Ch 2 the Macro Dynamics for Gas-Solid Catalytic Reaction

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高炉炼铁专业英语

高炉炼铁专业英语

4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes 统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy 系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金(属)反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation 反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量1%溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standard无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯~亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous state硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetallic inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion 脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD)4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physical chemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesiochromite 硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material]硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material]镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material]复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization 石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plug电极糊electrode paste石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates 生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet 生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet 圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing 环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove 顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process。

微观世界揭示宏大真理:初中生的深度观察与启示

微观世界揭示宏大真理:初中生的深度观察与启示

微观世界揭示宏大真理:初中生的深度观察与启示示例1:Title: Unveiling Grand Truths through the Microcosm: Deep Observations and Insights from Middle School StudentsIntroduction:The microscopic world is a fascinating realm that offers profound insights into the macroscopic reality we inhabit. By observing and studying the intricacies of the microcosm, we can gain a deeper understanding of the grand truths that govern our universe. In this article, we will explore the depth of observations and insights provided by middle school students.Body:1. Curiosity and Exploration:Middle school students possess an innate curiosity about the world around them. This curiosity drives them to explore the microscopic world, whether through experiments, research, or observations. Through their endeavors, they uncover hidden phenomena and make connections to broader concepts.1. 好奇心与探索:初中生对周围世界有着与生俱来的好奇心。

宏观背景概述英语作文

宏观背景概述英语作文

宏观背景概述英语作文Macro Background Overview。

In discussing the macro background, it's essential to delve into various aspects that shape the broader context of a subject. This can encompass economic, social, political, and technological factors. Let's explore these dimensions in detail:Economic Landscape: 。

The economic landscape plays a pivotal role in shaping various sectors and industries. Factors such as GDP growth, inflation rates, employment levels, and trade policies significantly impact businesses and individuals. For instance, during periods of economic growth, businesses tend to expand, leading to increased employment opportunities and consumer spending. Conversely, economic downturns can result in job losses and reduced consumer confidence.Social Dynamics: 。

Social factors encompass demographics, cultural norms, and societal values. Demographic trends, such as population growth, aging populations, and urbanization, influence consumer preferences, healthcare needs, and workforce dynamics. Cultural aspects, including attitudes towards technology, sustainability, and diversity, also shapemarket trends and business strategies.Political Environment: 。

乙酸蒸汽催化重整制氢的研究进展

乙酸蒸汽催化重整制氢的研究进展

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第5期·1658·化 工 进展乙酸蒸汽催化重整制氢的研究进展王东旭1,肖显斌2,李文艳1(1华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206;2华北电力大学生物质发电成套设备国家工程实验室,北京 102206)摘要:通过生物油蒸汽重整制备氢气可以减少环境污染,降低对化石燃料的依赖,是一种极具潜力的制氢途径。

乙酸是生物油的主要成分之一,常作为模型化合物进行研究。

镍基催化剂是乙酸蒸汽重整过程中常用的催化剂,但容易因积炭失去活性,降低了制氢过程的经济性。

本文首先分析了影响乙酸蒸汽重整制氢过程的各种因素,阐述了在这一过程中镍基催化剂的积炭原理,讨论了优化镍基催化剂的方法,包括优化催化剂的预处理过程、添加助剂和选择合适的载体,最后对乙酸蒸汽重整制氢的热力学分析研究进展进行了总结。

未来应重点研究多种助剂复合使用时对镍基催化剂积炭与活性的影响,分析多种助剂的协同作用机理,得到一种高活性、高抗积炭能力的用于生物油蒸汽重整制氢的镍基催化剂。

关键词:生物油;乙酸;制氢;催化剂;热力学中图分类号:TK6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000–6613(2017)05–1658–08 DOI :10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017.05.014A review of literatures on catalytic steam reforming of acetic acid forhydrogen productionWANG Dongxu 1,XIAO Xianbin 2,LI Wenyan 1(1 School of Energy ,Power and Mechanical Engineering ,North China Electric Power University ,Beijing 102206,China ;2 National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment ,North China Electric PowerUniversity ,Beijing 102206,China )Abstract :Hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil ,a potential way to produce hydrogen , can reduce environmental pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Acetic acid is one of the main components of bio-oil and is often selected as a model compound. Nickel-based catalyst is widely used in the steam reforming of acetic acid ,but it deactivates fast due to the carbon deposition. In this paper ,the affecting factors for the steam reforming of acetic acid are analyzed. The coking mechanism of nickel-based catalyst in this process is illustrated. Optimization methods for nickel-baed catalyst are discussed ,including optimizing the pretreatment process ,adding promoters ,and choosing appropriate catalyst supports. Research progresses in the thermodynamics analyses for steaming reforming of acetic acid are summarized. Further studies should be focused on the effects of a combination of a variety of promoters on carbon deposition. Catalytic activity and the synergy mechanism should be analyzed to produce a novel nickel-based catalyst with high activity ,high resistance to caborn deposition for hydrogen production via steam reforming of bio-oil. Key words :bio-oil ;acetic acid ;hydrogen production ;catalyst ;thermodynamics第一作者:王东旭(1994—),男,硕士研究生,从事生物质能利用技术研究。

