适当时调整分类的原则; 鉴于上述的问题与人员健康的保护有着密切的关联, 因此这些决议应依照87/373/EEC号指令程序IIIa规定;Whereas the confirmation of complicance with the essential requirements may mean that clinical investigations have to be carried out under the responsibility of the manufacturer; whereas, for the purpose of carrying out the clinical investigations, appropriate means have to be specified for the protection of public health and public order;鉴于制造商有责任执行临床调查以证明其医疗器械符合安全要求; 因此为保证大众健康及秩序应明订执行临床调查的适当方法;Whereas the protection of health and the associated controls may be made more effective by means of medical device vigilance systems which are integrated at Community level;鉴于健康的保护及相关的管制方法以在共同体层次上建立一个医疗装置警戒系统为最有效;Whereas this Directive covers the medical devices referred to in Council Directive 76/764/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on clinical mercury-in-glass, maximum reading thermometers; whereas the abovementioned Directive must therefore be repealed; whereas for the same reasons Council Directive 84/539/EEC on 17 September 1984 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electro-medical equipment used in human or veterinary medicine must be amended,鉴于理事会于1976年7月27日通过76/764/EEC号[有关各会员国水银玻璃最高温度计法律调和] 的指令中所提及的医疗器械亦受本指令规范; 前述指令因此必须撤销;基于同样原因, 理事会1984年9月17日通过的84/539/EEC号指令[有关各会员国人类或动物医疗使用的电动医疗器械法律调和],HAS ADOPTED THIS DlRECTIVE:爰制订本指令:Article 1第 1 条Definitions, scope定义, 范围1. This Directive shall apply to medical devices and their accessories. For the purposes of this Directive,accessories shall be treated as medical devices in their own right. Both medical devices and accessories shall hereinafter be termed devices.本指令适用于医疗器械及其附属物. 附属物在本指令的适用范围内亦视其为医疗器械. 两者以下皆称器械.2. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:为本指令的目地, 下列定义适用于:(a) medical device' means any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or incombination, including the software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of:[医疗器械]是指制造商设计供人类于下列情况, 不论是单独或合并使用的仪器, 设备, 器械, 材料或其他物品, 包括适当应用所需的软体, 而此种应用是厂商为人们下列的目地而订定:- diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease,诊断, 预防, 追踪, 治疗或减轻疾病,- diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap,诊断, 追踪, 治疗或修整伤处或残障部位,- investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process,解剖或生理过程中的检查, 换置或修正,- control of conception,生育控制,and which does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means;这些器械不可借药性, 免疫力或新陈代谢的方法在人体内达到其主要设计的目的, 但可用这些器械辅助其功能者;(b) 'accessory' means an article which whilst not being a device is intended specifically by its manufacturer to beused together with a device to enable it to be used in accordance with the use of the device intended by the manufacturer of the device;[附属物]是指本身不可独立使用的器械, 制造商设计附属件的目地是配合其他器械合并使用, 使该器械得以依其设计目地发生功用;(c) 'device used for in vitro diagnosis' means any device which is a reagent, reagent product, kit, instrument,equipment or system, whether used alone or in combination, intended by the manufacturer to be used in vitro for the examination of samples derived from the human body with a view to providing information on the physiological state, state of health or disease, or congenital abnormality thereof;[体外诊断用器械] 是指任何自成单位或与其他物件组合的任何试剂, 试剂品, 套装用具, 仪器, 设备或系统形态的器械. 这种器械是制造商设计作为检查人体组织标本用的器械, 以期能够提供有关其生理状况, 健康或生病或任何先天不正常等讯息;(d) 'custom-made device' means any device specifically made in accordance with a duly qualified medicalpractitioner's written prescription which gives, under his responsibility, specific design characteristics and is intended for the sole use of a particular patient.[订制的器械] 是指依照合格医疗从业人员描述的特色而特别制作的器械, 该器械是为特定病患设计且专供该病患使用.The above mentioned prescription may also be made out by any other person authorized by virtue of his professional qualifications to do so.前述的描述可以由专业资格而获授权的其他人提供.Mass-produced devices which need to be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the medical practitioner or. any other professional user are not considered to be custom-made devices;但订制的器械不包括那些为满足医疗人员或其他专业使用人要求而改装且大量生产的器械 .