- <中国合伙人>片外话题 (中国合伙人 影评)-
包含-＂当＂-字的成语
1▲安步当车 △ānbùdàngchē △典故：安：安详，不慌忙；安步：缓缓步行。以从容的步行代替乘车。 △出处：《战国策·齐策四》：“晚食以当肉，安步以当车，无罪以当贵，清静贞正以自虞。” △例子：反正路不远，我们还是～吧！
8▲大而无当 △dàérwúdàng △典故：当：底。虽然大，却无底。原指大得无边际。后多用作表示大得不切合实际、不合用。 △出处：《庄子·逍遥游》：“肩吾问于连叔曰：‘吾闻言于接舆，大而无当，往而不返，吾惊怖其言，犹河汉而无极也。’” △例子：订计划要切合实际，不要～。
3▲不当人子 △bùdāngrénzǐ △典故：表示歉意或感谢的话，意思是罪过，不敢当。 △出处：明·冯梦龙《醒世恒言》卷十：“多谢厚情，只是无功受禄，不当人子，老汉转来，定当奉酬。” △例子：我们都是烟火邻居，遇着这样大事，理该效劳。却又还破费老师父，～。（清·吴敬梓《儒林外史》第二十回）
11▲当耳边风 △dāngěrbiānfēng △典故：比喻对听到的话毫不在意。 △出处：《吴越春秋·吴王寿梦传》：“富贵之于我，如秋风之过耳。” △例子：他把爹妈的劝告～，结果一误再误，后来竟铸成大错。
9▲当场出彩 △dāngchǎngchūcǎi △典故：旧戏表演杀伤时，用红色水涂沫，装做流血的样子，叫做出彩。比喻当着众人的面败露秘密或显出丑态。 △例子：吾夫妇目下当受此杖，不如私下请牌头来，完了这业绩，省得～。（《二刻拍案惊奇》卷三十）
5▲长歌当哭 △chánggēdàngkū △典故：长歌：长声歌咏，也指写诗；当：当作。用长声歌咏或写诗文来代替痛哭，借以抒发心中的悲愤。 △出处：汉杂曲歌辞《悲歌》：“悲歌可以当泣，远望可以当归。” △例子：感怀触绪，聊赋四章，匪曰无故呻吟，亦～之意耳。（清·曹雪芹《红楼梦》第八十七回）
世界上最唯美的句子-经典语句
世界上最唯美的句子_经典语句世界上最唯美的句子1、坚持未必是胜利，放弃未必是认输，与其华丽撞墙，不如优雅转身，给自己一个迂回的空间，学会思索，学会等待，学会调整。
人生，有很多时候，需要的不仅仅是执着，更是回眸一笑的洒脱。
2、路程，也许还需要的是像蚕一样的坚持和忍受吧，人生需要自己感受她的方向，只能自己体会到她的奥秘，方才懂得行走。
3、可能我们的烦恼多于沙子，我们的失败多于繁星。
但是我们一定要去承受。
伤心只会让自己憔悴，痛苦只会让自己苍老。
惆怅只能让自己疲惫。
愁绪只能让自己消瘦。
红尘瞬间短暂，光阴如水流逝。
我们在人生只是短暂的几十个春秋。
愁也是一天，忧也一天。
喜也是一天，乐也是一天。
何不开心过好每一天？在有生之年，去尽力做自己想做的事，努力去实现自己的理想。
将理想变为现实，将忧伤化为力量。
相信一切烦恼都会过去。
风雨之后自有彩虹。
4、紧握双手，什么都没有；打开双手，世界就在手中！从小到大，我们受到的教育都是如何努力、如何坚持、如何永不言弃。
其实，很多时候，我们更需要学会如何放弃。
5、今日之风舞动青丝飞扬缱绻之秀美，每当风吹起，心似落叶，几度飘零。
今日之雨淋湿青青垂柳如烟之含蓄，每当雨飘零，撑伞等候，总是雨霁天晴。
今夜之月照亮悠悠本心诗韵之空灵，每当园月明，闭目开怀，把流年听。
6、解脱自己的最高境界，就是在逆境中奋起。
在人生的长河中，每个人都有身处逆境之时，只是程度不同、表现不一罢了。
在身处逆境时，如果消极对待，就会自怨自艾，一事无成；如果积极对待，就会欣慰超然，激励人生。
学会解脱，是攀登高峰的阶梯，是通向成功的铺路石，是人生一笔丰厚而宝贵的财富。
学会解脱，是一种人生态度，是一种道德修养，是一种学识智慧，它将永远属于那些热爱生活的人们。
7、路程中，我热爱自己的那份感知，体会聆听鸟儿的欢叫声。
我走出了那片森林，抱着这些回到这喧闹的城市，只想，心静，敏智---致远，开启新的一段路程。
8、每个人既陷在自身的弱点中无法自拔，也陷于他人的弱点中不能孤立而出，在这样悲哀的世界中，能得到真正的幸福是很不容易的。
BSENISO17638-2016焊缝的无损检验.磁粒子检验
BSENISO17638-2016焊缝的⽆损检验.磁粒⼦检验EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPéENNE EUROP?ISCHE NORM EN ISO 17638 November 2016ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 17638:2009English VersionNon-destructive testing of welds - Magnetic particletesting (ISO 17638:2016)Contr?le non destructif des assemblages soudés - Magnétoscopie (ISO 17638:2016) Zerst?rungsfreie Prüfung von Schwei?verbindungen - Magnetpulverprüfung (ISO 17638:2016)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 October 2016.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONC O M I TéE UR O PéE N DE N O R M A L I SA T I O NE UR O P?I SC HE S KO M I T E E FüR N O R M UN GCEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 17638:2016 EBS EN ISO 17638:2016EN ISO 17638:2016 (E)3European forewordThis document (EN ISO 17638:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 “Welding and allied processes” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2017.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.This document supersedes EN ISO 17638:2009.According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.Endorsement noticeThe text of ISO 17638:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17638:2016 without any modification.BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E) Contents PageForeword (iv)1 Scope (1)2 Normative references (1)3 Terms and definitions (1)4 Safety precautions (1)5 General (1)5.1 Information required prior to testing (1)5.2 Additional pre-test information (2)5.3 Personnel qualification (2)5.4 Surface conditions and preparation (2)5.5 Magnetizing (2)5.5.1 