二氧化氮氧化二甲基硫醚宏观反应动力学研究

二氧化氮氧化二甲基硫醚宏观反应动力学研究

P
P
和氧气气相催化氧化法P[2]P两大类。大部分厂家采用的是二氧化氮法,反应物NOB2B,OB2B和DMS
在鼓泡塔中进行反应,理论上NOB2B在反应过程中不消耗,只起到转移氧的作用P[3]P。由于该反
应混合体系易爆,实际操作时难以控制,且所含易挥发组分取样分析困难,对其动力学的研
究,所见报导很少,仅有的还是在23℃且压力低于0.01MPa(绝压)下对气相反应进行的考
=
CDMSO CDMS + CDMSO
H (0)PNO2
将(2)、(5)式代入(1)中,可得宏观速率的表达式:
(5)
RDMSO
=
1 k
⎜⎜⎝⎛
C
1
DMS
+
H (0)PNO2
1 C DMSO
⎟⎟⎠⎞
+
1 kL ⋅
a
⎜⎜⎝⎛1 +
C DMS C DMSO
⎟⎟⎠⎞
(6)
(6)式中 H (0) ,k均为温度的函数,且它们与温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式的形
34.8917
323.15
2.0471
20.2033
333.15
1.2828
12.6603
用ln H (0) 对1/T做线性拟合,再对比(7)式,得到 H (0) 0 =4.1553×10P-6P (kmol·mP-3P·MPaP-1P)
和φ =-41.395×10P3P (J·molP-1P),相关系数为0.997。ln H (0) ~1/T关系如图2所示。
2 实验部分
2.1 主要仪器及试剂
主要仪器:SHIMADZU-GC8A气相色谱仪(日本岛津公司),SP-3420(北京分析仪器 厂)气相色谱仪及反应系统一套(自制);

科技英语词汇特点分析解析

科技英语词汇特点分析解析

第一节(略)第二节 Technical and Semi—Technical Words科技、半科技专业术语2。

1 Technical words 科技专业术语An ordinary reader or listener may find it difficult to understand the writing or speech composed purely in scientific language。

Words used in technical language present the first obstacle to those who have little or no specific knowledge in the related field。

The special vocabulary of EST includes technical and semi—technical terms.2.1。

1 Highly Specialized in Meaning 意义高度专业化With rapid development of science and technology,new terms are needed to define new phenomena and to explain new things and processes。

Often suitable terms have to be invented。

Scientists have been extending the vocabularies of their subjects for centuries and each subject has its own store of terms with precise and narrow meanings。

For example,stratosphere (同温层), quartz oscillator (石英晶体振荡器), seismology (地震学), polysomic (多倍体的), circumradius (外接圆半径), polystyrene (聚苯乙烯), leukocyte (白细胞),sequoia (红杉), etc。

力学,流体力学,固体力学词汇英语翻译

力学,流体力学,固体力学词汇英语翻译

力学,流体力学,固体力学英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material 滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability 生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equation KDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫-穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming。