(e) 'device intended for clinical investigation' means any device intended for use by a duly qualified medicalpractitioner when conducting investigations as referred to in Section 2.1 of Annex X in an adequate human clinical environment.[临床调查用的器械]是指由适当的合格医疗从医人员在适当的人类临床环境中, 执行附录十第2.1.所述的调查时所使用的任何器械.For the purpose of conducting clinical investigation, any other person who, by virtue of his professional qualifications, is authorized to carry out such investigation shall be accepted as equivalent to a duly qualified medical practitioner;其他具专业资格的人员经授权执行此种临床调查将视同合格医疗从事人员所执行的临床调查;(f) 'manufacturer' means the natural or legal person with responsibility for the design, manufacture, packaging andlabelling of a device before it is placed on the market under his own name, regardless of whether these operations are carried out by that person himself or on his behalf by a third party.[制造商]是指器械以其名称上市前, 负责器械的设计, 制造, 包装及贴附标签的自然人或法人, 无论这些设计, 制造等过程是否为自然人或法人亲自执行或委托第三者执行.The obligations of this Directive to be met by manufacturers also apply to the natural or legal person who assembles, packages, processes, full refurbishes and/or labels one or more ready-made products and/or assigns to them their intended purpose as a device with a view to their being placed on the market under his own name. This subparagraph does not apply to the person who, while not a manufacturer within the meaning of the first subparagraph, assembles or adapts devices already on the market to their intended purpose for an individual patient;本指令所规定有关制造商的责任亦适用于将一个或一个以上现成的产品加以组装, 包装, 加工, 重新处理及 / 或附加标签而成一器械, 指定其用途并准备以其名称命名上市的自然人或法人. 对于那些非属前一段制造商定义者, 为个别病患的需要拼装或改装已上市销售的器械的情形不适用本段的规定;(g) 'intended purpose' means the use for which the device is intended according to the data supplied by themanufacturer on the labelling, in the instructions and/or in promotional materials;[预期的用途]是指器械须依照制造商于标签上, 说明书及/ 或促销宣称中提供的使用条件及资料;(h) 'placing on the market' means the first making available in return for payment or free of charge of a device otherthan a device intended for clinical investigation, with a view to distribution and/or use on the Community market, regardless of whether it is new or fully refurbished;[上市]是指为大量行销及 / 或于共同体市场使用的目的, 首次以金钱交易或免费赠送方式提供非临床调查用全新或重新处理过的器械的行为;(i) 'putting into service' means the stage at which a device is ready for use on the Community market for the firsttime for its intended purpose.[开始使用]是指某一器械在共同体市场首次可依原订的用途开始使用的时期.3. Where a device is intended to administer a medicinal product within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive65/65/EEC, that device shall be governed by the present Directive, without prejudice to the provisions of Directive' 65/65/EEC with regard to the medicinal product.对于用来管理65/65/EEC号指令第一条定义的医疗产品的器械, 在不侵害65/65/EEC号有关医疗产品指令条款的规定下, 该类器械应受本指令规范.If, however, such a device is placed on the market in such a way that the device and the medicinal product forma single integral product which is intended exclusively for use in the given combination and which is not reusable,that single product shall be governed by Directive 65/65/EEC. The relevant essential requirements of Annex I to the present Directive shall apply as far as safety and performance related device features are concerned.但是, 假若某种器械须与其他医疗产品组合成一完整的产品而上市销售使用, 且无法二次使用时, 该组合产品应受65/65/EEC号指令规范. 本指令附录一所列有关器械安全及性能方面的相关基本要求仍然适用.4. Where a device incorporates, as an integral part, a substance which, if used separately, may be considered tobe a medicinal product within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive 65/65/EEC and which is liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device, that device must be assessed and authorized in accordance with this Directive.