Magnetizing equipment (2)5.5.2 Verification of magnetization (3)5.6 Application techniques (3)5.6.1 Field directions and testing area (3)5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniques (6)5.7 Detection media (9)5.7.1 General (9)5.7.2 Verification of detection media performance (9)5.8 Viewing conditions (10)5.9 Application of detection media (10)5.10 Overall performance test (10)5.11 False indications (10)5.12 Recording of indications (10)5.13 Demagnetization (11)5.14 Test report (11)Annex A (informative) Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testing (13)Bibliography (15)ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iiiBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see/doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:/doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /iso/foreword.html. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee 5, Testing and inspection of welds.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17638:2003), which has been technically revised.Requests for official interpretations of any aspect of this document should be directed to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 5 via your national standards body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html .ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17638:2016(E)Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing1 ScopeThis document specifies techniques for detection of surface imperfections in welds in ferromagnetic materials, including the heat affected zones, by means of magnetic particle testing. The techniques are suitable for most welding processes and joint configurations. Variations in the basic techniques that will provide a higher or lower test sensitivity are described in Annex A.This document does not specify acceptance levels of the indications. Further information on acceptance levels for indications may be found in ISO 23278 or in product or application standards.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing —Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions ISO 9934-1:2015, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12707 and ISO 17635 apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:— IEC Electropedia: available at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /— ISO Online browsing platform: available at /doc/b748db97f68a6529647d27284b73f242326c3101.html /obp4 Safety precautionsSpecial consideration shall be given to toxic, inflammable and/or volatile materials, electrical safety and unfiltered UV radiation.Magnetic particle testing often creates high magnetic fields close to the object under test and the magnetising equipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.5 General5.1 Information required prior to testingPrior to testing, the following items shall be specified (where applicable):a)specific test procedure;b)certification requirements for NDT personnel;ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)extent of coverage;state of manufacture;testing techniques to be used;overall performance test;any demagnetization;acceptance level;action necessary for unacceptable indications.5.2 Additional pre-test informationPrior to testing, the following additional information can also be required:type and designation of the parent and weld materials;welding process;location