新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究

新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究

第53卷第4期2024年4月人㊀工㊀晶㊀体㊀学㊀报JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALSVol.53㊀No.4April,2024新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究曹宇鹏,张汉杰,黄继庆,郭㊀伟,公绪滨,方㊀涛(北京航天试验技术研究所,航天绿色推进剂研究与应用北京市重点实验室,北京㊀100074)摘要:通过水热法制备了一种新型磷酸二氢铝镓(GAHPO)金属无机骨架结构,并通过单晶XRD㊁粉末XRD㊁红外,以及TG-DSC等分析手段对其进行充分表征㊂单晶XRD解析表明,该晶体属于三方晶系㊁Rc3空间群㊂Al(Ga)O6八面体与PO4四面体结构交替连接形成一维链状金属骨架,并由氢键堆叠成三维金属无机骨架结构㊂TG-DSC分析显示, GAHPO热稳定性良好,初始分解温度达到240ħ㊂相比磷酸铝,Ga3+的引入使磷酸铝晶格畸变,削弱了Al O的强度,增大了Al O键长,使更多酸性位点暴露,从而提高GAHPO的催化活性㊂实验结果表明,反应温度在60ħ,催化剂用量为10%时,GAHPO催化乙醛缩合制备丁醇醛具有良好的转化率(47%)和优异的选择性(>99%)㊂酸/碱中和催化剂㊁NH3-TPD,以及大位阻基团取代乙醛反应位点的实验验证了GAHPO的催化乙醛缩合的反应机理㊂本工作为新型铝基无机骨架结构及其催化应用提供了可行途径㊂关键词:磷酸二氢铝镓;水热合成;金属无机骨架;晶格畸变;催化;羟醛缩合中图分类号:O643.3㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀文章编号:1000-985X(2024)04-0714-07 Synthesis of Novel Aluminum Gallium Dihydrogen Phosphate Metal-Inorganic Framework and Its Catalytic Preparation of Butanolal from Acetaldehyde CAO Yupeng,ZHANG Hanjie,HUANG Jiqing,GUO Wei,GONG Xubin,FANG Tao(Beijing Key Laboratory of Research and Application for Aerospace Green Propellants,Beijing Institute ofAerospace Testing Technology,Beijing100074,China)Abstract:Here,a novel aluminum-gallium-phosphate(GAHPO)metal-inorganic framework structure was prepared by hydrothermal method,and it was fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction,powder X-ray diffraction,IR spectroscopy,and gravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimeter(TG-DSC).Single crystal X-ray diffraction results show that GAHPO is attributed to the trigonal system and Rc3space group.Al(Ga)O6octahedra and PO4tetrahedral structures is distorted to form one-dimensional chains,and then is stacked into three-dimensional metal-inorganic frameworks through hydrogen bonding.TG-DSC shows that GAHPO is of high thermal stability,with the initial decomposition temperature of240ħ.Compared with aluminum phosphate,the introduction of Ga3+distorted the AlPO4lattice,thus weakening and elongating the Al O bond,which makes more acid catalytic sites exposed and enhanced the catalytic activity.The experiment shows that when the reaction temperature is60ħ,and the catalyst dosage is10%of acetaldehyde,GAHPO could catalyze the condensation of acetaldehyde to produce butanolal with good conversion rate(47%)and excellent selectivity(>99%). The reaction mechanism of acetaldehyde condensation catalyzed by GAHPO was investigated using scavengers,NH3-TPD and specially designed derivatives to confirm the reactive sites of the catalyst and the substrate.This work provides a feasible way for novel aluminum inorganic framework structures and the catalytic applications.Key words:aluminum-gallium-phosphate;hydrothermal synthesis;metal-inorganic framework;lattice distortion;catalysis; aldol condensation㊀㊀收稿日期:2023-12-03㊀㊀基金项目:中国航天科技集团钱学森青年基金㊀㊀作者简介:曹宇鹏(1994 ),男,山西省人,博士研究生㊂E-mail:1411208228@㊀㊀通信作者:方㊀涛,博士,研究员㊂E-mail:fangtao7217@㊀第4期曹宇鹏等:新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究715㊀0㊀引㊀㊀言磷酸铝体系金属无机骨架材料被合成以来,由于丰富多变的拓扑结构被广泛地应用在吸附㊁分离㊁非均相催化㊁各类载体和离子交换等领域[1-5]㊂1982年,Wilson与Flanigen首次报道了磷酸铝分子筛的合成[6],其丰富的孔道结构引起了研究人员的广泛关注㊂经典的磷酸铝金属无机框架结构一般由相互交替的AlO4和PO4四面体组成,可在此基础上通过同晶取代的方式向其中掺杂Mg㊁Co㊁Zn㊁Be㊁Cu㊁Fe等其他元素,引入更为丰富的结构和性质[7]㊂单纯磷酸铝金属无机骨架呈现电中性,电中性导致的低活性极大限制了单纯磷酸铝金属无机骨架在催化等领域的应用㊂因此,通过人为的方式去制造晶体结构的缺陷(即在磷酸铝分子筛合成过程中引入杂原子,替代骨架中Al或(和)P原子的位置,引起磷酸铝晶体结构的 畸变 ),从而产生催化活性中心,是增加磷酸铝分子筛在催化等方面的应用前景的必要手段[8-10]㊂Ga和Al元素位于同一主族,具有相近的性质,但是Ga原子的原子半径远大于Al原子㊂另外,Ga原子多以五配位GaO5和六配位GaO6形式存在,四配位GaO4则较少存在[11]㊂上述特性导致Ga原子引入磷酸铝结构中后,可产生众多新的拓扑结构,增加更多催化应用可能性㊂从过去的研究中可知,关于磷酸铝及其杂原子掺杂的金属无机骨架结构有众多文献报道[12-15],但以磷酸二氢铝骨架为主体,同时引入Ga原子的结构目前尚未报道㊂可以大胆推测,掺杂Ga的磷酸二氢铝骨架结构不仅自身带有Brönsted酸性中心,同时Ga的掺杂引起的磷酸二氢铝晶格畸变可能会导致其产生催化活性中心,这样的结构可能在酸催化反应领域有潜在应用价值㊂丁醇醛可用于制备抗氧化剂㊁香料㊁矿物浮选剂等精细化工产品,是重要的化工中间体,由乙醛的自羟醛缩合反应制得㊂工业制法主要使用KOH等强碱[16],或甲磺酸等强酸[17]催化剂,但存在选择性不高㊁催化剂难以回收等局限性㊂负载型催化剂如Mg@Al2O3等也可用于催化乙醛自缩合[18],然而此类催化剂易团聚,反应过程中丁醇醛脱水生成巴豆醛,导致催化剂失活,严重影响催化的使用寿命㊂本工作中,以氢氧化铝㊁磷酸及氧化镓为原料,通过温和条件下水热法合成首个磷酸二氢铝镓(GAHPO)金属无机骨架结构㊂通过单晶XRD㊁粉末XRD㊁红外㊁TG-DSC㊁多种手段对结构进行充分测试表征㊂同时通过程序升温脱附(TPD)测试其对NH3和CO2的吸附特性研究其酸催化活性特性,由于GAHPO表面存在丰富的酸碱位点,且稳定性较高,可预见其用于乙醛自缩合反应,效果将会得以改善,即催化活性与稳定性得以提升㊂1㊀实㊀㊀验1.1㊀催化剂的制备氢氧化铝购买自国药京试有限公司,氧化镓㊁85%磷酸购买自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司,磷酸铝㊁硫酸氧钛㊁乙醛购买自萨恩化学有限公司㊂去离子水购买自Millipore㊂上述试剂均为分析纯,不再进一步纯化㊂GAHPO晶体制备:新型微孔磷酸二氢铝镓骨架材料通过水热法制备得到,具体的合成过程为:1)在1L 烧杯中依次投入85%H3PO4340g㊁氢氧化铝10g,以及氧化镓1g,设定磁力搅拌器转速为300r/min,加热使混合物温升至110ħ㊂待上述混合物变为澄清后继续加热蒸发除去部分水,同时使用密度计连续监测其密度,当反应液密度超过1.80g/mL时停止加热㊂2)将前一步反应液转移至密封反应釜中,置于333K的烘箱中保持5d以上,大量无色透明晶体析出㊂抽滤并用少量无水乙醇洗涤,自然干燥即得产物GAHPO㊂H2SO4@TiO2的制备[19]:硫酸氧钛10g置入石英坩埚,以5ħ/min速率升温至500ħ并保温4h㊂冷却至室温,取出白色固体,研磨备用,即为H2SO4@TiO2,产量8.4g㊂1.2㊀催化反应条件乙醛(44g,1.0mol)与一定量的GAHPO混合,加入100mL耐压反应釜,升温至指定温度,搅拌并保温4h㊂通入循环冷凝液使反应混合物冷却至263K,上清液取样使用气相色谱检测,根据峰面积归一化法得出GC产率和选择性㊂反应完成后,过滤催化剂并用乙醇洗涤,80ħ真空干燥,用于下一次催化循环实验㊂产物的1H NMR结果如下:丁醇醛-1H NMR(500MHz,CD3OD):δ=9.69(t,J=5.9Hz,1H),5.16(m,1H), 2.03(m,2H),1.18ˑ10-6(d,J=5.9Hz,3H)㊂巴豆醛-1H NMR(500MHz,CD3OD):δ=9.37(d,J=8.3Hz, 1H),7.19(m,1H),6.21(m,1H),2.05ˑ10-6(d,J=7.0Hz,3H)㊂716㊀研究论文人工晶体学报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第53卷1.3㊀性能测试与表征采用奥地利Anton Paar DMA4500M密度计,在20ħ环境下进行密度测试㊂采用日本理学单晶X射线衍射仪㊁荷兰XPert3粉末X射线衍射仪解析晶体结构,仪器参数:Cu Kα(λ=1.5418Å),管电压50kV,管电流200mA,扫速5(ʎ)/min,步长0.02ʎ,扫描范围5ʎ~85ʎ㊂Fourier变换红外(FT-IR)谱图由Bruker Vertex70(透射模式)红外光谱仪测得㊂热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)分别由Netzsch TG-209热重仪和DSC-214差示扫描量热仪测得㊂1H NMR谱图测试采用日本电子JEOL500MHz核磁共振仪㊂NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)结果由华璞恒创CM8320化学吸附仪测得㊂采用Angilent7890B气相色谱仪(GC)对反应混合物进行分析,加装氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)和DB-5毛细管柱(30mˑ0.25mmˑ0.25μm)㊂GC操作条件如下:载气N2流速1.0mL/min;进样口温度180ħ;阶梯升温速率10ħ/min;FID背景温度180ħ㊂2㊀结果与讨论2.1㊀GAHPO骨架材料的构筑为解析GAHPO的晶体结构,使用单晶X射线衍射仪,以石墨为单色器,利用Mo K射线(λ=0.71073Å)靶,在100K下以ω扫描方式收集衍射数据,全部强度数据进行了Lp因子和经验吸收校正㊂单晶结构用直接法获得(SHELXS-97Sheldrick,2008),用全矩阵最小二乘法精修结构(SHELXL-97Sheldrick,2008)㊂表1列出了详细的晶体参数㊂表1㊀GAHPO的晶体参数Table1㊀Crystal parameters of GAHPOParameter GAHPOCCDC2304152Empirical formula Al0.84H6Ga0.16O12P3Formula weight/(g㊃mol-1)324.85Temperature/K100Wavelength/Å0.71073Space group Rc3(trigonal)a/Å13.6964(5)b/Å13.6964(5)c/Å9.1469(3)α/(ʎ)90β/(ʎ)90γ/(ʎ)120Volume/Å31485.99(12)Z6Density(calculated)/(g㊃cm-3) 2.178F(000)977.0θ(max)/(ʎ)29.158h,k,l max18,16,11该晶体结晶于三方晶系㊁Rc3空间群,晶胞参数为a=13.6964(5)Å,b=13.6964(5)Å,c=9.1469(3)Å,α=90ʎ,β=90ʎ,γ=120ʎ㊂图示为GAHPO的不对称结构单元(见图1(a))和晶体堆积结构(见图1(b)),可见Ga对Al原子占有同等的位置,占比约为16%ʒ84%㊂该晶体包含了一个由AlO6/GaO6八面体与PO4四面体交替连接形成的一维链状金属骨架结构,不同链间通过氢键(见图1(b)中蓝色虚线)堆叠而成三维金属无机骨架结构㊂磷酸二氢铝镓Al(Ga) O的键长范围为1.890~1.894Å,长度大于磷酸铝的Al O(1.735Å)[20], Al O键变长可使更多的Al酸性催化中心暴露,增加其酸催化活性位点㊂同时P O的键长为1.490~1.580Å,与经典的P O键长基本一致㊂图2展示了GAHPO的粉末XRD图谱,实测结果与理论模拟结果对比可见,二者X射线衍射图高度相㊀第4期曹宇鹏等:新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究717㊀符,说明合成产物晶体结晶度和纯度较高㊂图1㊀GAHPO 结构㊂(a)不对称结构单元;(b)晶体堆积结构Fig.1㊀Structure of GAHPO.(a)Asymmetric structural unit;(b)ball-and-stick packingdiagram 图2㊀GAHPO 的实测(a)与模拟(b)粉末XRD 图谱Fig.2㊀Experimental (a)and simulated (b)powder XRD patterns ofGAHPO图3㊀GAHPO 的FT-IR 谱图Fig.3㊀FT-IR spectrum of GAHPO 图3为GAHPO 的FT-IR 谱图㊂从图中可以看出,在3084cm -1的宽吸收峰归属为O H 键的伸缩振动㊂在1200~700cm -1还展现了Al O㊁Ga O 及P O 的各种振动峰,其中1187和1127cm -1处的吸收峰为Al(Ga) O键的弯曲和伸缩振动,925cm -1可归结于P O 键的伸缩振动㊂GAHPO 的热重(TG)曲线在空气氛围中,以10ħ/min 的升温速率测定,结果如图4所示㊂从图中可以看出,240ħ前样品稳定性良好,继续升温样品开始有明显失重,最大失重温度出现在260ħ,从240~540ħ对应的失重为18.72%,通过对照磷酸二氢铝加热分解产物[21],该部分的失重归结为水和磷酸的失去㊂2.2㊀GAHPO 