如果医疗器械包含某项医疗物质, 而该物质单独使用时符合65/65/EEC号指令第一条对医疗产品的定义, 且可能对人体产生作用以辅助医疗器械的作用时, 该器械应依照本指令的规定加以评鉴并授权.5. This Directive does not apply to:本指令不适用于下列器械:(a) in vitro diagnostic devices;体外诊断器械;(b) active implantable devices covered by Directive 90/385/EEC;受90/385/EEC号指令规范的主动植入式医疗器械;(c) medicinal products covered by Directive 65/65/EEC;受65/65/EEC号指令规范的医疗产品(d) cosmetic products covered by Directive 76/768/EEC;受76/768/EEC号指令规范的化妆品;(e) human blood, human blood products, human plasma or blood cells of human origin or to devices whichincorporate at the time of placing on the market such blood products, plasma or cells;人类的血液, 血液产品, 血浆或血球, 或者上市时包含人类血液产品, 血浆或血球的器械;(f) transplants or tissues or cells of human origin nor to products incorporating or derived from tissues or cells ofhuman origin;人类的移植器官, 组织或细胞及包含或由人类组织, 细胞产生的产品;(g) transplants or tissues or cells of animal origin, unless device is manufactured utilizing animal tissue which isrendered non-viable or non-viable products derived from animal tissue.动物的移植器官, 组织或细胞; 但利用死的动物组织或其产品而制造的器械则不在此限.6. This Directive does not apply to personal protective equipment covered by Directive 89/686/EEC. In decidingwhether a product falls under that Directive or the present Directive, particular account shall be taken of the principal intended purpose of the product.本指令不包括受89/686/EEC号指令规范的个人保护装备. 而要决定某产品应受该指令规范亦受本指令规范时, 必须特别考虑该产品设计的主要目的.7. This Directive is a specific Directive within the meaning of Article 2 (2) of Directive 89/336/EEC.本指令是89/336/EEC号指令第二条第2项中所述的特定指令.8. This Directive does not affect the application of Directive 80/836/Euratom, nor of Directive 84/466/Euratom.本指令不影响80/836/Euratom指令及84/466/Euratom 指令的实施.Article 2第 2 条Placing on the market and putting into service上市及使用Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure that devices may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not compromise the safety and health of patients, users and, where applicable, other persons when properly installed, maintained and used in accordance with their intended purpose.各会员国必须采取所有必要的措施, 以确保器械依其设计的目的安装, 维护及使用时不会牺牲病患, 使用者或, 适用时, 其他人员的安全及健康后方可上市.Article 3第 3 条Essential requirements基本要求The devices must meet the essential requirements set out in Annex I which apply to them, taking account of the intended purpose of the devices concerned.器械依其设计的目的必须符合附录一所列适用的基本要求, 并顾及器械原先预期的用途.Article 4第 4 条Free movement, devices intended for special purposes自由流通及特殊目的的器械1. Member States shall not create any obstacle to the placing on the market or the putting into service within theirterritory of devices bearing the CE marking provided for in Article 17 which indicate that they have been the subject of an assessment of their conformity in accordance with the provisions of Article 11.各会员国在其领土内不得对附加第十七条所述CE标示器械的上市及使用设立任何障碍, CE 标示代表该器械已依第十一条的规定经过符合评鉴的程序.2. Member States shall not create any obstacle to:对于下列器械会员国不得设有任何障碍:- devices intended for clinical investigation being made available to medical practitioners or authorized persons for that purpose if they meet the conditions laid down in Article 15 and in Annex VIII,符合第十五条及附录八规定, 供医疗从业人员或经授权的人员执行临床调查而制造的器械- custom-made devices being placed on the market and put into service if they meet the conditions laid down in Article 11 in combination with Annex VIII; Class IIa, IIb and III devices shall be accompanied by the statement referred to in Annex VIII.符合第十一条及附录八规定上市及使用的订制器械; 属于第IIa, IIb, 及III类器械须附有附录八所提的说明资料.These devices shall not bear the CE marking.上述器械无需附加CE标示.3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc. Member States shall not create any obstacle to the showing ofdevices which do not conform to this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such devices cannot be marketed or put into service until they have been made to comply.