and extent of welds to be tested;joint preparation and dimensions;location and extent of any repairs;post-weld treatment (if any);surface conditions.Operators may ask for further information that could be helpful in determining the nature of any indications detected.5.3 Personnel qualificationMagnetic particle testing of welds and the evaluation of results for final acceptance shall be performed by qualified and capable personnel. It is recommended that personnel be qualified in accordance with ISO 9712 or an equivalent standard at an appropriate level in the relevant industry sector.5.4 Surface conditions and preparationAreas to be tested shall be dry unless appropriate products for wet surfaces are used. It may be necessary to improve the surface condition, e.g. by use of abrasive paper or local grinding to permit accurate interpretation of indications.Any cleaning or surface preparation shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the magnetic testing media. Detection media shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by the manufacturer.5.5 Magnetizing5.5.1 Magnetizing equipmentGeneral magnetization requirements shall be in accordance with ISO 9934-1:2015, Clause 8. Unless otherwise specified, for example, in an application standard, the following types of alternating current-magnetizing equipment shall be used: electromagnetic yokes;ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)b)current flow equipment with prods;c)adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.DC electromagnets and permanent magnets may only be used by agreement at the time of enquiry and order.The magnetizing equipment shall conform to ISO 9934-3.Where prods are used, precautions shall be taken to minimize overheating, burning or arcing at the contact tips. Removal of arc burns shall be carried out where necessary. The affected area shall be tested by a suitable method to ensure the integrity of the surface.5.5.2 Verification of magnetizationFor the verification of magnetization, see ISO 9934-1:2015, 8.2.For structural steels in welds, a tangential field between 2 kA/m to 6 kA/m (r.m.s.) is recommended. The adequacy of the surface flux density shall be established by one or more of the following methods: a)by testing a representative component containing fine natural or artificial discontinuities in the least favourable locations;b)measurement of the tangential field strength as close as possible to the surface using a Hall effect probe; the appropriate tangential field strength can be difficult to measure close to abrupt changes in the shape of a component or where flux leaves the surface of a component;c)calculation of the approximate current value in order to achieve the recommended tangential field strength; the calculation can be based on the current values specified in Figure 5 and Figure 6;d)by the use of other methods based on established principles.Flux indicators (i.e. shim-type) placed in contact with the surface under test provide a guide to the magnitude and direction of the tangential field strength, but should not be used to verify that the tangential field strength is acceptable.NOTE Information on b) is given in ISO 9934-3.5.6 Application techniques5.6.1 Field directions and testing areaThe detectability of an imperfection depends on the angle of its major axis with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. This is explained for one direction of magnetization in Figure 1.