催化制备丁醇醛性能评价以乙醛的自羟醛缩合反应评估催化剂的性能㊂如表1所示,主产物丁醇醛在GAHPO 的催化下,转化率可达47%㊂而相同条件下磷酸铝催化乙醛缩合的转化只有28%㊂固体酸H 2SO 4@TiO 2取得了92%的乙醛转化率,但由于酸性很强,羟基被酸化后,以络合物形式离去,生成脱水产物巴豆醛,选择性下降㊂固体碱NaOH 的催化转化率较高,但选择性较低,生成了脱水产物巴豆醛㊂碱性更强的KOH 则可观察到主产物为巴豆醛,丁醇醛的占比进一步降低,还可观察到部分高聚产物的生成㊂因KOH 碱性较强,乙醛亲核加成产物丁醇醛在强碱KOH 作用下,其靠近羟基一侧的α-H 被攫取,经由单分子共轭碱消除(E1cb)反应方式,生成的碳负离子向邻位羟基转移电子,促使OH -离去,生成巴豆醛㊂上述结果表明乙醛转化率与催化剂活性密切相关,碱性催化剂的活性高于酸性催化剂㊂GAHPO 的催化活性显著高于磷酸铝,且活性适中,不引起产物脱水或深度反应㊂催化剂用量与活性位点的数量密切相关㊂如图5(a)所示,当催化剂质量从1%逐渐增加到10%时,乙醛的转化率从4%增加到47%㊂当催化剂用量超过10%时,乙醛的转化率不再继续上升,同时丁醇醛的选择性下降,开始生成脱水产物巴豆醛㊂这是因为GAHPO 起催化作用的位点为酸性,其用量增大后,酸性位点增多㊂丁醇醛的羟基被酸化,以羟基-催化剂络合物的形式离去,生成巴豆醛㊂随后探究了20~80ħ的反718㊀研究论文人工晶体学报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第53卷应温度条件,实验结果如图5(b)所示㊂反应温度从20ħ升至60ħ时,乙醛转化率从8%大幅增加到47%㊂超过60ħ则使丁醇醛选择性降低㊂上述结果表明,60ħ下催化剂质量分数在10%时达到最优催化效果㊂图4㊀GAHPO的TG-DSC曲线㊂(a)TG曲线;(b)DSC曲线Fig.4㊀TG-DSC curves of GAHPO.(a)TG curve;(b)DSC curve表2㊀不同催化剂催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的效果Table2㊀Preparation of butanolal from acetaldehyde using different catalystsEntry Catalyst Conversion/%Selectivity/%1GAHPO47>992AlPO428>993H2SO4@TiO292654NaOH63835KOH8622图5㊀不同反应条件对乙醛催化转化反应的影响㊂(a)催化剂用量研究;(b)反应温度的研究Fig.5㊀Effect of different reaction conditions on the catalytic conversion of acetaldehyde.(a)Investigation of catalyst dosage;(b)investigation of reaction temperature为评价GAHPO的催化稳定性,进行循环催化实验㊂结果如图6所示,GAHPO在完成7次催化循环后,性能未见明显降低㊂紫外-可见漫反射光谱结果表明,GAHPO在反应前后结构基本保持,表现出较高的稳定性㊂这体现了非均相催化剂可重复使用的优势㊂2.3㊀GAHPO催化乙醛自缩合活性提高机制乙醛的自缩合反应是酸/碱催化的离子型非氧化还原反应㊂为了探究催化机理,分别采用酸/碱中和催化剂的方式,确定催化位点㊂实验结果如图7(a)所示,使用乙酸中和碱性位点后,乙醛转化率从47%下降至32%;而使用三乙胺中和酸性位点则使催化剂的活性位点完全被掩蔽,乙醛转化率为0㊂上述结果表明乙醛自缩合反应的关键催化位点是GAHPO的碱性位点㊂为了进一步验证催化机理,进行CO2/NH3升温脱附实验评价催化剂的酸碱位点,使用CO2中和催化剂碱位点时,催化剂与磷酸铝的脱附峰强度差别较小㊂而使用NH3中和催化剂酸位点时,结果如图7(b)所示,催㊀第4期曹宇鹏等:新型磷酸二氢铝镓金属无机骨架结构的合成及其催化乙醛制备丁醇醛的研究719㊀化剂的脱附峰高是磷酸铝的5倍,表明GAHPO催化乙醛缩合的关键位点为碱㊂从晶体结构(见图1)可知, GAHPO结构中Al O键长为1.890~1.894Å,而磷酸铝则为1.735Å,Al O在GAHPO中被削弱,说明Ga3+的引入使磷酸铝晶格发生畸变,增大了Al O键长,使更多酸位点暴露,从而提高GAHPO的催化活性㊂图6㊀GAHPO的催化稳定性㊂(a)催化循环实验;(b)催化循环前后GAHPO的紫外可见近红外漫反射光谱Fig.6㊀Ctalytic stability of GAHPO.(a)Cyclic runs;(b)UV-Vis-NIR DRS of GAHPO before and after catalytic cycles图7㊀GAHPO催化位点研究㊂(a)淬灭实验;(b)GAHPO与磷酸铝(APO)的NH3-TPD曲线对比Fig.7㊀Investigation on catalytic sites of GAHPO.(a)Catalysis using different scavengers;(b)comparison of NH3-TPD curves ofGHAPO and APO为确定反应物与催化剂的接触位点,采用不同的大位阻基团对乙醛的反应位点进行取代,观察反应转化情况㊂实验结果显示,相较于乙醛,三氟乙醛完全无法转化,说明乙醛的α-H是反应位点㊂同理,乙醛缩乙二醇也未观察到任何转化率,表明羰基也是反应位点㊂根据上述结果,提出反应机理如图8(b)所示㊂乙醛的羰基与GAHPO酸性位点(Al O键)作用而被极化,随后另一分子乙醛与之发生亲核加成反应,中间体与催化剂的酸性位点脱附,即得产物丁醇醛㊂图8㊀乙醛反应位点确定(a)及反应机理(b)Fig.8㊀Confirmation of the reactive sites of acetaldehyde(a)and proposed reaction mechanism(b)720㊀研究论文人工晶体学报㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第53卷3㊀结㊀㊀论本文在温和水热条件下,以常见的磷酸㊁氢氧化铝和氧化镓为原料首次合成GAHPO金属无机骨架结构㊂通过单晶XRD㊁粉末XRD和红外分析,确认其为Al(Ga)O6八面体与PO4四面体结构交替连接形成一维链状金属骨架,而后通过氢键作用堆叠成三维结构㊂TG-DSC数据显示该结构在240ħ时开始分解,证明其有良好的热稳定性㊂由于Ga原子的引入(原位部分替换Al原子),GAHPO骨架结构晶格发生畸变,暴露出更多酸性催化活性位点㊂其酸催化活性通过TPD测试及模型反应乙醛缩合制备丁醇醛得到充分验证㊂参考文献[1]㊀徐如人,庞文琴,于吉红.分子筛与多孔材料化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.XU R R,PANG W Q,YU J H.Molecular sieve and porous material chemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.[2]㊀CHEETHAM A K,FÉREY G,LOISEAU T.Open-framework inorganic materials[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,1999,38(22):3268-3292.[3]㊀CHEUNG O,HEDIN N.Zeolites and related sorbents with narrow pores for CO2separation from flue gas[J].RSC Advances,2014,4(28):14480-14494.[4]㊀林之恩,杨国昱.多孔材料化学:从无机微孔化合物到金属有机多孔骨架[J].结构化学,2004,23(12):1388-1398.LIN Z E,YANG G Y.Chemistry of porous materials:from inorganic microporous compounds to metal-organic porous frameworks[J].Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry,2004,23(12):1388-1398(in Chinese).