对于未符合本指令的器械, 但有明显的标识说明该器械在未符合本指令的规定前不可上市销售或使用时, 各会员国不得妨碍其于商展中展示.4. Member States may require the information, which must be made available to the user and the patient inaccordance with Annex I, point 13, to be in their national language(s) or in another Community language, when a device reaches the final user, regardless of whether it is for professional or other use.会员国得要求专业或非专业用途的医疗器械, 其依附录一第13点规定供使用者及病患使用的相关资讯必须以该国语言或其他共同体语言书写.5. Where the devices are subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for theaffixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the devices also fulfil the provisions of the other Directives.若某器械在其他方面亦受到其他指令的规范, 且该等指令同时包含CE标示附加的说明, 则其CE标示表示该器械亦符合其他指令的条款.However, should one or more of these directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate that the devices fulfil the provisions only of those directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, the particulars of these directives, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such devices.。
汉英互译翻
汉英互译翻近年来，随着中英两国交流与合作的不断加深，汉英互译翻（Chinese-English translation）成为了一种广泛运用的语言技能。
汉英互译翻是指将中文翻译成英文或将英文翻译成中文的过程，其主要目的是实现两种语言之间的交流与沟通。
本文将探讨汉英互译翻的重要性、翻译技巧和应用领域。
一、汉英互译翻的重要性1.促进国际交流与合作作为两个经济体量巨大的国家，中英两国之间的交流与合作日益增多。
在这个背景下，如果没有一定的汉英互译翻技能，中英两国之间的交流就会受到诸多困难。
因此，一定的汉英互译翻能力有助于促进两国之间的交流与合作，进一步巩固两国的友谊。
2.拓宽就业渠道与职业发展具备汉英互译翻技能的人才，在不同领域都有广泛的就业机会，如国际贸易、外交、媒体等。
此外，翻译工作也是一种很有前途的职业，优秀的翻译人才在职业发展方面有很大的潜力。
3.推动语言和文化交流之所以存在互译翻这一技能，是因为不同语言和文化间存在很大的差异。
通过汉英互译翻，不仅可以将两个语言之间的词汇相互转换，还可以将双方的文化和思想相互传递。
这种语言和文化交流有助于增进两国之间的相互理解，推动两国之间的文化交流。
二、汉英互译翻的技巧1.翻译精神作为一种语言技能，翻译技巧自然是必不可少的，但翻译精神也是至关重要的。
翻译精神指的是在翻译过程中要保持严谨、细心和耐心。
在翻译句子的同时，要注意一些细微的差异，不要疏漏甚至忽略某些小的细节。
2.对比思维在翻译中，对比思维也是很重要的。
中英两个语言的语法、语言习惯都有所不同，但在翻译中要尽量做到准确、通顺。
因此，需要常常进行对比思维，尤其是在句子结构、时态等方面需要注意。
3.多阅读、多学习另外，多阅读、多学习也是取得好成绩的关键。
如果想要做好汉英互译翻，必须要经常进行汉英阅读。
通过阅读，可以更加深入地了解语言和语言习惯，从而为翻译工作打下良好的基础。
三、应用领域1.国际贸易随着经济全球化的不断深入，国际贸易已成为促进各国经济发展与共同繁荣的重要途径之一。
[汇编]CE指令
![[汇编]CE指令](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1f01fb38443610661ed9ad51f01dc281e53a5668.png)
CE指令[编辑本段]欧盟CE指令在过去，欧共体国家对进口和销售的产品要求各异，根据一国标准制造的商品到别国极可能不能上市，作为消除贸易壁垒之努力的一部分，CE认证应运而生。
因此，CE认证代表欧洲统一（CONFORMITE EUROPEENNE）。
事实上，CE认证还是欧共体许多国家语种中的"欧共体"这一词组的缩写，原来用英语词组EUROPEAN COMMUNITY缩写为EC，后因欧共体在法文是COMMUNATE EUROPEIA，意大利文为COMUNITA EUROPEA，葡萄牙文为COMUNIDADE EUROPEIA，西班牙文为COMUNIDADE EUROPE等，故改EC为CE。
当然，也不妨把CE认证视为CONFORMITY WITH EUROPEAN （DEMAND）谁授予CE认证标志？CE认证标志并非由任何官方当局、认证机构或测试试验室核发，而应由制造商或其代理商根据上述八种模式中的一种（或混合），自行制作和加贴。
谁对CE认证标志的正确性负责？制造商或其代理商，或欧盟成员国的进口商必须对CE认证标志的正确性负责。
CE认证标志的接受对象是谁？CE认证标志的接受对象为欧共体成员国负责实行市场产品安全控制的国家监管当局，而非顾客，当一个产品已加附CE认证标志时，成员国负责销售安全监督的当局应假定其符合指令主要要求，可在欧共体市场自由流通。
CE认证标志的意义在于：用CE认证缩略词为符号表示加贴CE认证标志的产品符合有关欧洲指令规定的主要要求（Essential Requirements），并用以证实该产品已通过了相应的合格评定程序和/或制造商的合格声明，真正成为产品被允许进入欧共体市场销售的通行证。
有关指令要求加贴CE 认证标志的工业产品，没有CE认证标志的，不得上市销售，已加贴CE认证标志进入市场的产品，发现不符合安全要求的，要责令从市场收回，持续违反指令有关CE认证标志规定的，将被限制或禁止进入欧盟市场或被迫退出市场。
2 translation theory before the twentieth century
The first written translation in China is A Song of Yue People (《越人歌》) appeared in 528 BC. Its ST and TT were recorded in Garden of Anecdotes (《说苑》) in 17 BC., which was written by Liu Xiang (刘向) (77 BC—6 BC). Up to now, the foreign-Chinese translation history can fall into four climaxes or three phases (categories).
___Cicero ( 106-43 BC)outlined his appr0ach to translation
of De optimo genere oratrum (On the excellent orator)in 46 BCE.
Horace’s view about translation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Justification by faith
Romans 3:28 Wir halten, daβ der Mensch gerecht werde ohne des
Gesetzes Werk, allein durch den Glauben. [ we hold, that man becomes rectified without the work of
The first written translation in the West is the Latin translation of Homer’s Odyssey in 250BC., which was finished by Livius Andronicus (Ca. 284-204 BC), a Roman writer. Up to now, the western translation history can fall into three phases(categories): the translation of Greek works, the Biblical translation and the translation of Chinese works.