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Keymagnetic field direction αangle between the magnetic field and the direction of the imperfection optimum sensitivity αmin minimum angle for imperfection detection reducing sensitivity αi example of imperfection orientationinsufficient sensitivityFigure 1 — Directions of detectable imperfectionsTo ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be magnetized in two directionsapproximately perpendicular to each other with a maximum deviation of 30°. This can be achieved using one or more magnetization methods.Testing in only one field direction is not recommended but may be carried out if specified, for example, in an application standard.When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the vicinity of each pole piece or tip that will be impossible to test due to excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as furring of particles.Care shall be taken to ensure adequate overlap of the testing areas as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresKeyd separation between the poles (yoke/prod )Figure 2 — Examples of effective testing area (shaded) for magnetizing with yokes and prods ? ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Keyeffective area overlapFigure 3 — Overlap of effective areas5.6.2 Typical magnetic testing techniquesMagnetic particle testing techniques for common weld joint configurations are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. Values are given for guidance purposes only. Where possible, the same directions of magnetization and field overlaps should be used for other weld geometries to be tested. The width of the flux current (in case of flux current technique) or of the magnetic flow (in case of magnetic flow technique) path in the material, d , shall be greater than or equal to the width of the weld and the heat affected zone +50 mm and in all cases, the weld and the heat affected zone shall be included in the effective area. The direction of magnetization with respect to the orientation of the weld shall be specified.ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016 ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresd ≥ 75b ≤ d/2β≈ 90od1 ≥ 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 – 50d2≥ 75d1 ≥ 75d2 ≥ 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 ? 50d1 ≥ 75d2 > 75b1 ≤ d1/2b2 ≤ d2 ? 50Key1longitudinal cracks2transverse cracksFigure 4 — Typical magnetizing techniques for yokes ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7BS EN ISO 17638:2016 ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetresd ≥ 75b ≤ d/2β≈ 90od ≥ 75b ≤ d/2d ≥ 75b ≤ d/2d ≥ 75b ≤ d/2Figure 5 — Typical magnetizing techniques for prods, using a magnetizing current prod spacing ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Dimensions in millimetres20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8D 20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8D20 ≤ a ≤ 50 N ·I ≥ 8DKeyN number of turns I current (r.m.s)a distance between weld and coil or cableFigure 6 — Typical magnetizing techniques for flexible cables or coils (for longitudinal cracks)5.7 Detection media5.7.1 GeneralDetection media may be either in dry powder form or magnetic inks in accordance with ISO 9934-2.5.7.2 Verification of detection media performanceThe detection media used shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 9934-2.