[5]㊀YU J H,XU R R.Insight into 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MTOperformance[J].Chemical Communications,2014,50(49):6502-6505.[11]㊀PARISE J B.Preparation and structural characterization of two metallophosphate frameworks clathrating diprotonated ethylenediamine:AlPO4-12(en)and GaPO4-12(en)[J].Inorganic Chemistry,1985,24(25):4312-4316.[12]㊀BU X,FENG P,STUCKY G rge-cage zeolite structures with multidimensional12-ring channels[J].Science,1997,278(5346):2080-2085.[13]㊀LOISEAU T,FEREY G.Oxyfluorinated microporous compounds.VII.Synthesis and crystal structure of ULM-5,a new fluorinated gallophosphateGa16(PO4)14(HPO4)2(OH)2F7,[H3N(CH2)6NH3]4,6H2O with16-membered rings and both bonding and encapsulated F-[J].Journal of Solid State Chemistry France,1994,111(2):403-415.[14]㊀SASSOYE C,LOISEAU T,TAULELLE F,et al.A new open-framework fluorinated gallium phosphate with large18-ring channels(MIL-31)[J].Chemical Communications,2000(11):943-944.[15]㊀LIN C H,WANG S L,LII K H.Ga2(DETA)(PO4)2]㊃2H2O(DETA=diethylenetriamine):a novel porous gallium phosphate containing24-ring channels[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2001,123(19):4649-4650.[16]㊀ZHANG L,PHAM T N,FARIA J,et al.Improving the selectivity to C4products in the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde in ethanol overfaujasite zeolites[J].Applied Catalysis A:General,2015,504:119-129.[17]㊀BAIGRIE L M,COX R A,SLEBOCKA-TILK H,et al.Acid-catalyzed enolization and aldol condensation of acetaldehyde[J].Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society,1985,107(12):3640-3645.[18]㊀ZHANG L,PHAM T N,FARIA J,et al.Synthesis of C4and C8chemicals from ethanol on MgO-incorporated faujasite catalysts with balancedconfinement effects and basicity[J].ChemSusChem,2016,9(7):736-748.[19]㊀ZHANG X J,XING Y,SONG Z X,et parison of support synthesis methods for TiO2and the effects of surface sulfates on its activitytoward NH3-SCR[J].New Journal of Chemistry,2019,43(4):1818-1826.[20]㊀郭亚楠.过渡金属掺杂微孔磷酸铝化合物的合成㊁表征与脱模板剂研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2012.GUO Y N.Syntheses,characterization,and detemplation of transition metal 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常用制备方法:浸渍法,沉淀法,共混合法,熔融法。
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
催化剂常用制备方法
混合法 即将催化剂的各个组份作成浆状,经过充分的混 合(如在混炼机中)后成型干燥而得。 浸渍法 即将高比表面的载体在催化剂的水溶液中浸渍, 使有效组成吸附在载体上。如一次浸渍达不到规定的吸附 量,可在干燥后再浸。此外,要将几种组份按一定比例浸 渍到载体上去也常采用多次浸渍的办法。 沉淀法或共沉淀法 即在充分搅拌的条件下,向催化剂的 盐类溶液中加入沉淀剂(有时还加入载体),即生成催化剂 的沉淀。再经过滤及水洗除去有害离子,然后煅烧成所需 的催化剂组成。 溶蚀法 如骨架镍即是先将Ni与Al按比例混合熔炼,制成 合金,粉碎以后再用苛性钠溶液溶去合金申的朋而形成骨 架镍的。 热熔融法.即将主催化剂及助催化超组份放在电炉内熔融 后,再把它冷却和粉碎到 需要的尺寸,如合成氨用的熔 铁催化剂就是一例。
一、 吸附等温方程
化学吸附速率方程的建立
pA (1)单位表面上的气体分子碰撞数 Z= 1 (2 mkT ) 2 Ea ) (2)吸附活化能Ea exp( RgT
Adsorption
(3)表面覆盖度 A
f ( A )
The fraction of the surface covered by adsorbed species A.
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
催化反应能量与路径关系
Activation energy without catalyst
Activation energy with catalyst
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
气固相催化反应特点
• 催化剂是能够加快化学反应速率,但本身 能复原的物质。 • 中间产物,改变反应途径,降低活化能。 • 不能改变化学平衡,同时加速正、逆反应 • 具有选择性。 • 均相催化和多相催化。 • 活性位(active site)理论:
Irving Langmuir Nobel Prize, Chemistry 1932 “...for his discoveries and investigations in surface Chemistry.” Columbia Graduate, 1906.
Irving Langmuir, “Pathological Science,” Physics Today, October 1989, p. 43.
Ea ra A pA f ( A )exp( ) RgT
一、 吸附等温方程
化学吸附速率方程的建立 Desorption (1)表面覆盖度 f '( A )
Ed ) (2)脱附活化能 exp( RgT E d 脱附速率
rd k ' f '( A )exp(
这样,可写出净的吸附速率的表达式
氦-汞置换法
孔径及其分布
微孔(Micropore),指孔径小于1nm---活性炭、沸石分子筛等; 中孔(mesopore),指孔径1-25nm的孔,催化剂大部分孔; 大孔(Macropore),指孔径大于25nm的孔,硅藻土中的孔道;
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
固体催化剂的孔结构
真密度,假密度,堆密度(床层密度),空隙率
t
p
b
pVg