CE技术文件(详细)
CE技术文件列表
★ 以下各项准备的文件中，贵公司已经具有的项目后面请在 Yes栏中做标记，没有时请在No栏中做标记。
★ 具有的文件不是英文时，需要翻译成英文。
21.软件有效性报告：（PVC）电路板
22.PMS：销售产品相关的骨科满意度、不良追踪报告等。
23.Vigilance system警戒系统：同风险分析相似，提交销售后事故出现时的方案、对策。
24.DOC.自我符合声明（内容：详细的产品描述、产品图示、电路图表、零部件列表、风险管理、必须满足要求事项、测试报告、包装标识、使用说明等等）
25：MDD申请书与GFA协议及PQ文件（此文件由ITC提供给企业）。
产品指令93-68-eec号：CE 标记 ( 适用于所有产品)。
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/68/EEC of 22 July 1993THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, has adopted this directive: Article 1The following Council Directives are hereby amended:1. 87/404/EEC of 25 June 1987 (simple pressure vessels) (7);2. 88/378/EEC of 3 May 1988 (safety of toys) (8);3. 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 (construction products) (9);4. 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 (electromagnetic compatibility) (10);5. 89/392/EEC of 14 June 1989 (machinery) (11);6. 89/686/EEC of 21 December 1989 (personal protective equipment) (12);7. 90/384/EEC of 20 June 1990 (non-automatic weighing instruments) (13);8. 90/385/EEC of 20 June 1990 (active implantable medical devices) (14);9. 90/396/EEC of 29 June 1990 (appliances burning gaseous fuels) (15);10. 91/263/EEC of 29 April 1991 (telecommunications terminal equipment, including the mutual recognition of their conformity) (16);11. 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 (efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels) (17);12. 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 (electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits) (18).From Article 2 to Article 13Detailed amendments were given, throughout from Article 2 to Article 13, to the 12 Council Directives listed in Article 1. Amendments varied from Directive to Directive. But, in general, the following basic points were included in the amendments to almost every Directive:1.Throughout the text, the term EC mark was replaced by CE marking;2.Member States shall presume that products bearing the CE marking comply with allthe provisions of this Directive, including the conformity assessment procedures;3.(a) Where the products are subject to other Directives covering other aspects andwhich also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the products in question are also presumed to conform to the provisions of those otherDirectives.(b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during atransitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shallindicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case,particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of theEuropean Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructionsrequired by the Directives and accompanying such products;4.EC verification4.1 EC verification is the procedure whereby a manufacturer or his authorizedrepresentative established within the Community ensures and declares that theproducts are in conformity to the type described in the EC type-examinationcertificate or with the design and manufacturing schedule referred to in Annex IIsection 3 having received a certificate of adequacy;4.2 The manufacturer shall take all the necessary measures for the manufacturingprocess to ensure that the products conform to the type described in the ECtype-examination certificate or to the design and manufacturing schedule referred to in Annex II section 3. The manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall affix the CE marking to each product and draw up adeclaration of conformity;4.3 The approved body shall carry out the appropriate examinations and tests in orderto check the conformity of the products with the requirements of this Directive by examination and testing of products;4.4 The manufacturer or his authorized representative must be able to supply onrequest the approved body's certificates of conformity;5.