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved9BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Indications obtained with the medium to be verified shall be compared against those obtained from a medium having a known and acceptable performance. For this purpose, the reference indications may be real imperfections,photograph(s), andreplica(s).5.8 Viewing conditionsThe viewing conditions shall be in accordance with ISO 3059.5.9 Application of detection mediaAfter the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall be applied by spraying, flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during the magnetization. Following this, time shall be allowed for indications to form before removal of the magnetic field.When magnetic suspensions are used, the magnetic field shall be maintained within the object until the majority of the suspension carrier liquid has drained away from the test surface. This will prevent any indications being washed away.Depending on the material being tested, its surface condition and magnetic permeability, indications will normally remain on the surface even after removal of the magnetic field due to residual magnetism within the part (mainly at the location of the poles). However, the presence of residual magnetism shall not be presumed and post evaluation techniques after removal of the prime magnetic field source are only permitted when a component has been proven by an overall performance test to retain magnetic indications.5.10 Overall performance testWhen specified, an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each procedure shall be carried out on site. The performance test shall be designed to ensure a proper functioning of the entire chain of parameters including the equipment, the magnetic field strength and direction, surface characteristics, detection media and illumination.The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real imperfections of known type, location, size and size-distribution. Where these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial imperfections or flux shunting indicators of the cross or disc or shim-type may be used.The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting from previous tests.NOTE It can be necessary to perform an overall performance test of the system sensitivity for each specific procedure on site.5.11 False indicationsFalse indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for many reasons, such as changes in magnetic permeability, very important geometry variation in, for example, the heat affected zone. Where masking is suspected, the test surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.5.12 Recording of indicationsIndications can be recorded in one or more of the following ways by using: description in writing;sketches;10 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)c)photography;d)transparent adhesive tape;e)transparent varnish for “freezing” the indication on the surface tested;f)peelable contrast coating;g)video recording;h)magnetic particle dispersion in an epoxy curable resin;i)magnetic tapes;j)electronic scanning.5.13 DemagnetizationAfter testing welds with alternating current, residual