二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
固体催化剂的孔结构
公式:
b p (1 ) t (1 )(1 )
Vp (1 ) Vt
m
Vb (1 ) Vp
M
b
(1 )
Overall progression of heterogeneously catalysed reaction
Reaction steps 1. External film diffusion 2. Internal pore diffusion 3. Adsorption on active sites 4. Surface reaction to products 5. Desorption of products 6. Internal diffusion of products 7. External diffusion of products
第二章
气-固相催化反应宏观动力学
第一节 催化及固体催化剂 第二节 化学吸附与气-固相催化反应本征动力学模型 第三节 气-固相催化反应宏观过程与催化剂颗粒内气体的 扩散 第四节 内扩散有效因子 第五节 气-固相间热、质传递过程多总体速率的影响 第六节 固体颗粒催化剂的工程设计 第七节 气-固相催化反应宏观动力学模型 第八节 固体催化剂的失活 第九节 讨论与分析
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
1、固体催化剂的结构 大多数催化剂是多孔物质,每克有几十甚至 几百平方米的内表面积 内表面积:Sg
内表面积越大,活性位越多,反应面越大。 常用测定方法有:气体吸附法和BET法。
比孔容Vg和孔隙率θ
一、 吸附等温方程 1、均匀表面吸附等温方程
理想吸附层的模型 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
(1)表面均匀(2)吸附分子间无相互作用(3)动态平衡
A、k '、Ea、Ed