(a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly,the manufacturer or his authorized representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;(b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriatemeasures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market ;6.The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials "CE " in the form shownbelow;7.If the CE marking is reduced or enlarged the proportions given in the abovegraduated drawing must be respected.- The various components of the CE marking must have substantially the samevertical dimension, which may not be less than 5 mm;8.The affixing of markings on the products which are likely to deceive third parties asto the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the products or the data plate provided that the visibility andlegibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced;9.EC declaration of conformityThe EC declaration of conformity must contain certain elements;10.The manufacturer must establish the technical documentation and he or hisauthorized representative established within the Community must keep it onCommunity territory at the disposal of the relevant national authorities forinspection purposes for a certain period after the last product has been manufactured;Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorized representative is establishedwithin the Community, this obligation is the responsibility of the person who placesthe products on the Community market, e.g. the importer;11.Technical documentation must enable the conformity of the product to therequirements of this Directive to be assessed. It must, as far as relevant for suchassessment, cover the design, manufacture and operation of the product. It mustinclude certain information;Article 141. Member States shall adopt and publish the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 July 1994.They shall apply these provisions from 1 January 1995.2. Until 1 January 1997 Member States shall allow the placing on the market and the bringing into service of products which comply with the marking arrangements in force before 1 January 1995.Click to buy a FULL version of this Directive for onlyReferences:(1) OJ No C 160, 20. 6. 1991, p. 14; and OJ No C 28, 2. 2. 1993, p. 16.(2) OJ No C 125, 18. 5. 1992, p. 178; OJ No C 115, 26. 4. 1993, p. 117; and Decision of 14 July 1993 (not yet published in the Official Journal).(3) OJ No C 14, 20. 1. 1992, p. 15; and OJ No C 129, 10. 5. 1993, p. 3.(4) OJ No C 136, 4. 6. 1985, p. 1.(5) OJ No C 231, 8. 9. 1989, p. 3; and OJ No C 267, 19. 10. 1989, p. 3.(6) OJ No C 10, 16. 1. 1990, p. 1.(7) OJ No L 220, 8. 8. 1987, p. 48; Directive amended by Directive 90/488/EEC (OJ No L 270, 2. 10. 1990, p. 25).(8) OJ No L 187, 16. 7. 1988, p. 1.(9) OJ No L 40, 11. 2. 1989, p. 12.(10) OJ No L 139, 23. 5. 1989, p. 19; Directive last amended by Directive 92/31/EEC (OJ No L 126, 12. 5. 1992, p. 11).(11) OJ No L 183, 29. 6. 1989, p. 9; Directive amended by Directive 91/368/EEC (OJ No L 198, 22. 7. 1991, p. 16).(12) OJ No L 399, 30. 12. 1989, p. 18.(13) OJ No L 189, 20. 7. 1990, p. 1.(14) OJ No L 189, 20. 7. 1990, p. 17.(15) OJ No L 196, 26. 7. 1990, p. 15.(16) OJ No L 128, 23. 5. 1991, p. 1.(17) OJ No L 167, 22. 6. 1992, p. 17.(18) OJ No L 77, 26. 3. 1972, p. 29.。
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Unit Five
A Company Man
P138: Sentence Translation
1. I’ not sure where you can find a good carpenter—you’d better ask around. 2. Feeling a little embarrassed, he quickly cleared his throat and liked up at the painting on the wall. 3. Michael was survived by three sons, two daughters, and his wife Elizabeth. 4. As a financial expert, William advised us to invest our money in the stock market. 5. We small retailers can’t compete with supermarkets in pricing and sales.
Unit Two