magnetization will normally be low and there will generally be no need for demagnetization of the object under test. If demagnetization is required, it shall be carried out using a defined method and to a predefined level. For metal cutting processes, a typical residual field strength value of H < 0,4 kA/m is recommended.5.14 Test reportA test report shall be prepared.The report should contain at least the following:a)name of the company carrying out the test;b)the object tested;c)date of testing;d)parent and weld materials;e)any post weld heat treatment;f)type of joint;g)material thickness;h)welding process(es);i)temperature of the test object and the detection media (when using media in circulation) throughout testing duration;j)identity of the test procedure and description of the parameters used, including the following:— type of magnetization;— type of current;— detection media;— viewing conditions;k)details and results of the overall performance test, where applicable;l)acceptance levels;ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 11BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)m)description and location of all recordable indications;test results with reference to acceptance levels;names, relevant qualification and signatures of personnel who carried out the test.12 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Annex A(informative)Variables affecting the sensitivity of magnetic particle testingA.1 Surface conditions and preparationThe maximum test sensitivity that can be achieved by any magnetic testing method is dependent on many variables but can be seriously affected by the surface roughness of the object and any irregularities present. In some cases, it can be necessary to— dress undercut and surface irregularities by grinding, and— remove or reduce the weld reinforcement.Surfaces covered with a thin non-ferromagnetic coatings up to 50 µm thickness may be tested provided the colour is contrasting with the colour of the detection medium used. Above this thickness, the sensitivity of the method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive before proceeding with the test.A.2 Magnetizing equipment characteristicsThe use of alternating current gives the best sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections. Yokes produce an adequate magnetic field in simple butt-welds but where the flux is reduced by gaps or the path is excessive through the object, as in T-joints a reduction of sensitivity can occur.For complex joint configurations, i.e. branch connections with an inclined angle of less than 90°, testing using yokes might be inadequate. Prods or cable wrapping with current flow will, in these cases, prove more suitable.A.3 Magnetic field strength and permeabilityThe field strength required to produce an indication strong enough to be detected during magnetic particle testing is dependent mainly on the magnetic permeability of the object. Generally, magnetic permeability is high in softer magnetic materials, for example, low alloy steels and low in harder magnetic materials, i.e. martensitic steels. Because permeability is a function of the magnetizing current, low permeability materials usually require application of a higher magnetization value than do softer alloys to produce the same flux density. It is essential, therefore, to establish that flux