吸附过程中都是常数
Ed Ea ka Aexp( ) 和 kd k ' exp( ) RgT RgT
0 E E a a A 0 E E d A d 0 0 Ea ,Ed ,,为常数
2、不均匀表面吸附等温方程
真实吸附层等温方程
0 0 Ea E ' ' d A A k f A exห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ r ra rd A p A f A exp RT RT RT RT g g g g
一、物理吸附和化学吸附
Physical adsorption
•Van der Waals- forces •non-specific •low heat of adsorption •mono-molecular/ multi-layer coverage
Chemisorption
•chemical interaction •specific for both adsorbent & adsorbate •large heat of adsorption(~100 kJ/mol) •occurs at higher temperatures • mono-molecular-layer coverage
• 单组分吸附
f ( A ) 1 A
f’ ( A ) A
Ea Ed r A pA f ( A )exp( ) k ' f '( A )exp( ) RgT RgT
r ka pA (1 A ) kd A
1、均匀表面吸附等温方程
r ka pA (1 A ) kd A
活性组分、助催化剂、载体
负载催化剂依负载的催化剂前体化学成分而言可分为金属 催化剂,氧化物催化剂和固体酸催化剂。
金属催化剂是指被负载的催化剂前体是金属,如 Pt/Al2O3, Pd/C。 氧化物催化剂,如Fe2O3/Al2O3, NiO/Al2O3;
固体酸催化剂,例如SO42-/ZrO2,
常用载体有:氧化铝、二氧化硅、碳化硅、活性炭、硅胶、 硅藻土、沸石分子筛等。
M
p
p
(1 )
m
t
二、固体催化剂(solid catalyst)
2. 固体催化剂的活化
各种制备好的催化剂通常都要经过一个“活化”过程,就 是在一定压力和温度下,用一定组成的气体对催化剂进行 处理,使其中的某种氧化物、氢氧化物或盐的形态存在的 活化组分得到还原或进行相变,以获得催化反应所必需的 活性组分和相组成。
1 0= 1+bA p + b p + b p + b p B B L L M M A
i
bi p i 1
i A, B , L , M

bi p i
被吸附分子解离成两个原子,且各占一个活性位
2 ra ka pA (1 A )2 及rd kd A
A=
bA p A
当吸附达到衡时
------Langmuir吸附等温方程
ra rd

r0
pA
ka p A (1 A ) kd A
ka pA bA p kd A A ka 1 bA p A 1 pA kd
0
A
1、均匀表面吸附等温方程 多组分吸附
Adsorption of Competing Species A、B、L、M 都达到吸附平衡
第二节
化学吸附与气-固相催化反应本征动力学模型
一般情况下气-固催化反应由以下步骤: 反应物被分布在催化剂的表面上的活性位吸附, 成为活性吸附态; 活性吸附态组分在催化剂活性表面上进行反应, 生成吸附态产物; 吸附态产物从催化活性表面脱附。
一、 吸附等温方程 • Intrinsic kinetics
kai pi 0 kdii

i bi pi 0

pA
pB
pL
pM
A
A
B
0
L
M
0 1 ( A B L M )
1、均匀表面吸附等温方程 多组分吸附及发生解离时情况 b p kai pi 0 kdii i i i 0
0+ A B L M 1
RgT
)
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