All the Cabbie Had Was a Letter
P44: Sentence Translation
1. Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home. 2. Mary looks as if she is very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t the text by heart yet. 3. Since the basketball match has been postponed, we might as well visit the museum. 4. He stayed in Australia with his parents all the way through World War II. 5. Since I graduated from Nanjing University in 1985, I have kind of lost touch with my classmates
College English Book One
Translation
Unit One
Writing for Myself
P17: SENTENCE TRANSLATION
1. As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2. His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3. Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4. It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5. It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.
Unit Four
Tony Trivisonno’s American Dream
P95: Sentence Translation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is reported the UN mediators have worked out a plan which they hope will be acceptable to both sides. Doris walked in the forest cautiously, afraid of being attacked by giant snakes. Earthquakes, typhoons and other natural disasters cannot be prevented, but action can be taken to protect life and property. I bought a new issue of my favorite sports magazine and hurried home, anxious to amuse myself reading it. Helen lacks confidence. I’ve never known anyone so unsure of herself.
P 18:Translation
• Susan lost her legs because of/in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again. • One day, while scanning through some magazines, a true story caught her eye. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life.
P138: Translation
• My dad is a hard-working executive of a manufacturing firm. He works six days a week. Every day he has to straighten out various kinds f problems so that he often stays up late. However, he tries his best to balance/ maintain a balance between work and family. On Sundays my dad usually stays at home and cares for us as much as he can. To my greatest joy, he cooks our favorite dishes and plays ball with us.
P 96: Translation
• After graduating from college, Tony decided to start his own business. At the beginning, many a bank turned down his request for a loan. But he was not a bit discouraged, and continued to call on one banker after another seeking help. Impressed by his determination and optimism, one banker finally agreed to loan him the money. Now he has become a wealthy businessman. Talking about his amazing achievement, Tony puts great emphasis on the importance of creating, rather than waiting for opportunities.
Unit Three
Public Attitudes Toward Science
P70: Sentence Translation
1. As is predicted by scientists, global pollution has become one of the most serious problems humans are faced with. 2. Competition for these jobs is very tough—we have five times as many applicants this year as we did last year/there are five times as many applicants as there were last year. 3. As the facts show, educational programs need to fit into the national plan for economic development. 4. The car burns too much gas, and moreover, the price is almost twice as much as I intend to pay. 5. To understand a great international event, we, first of all, need to consider the historical and political background to it.
P78: Translation
• It is hard to imagine how our forefathers could do without so many conveniences that modern technology has brought about. Back then only a small proportion of the population enjoyed the comforts of life. The majority didn’t even have sufficient food, not to speak of the privilege of being educated. However, many people blame modern technology for the problems it has created. They want to slow down the rate of progress. But no one can put the clock back.