density values are adequate before beginning the magnetic particle testing.A.4 Detection mediaMagnetic particle suspensions will usually give a higher sensitivity for detecting surface imperfections than dry powders.Fluorescent magnetic detection media usually give a higher test sensitivity than colour contrast media, because of the higher contrast between the darkened background and the fluorescent indication. The sensitivity of the fluorescent method will, nevertheless, decrease in proportion to any increase in the roughness of the surface to which magnetic particles adhere and can cause a disturbing background fluorescence.ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 13BS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Where the background illumination cannot be adequately lowered or where background fluorescence is disturbing, coloured detection media in conjunction with the smoothing effect of a contrast aid will usually give better sensitivity.14 ? ISO 2016 – All rights reservedBS EN ISO 17638:2016ISO 17638:2016(E)Bibliography[1] ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel[2] ISO 12707, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Vocabulary[3] ISO 17635, Non-destructive testing of welds — General rules for metallic materials[4] ISO 23278, Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing — Acceptance levels ? ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 15。
包含-”背”-字的成语
7▲背恩忘义 △bèiēnwàngyì △典故：背：背叛。辜负别人对自己的恩义。 △出处：《晋书·刘聪传》：“沈等皆刀锯之余，背恩忘义之类。” △例子：幸得主人释放，留为家丁，又以妻子配我，此恩天高地厚，未曾报得，岂可为此～之事。（明·冯梦龙《醒世恒言》卷十九）
8▲背井离乡 △bèijǐnglíxiāng △典故：离开家乡到外地。 △出处：元·贾仲名《对玉梳》第一折：“送的他离乡背井，进退无门。 △例子：～，卧雪眠霜。（元·马致远《汉宫秋》第三折）
3▲背本趋末 △bèiběnqūmò △典故：古代常以农业为本，手工、商贾为末。指背离主要部分，追求细微末节。 △出处：《汉书·食货志上》：“时民近战国，皆背本趋末。”
13▲当面输心背面笑 △dāngmiànshūxīnbèimiànxiào △典故：比喻当面显得十分亲热，背后却在捣鬼。
9▲背盟败约 △bèiméngbàiyuē △典故：背：违背。盟、约：誓约。败：败坏。指撕毁。背叛誓言，撕毁盟约。 △出处：宋·苏辙《六国论》：“不知出此，而乃贪疆场尺寸之利，背盟败约，以自相屠灭。”
6▲背道而驰 △bèidàoérchí △典故：背：背向；道：道路；驰：奔跑。朝相反的方向跑去。比喻彼此的方向和目的完全相反。 △出处：唐·柳宗元《〈杨评事文集〉后序》：“其余各探一隅，相与背驰于道象～，其实倒是心心相印。（鲁迅《坟·从胡须说到牙齿》）
12▲背信弃义 △bèixìnqìyì △典故：背：违背；信：信用；弃：扔掉；义：道义。违背诺言，不讲道义。 △出处：《北史·周纪下·高祖武帝》：“背惠怒邻，弃信忘义。” △例子：～是插在我背上的一把尖刀。（曹禺《王昭君》第五幕）
3,non- 和un-的区别doc
3. un-与non-区别性语义特征3.1 所指概念意义不同当分别与形容词连用时，non-区别出不属于词干所示类型的事物，反之un-则区别出与此类型中的典范性质不同的事物。
这样nonmilitary personnel是指非军事人员，而unmilitary则表示与典型军人在衣着、习惯或态度上不同的人。
3.2 语气与感情色彩不同un-和non-虽都是表示否定意义的前缀，但un-的否定语气要比non-强，而且un-常常没有non-所示意义中立。
如：His language was refreshingly unacademic. (他的语言与众不同，没有术语行话)；A non-academic life suits him.（他不适合从事学术）。
再就是带non否定意义的词语表示没有评价力（evaluative force）：a non-scientific-book一本与科学不相关的书（可能是小说或传记）、an unscientific book一本没有科学性的书（指评价该书质量低下）；unacademic没有学术性的（指没有或缺乏学术方面的特征）和non-academic非学术性的（指不属于学术这个概念范畴）；irrational一般用来评价人的品质“没有理智的”，而non-rational“非理智的”，即不属于“理智”这个概念范畴。
3.3 non-主要构成“矛盾反义词”和“互补对立词”（contradictory and complementary opposites）如果两个词的词义完全相互排斥、互相否定，没有中间状态，这两个词就是绝对反义词或矛盾反义词(contradictory terms)；它们是不可分级的反义词。
如：dead与alive、agree与disagree、like与dislike、perfect 与imperfect、true与false、right与wrong、accept与reject、approve与disapprove、honest与dishonest。
道路交通法规--道路交通事故处理办法
第七章其他规定
第四十二条交通事故的当事人因伤致残的，在治疗终结后十五日内，可以向公安机关申请伤残评定。公安机关应当根据医院证明和公安部关于道路交通事故伤残评定的标准，在接到伤残评定申请书后三十日内评定伤残等级。当事人对伤残评定不服的，可以在接到评定书后十五日内，向上一级公安机关申请重新评定。上一级公安机关在接到重新评定申请书后三十日内，应当作出重新评定的决定。
第八条公安机关接到报案后，应当立即派员赶赴现场，抢救伤者和财产，勘查
现场，收集证据，采取措施尽快恢复交通。
第九条当事人应当如实向公安机关陈述交通事故发生的经过，不得隐瞒交通事故真实情况。其他知情者有义务向公安机关提供有关情况。
第十条在追缉交通事故逃逸者或者抢救伤者等紧急情况下，交通警察有权使用单位或者个人的交通工具和通讯工具，用后立即归还；对造成损坏的，应当修复或者折价赔偿。
第十三条交通事故造成人身伤害需要抢救治疗的，交通事故的当事人及其所在单位或者机动车的所有人应当预付医疗费，也可以由公安机关指定的一方预付，结案后按照交通事故责任承担。交通事故责任者拒绝预付或者暂时无法预付的，公安机关可以暂时扣留交通事故车辆。
第十四条在实行机动车第三者责任法定保险的行政区域发生机动车交通事故逃逸案件的，由当地中国人民保险公司预付伤者抢救期间的医疗费、死者的丧葬费。中国人民保险公司有权向抓获的逃逸者及其所在单位或者机动车的所有人，追偿其预付的所有款项。
第十八条交通事故责任分为全部责任、主要责任、同等责任、次要责任。
第十九条一方当事人的违章行为造成交通事故的，有违章行为的一方应当负全部责任，其他方不负交通事故责任。
两方当事人的违章行为共同造成交通事故的，违章行为在交通事故中作用大的一方负主要责任，另一方负次要责任；违章行为在交通事故中作用基本相当的，两方负同等责任。
特殊符号大全
使用alt+不同数字组合打出各种特殊符号大全由于特殊符号还有很多，打出的方法也不尽相同，由于篇幅原因，我们不能一一与大家介绍，最后我们为大家汇总上各种特殊符号大全，大家只需要复制粘贴到需要的地方就可以使用了，无需自己打。
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令无数人迷惘的天文奇语----七衡六间，上
令⽆数⼈迷惘的天⽂奇语----七衡六间，上作者秦建明提要本⽂通过对古代天体测量⽅法的探索出发，指出纪元前已经成书的中国古籍《周髀算经》所说“七衡六间”中的“衡”即为测量天体的望筒，七衡是在周地⽤望筒观测太阳南北回归运动的七个⽅位⾓度，⽽六间则是其间的六个夹⾓，据此复原出“七衡六间”的原始图。
⽽《周髀算经》所论与今所见诸“七衡六间”图，皆是从此图推衍⽽成。
盖天说的天，就是以七衡六间与天极、旋玑为⾻架构建⽽成，加上⼤地模型，共同构成盖天说的天地模型。
七衡六间名称的出现，说明初具结构的⾚纬仪已经产⽣，对探讨中国浑仪的产⽣年代颇有意义。
七衡六间七衡六间是中国古代⼀种饶有兴味的关于太阳在天空运⾏的理论模型，其说主要出⾃《周髀算经》上卷，内容如下。
“七衡图。
……凡为⽇⽉运⾏之圆周，七衡周⽽六间，以当六⽉节。
六⽉为百⼋⼗⼆⽇、⼋分⽇之五。
故⽇夏⾄在东井，极内衡，⽇冬⾄在牵⽜，极外衡也。
衡复更终冬⾄。
故⽈⼀岁三百六⼗五⽇、四分⽇之⼀，岁⼀内极，⼀外极。
三⼗⽇⼗六分⽇之七，⽉⼀外极，⼀内极。
是故⼀衡之间万九千⼋百三⼗三⾥、三分⾥之⼀，即为百步。
欲知次衡径，倍⽽增内衡之径。
⼆之以增内衡径得三衡径。
次衡放次。
”其下详列每衡之径、周长与⼀度之长。
《周髀算经》下卷亦有涉及，如“外衡冬⾄，内衡夏⾄。
”“春分、秋分，⽇在中衡，春分以往⽇益北，五万九千五百⾥⽽夏⾄；秋分以往⽇益南，五万九千五百⾥⽽冬⾄。
”这是以古周地（今洛阳或登封）即北极出地⾼三⼗六度处为观测点，测量太阳（⽂中亦将⽉亮运⾏归于太阳⼀类，此处不论。
）在天空⼀年中南北回归运动轨迹，并将其夏⾄与冬⾄所达极北极南两极间划分为均等的六份，建⽴了⼀个简化了的太阳运动的模型，古⼈并为此设计了⼀些图，称之为“七衡图”，或称之为“七衡六间”。
“七衡六间”虽然反映的是太阳的运动，但其与历法与回归年的测定，⼆分⼆⾄的划分定点，以及与四季⽓候的寒暑变化，万物的⽣长发育，⽆不息息相关，故受到古⼈的特别重视。
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<中国合伙人>片外话题(中国合伙人影评)
韩三平有些怕屈了陈可辛的才，因为这是一部千万级的“小制作”。
陈愿意做导演，他自然乐见其成，韩只提了一个建议，陈要“用拍《甜蜜蜜》的感觉来拍这部电影，表现中国大陆，特别是北京的现实生活”。
韩三平的前半句话对陈可辛来说当然不是问题，问题出在后半句。
陈是香港人，不了解上世纪八九十年代中国民营企业野蛮生长的历史，怎么办？陈可辛在北京的工作室在通惠河北岸一栋老式厂房里，厂房墙面是裸露的红砖，与CBD大环境反差极大。
工作室的一角散放着那个刚刚逝去的年代最常见的白色搪瓷茶缸、老式闹钟、帆布大包。
陈办公室里的书架上插着吴晓波的《激荡三十年》，刻意营造了一种时间倒流的氛围。
徐小平不以编剧为业，剧本初稿须大改。
帮陈可辛动刀的，是他多年的搭档、香港编剧林爱华。
但林爱华与内地的商业社会也隔膜，后来，陈将第三稿至第N稿的工作交由内地编剧周志勇与张冀来完成。
只要是对新东方的故事稍有了解的人，便能轻易将黄晓明扮演的成冬青与俞敏洪对号入座：考了三次才考上大学；大学期间因结核病休学一年；身为“移动英语词典”，发音却无人听懂；离开学校，开民办英语培训班；到处贴小广告做宣传。
不过，另外两位主演的原型似乎存在争议。
微博认证为亚美英语创办人的蔡巧云认为，佟大为演的王阳是罗永浩，老罗立马指正说那应该是王强，并扬言如果这部片子“有什么内容主动招惹我，新东方可能还得再裁员几千人”。
有人说邓超演的孟晓俊是徐小平，马上就有人反驳说他更像王强。
“认人游戏”有点无聊，陈可辛澄清说：“看完电影之后，要是真的跟他们三个人比较，是对他们三个人的不公平。
”俞敏洪不太开心。
2月16日，他在微博上申明，表示不知道这部电影和新东方有什么关系，新东方更没有参与投资。
他也坚决反对把新东方搬上银幕。
有网友在俞敏洪的那条微博下留言，说陈可辛是厚道人，大方承认这部影片有新东方的影子，比起《手机》与崔永元那段说不清道不明的公案要敞亮得多。
王强的态度则较温和，据陈可辛工作室运营总监陆垚转述，看过影片后，王强表示：“我非常喜欢，但是我们真的要跳出新东方来看这个戏。
”“始作俑者”徐小平也在微博上表态：“新东方是一个公共话题。
我知道不止一个人写过俞敏洪传记，找到老俞时，老俞的态度总是不鼓励、不授权。
”“这个片子真实地反映了我们这30年的不容易。
能把什么样的人都变成企业家，是这个时代最伟大的东西。
”王石说。
冯仑以后如果自嘲，大概也可以说“我是一个演员”了。
陈可辛的合伙人黄建新导演与冯仑交好，请冯仑在电影中票了一把酒客。
导演还允许这个“演员”临场发挥，说了个段子：“我们做生意，求人是一个基本功，要有小姐心态，寡妇待遇，妇联追求。
”杀青后，冯仑不忘调侃几个主演：“演成功这一段比较夸张，但是演倒霉的时候比较自然。
”当企业家正经地评论一部艺术作品的时候，往往不是那么有趣。
其实陈可辛拍的并不是史诗，不是严肃地探讨商业生态的纪录片，他不过是想拍一个有着重要历史背景的怀旧剧，仍然讲兄弟情义，他在乎的是观众的“唏嘘”、感喟。
客观而言，《合伙人》是陈可辛的《投名状》与《甜蜜蜜》的“合伙”。
陈可辛说，在同样是三个男人的故事里，或许《投名状》的结局更为符合真实的商业世界里三个合伙人的关系的走向，但《合伙人》没有选择《投名状》里的悲剧结局，而是选择了与《甜蜜蜜》一样的未完结局。
《合伙人》与《甜蜜蜜》有若干相似之处：二者都讲的是来自小地方的小人物到大城市去的故事；《甜蜜蜜》用了编年纪事体的叙述形式，《合伙人》也复制了这种形式，同样让人想起很多年份；《甜蜜蜜》以火车到达香港开场，以火车到达结尾，《合伙人》以成冬青骑着自行车在无数北大学子间穿行开场，并以此场景结尾。
如果说《甜蜜蜜》是一个发生在香港与美国的香港故事，那《合伙人》就是一个发生在大陆与美国的香港故事。
在场景与独白上，《合伙人》是大陆式，但在骨子里它仍然是港味的。
17年后的陈可辛，在形式上再造了一个“甜蜜蜜”的《中国合伙人》，
这符合韩三平的初衷，但对陈可辛来说，他不讳言担心观众觉得假。
“你觉得自己被《甜蜜蜜》符号化了吗？”结束采访时，本刊记者问陈可辛。
“早就这么觉得了。
”瘦削的他笑得有些尴尬。
身边的工作室人员替他恼了，有些不耐烦地说：“还不是你们一直都这么问，一直都这么联想。
”。