What Are Repeatability and Reproducibility
工厂生产及质量培训——GRR
測量系統誤差
量測系統 真值 量測值
量測系統分析術語
准確度( 准確度(Accuracy) 精 重複性( 重複性(Repeatability) 精密度 度 再生性( 再生性(Reproducibility) 穩定性( 穩定性(Stability) 線性( 線性(Linearity) 等效性( 等效性(Equivalence)
零件 作業者1 作業者 1 作業者2 作業者 2 巒異 1 0.85 0.8 0.05 2 0.75 0.7 0.05 3 1 0.95 0.05 4 0.45 0.55 0.1 5 0.5 0.6 0.1
平均全距=(0.05+0.05+0.05+0.1+0.1)/5=0.07 平均全距=(0.05+0.05+0.05+0.1+0.1)/5=0.07 R&R=5.15*R/d2=5.15*0.07/1.19=0.303 GRR=R&R/TOL(或製程巒異 GRR=R&R/TOL(或製程巒異)=0.303/0.4=75.5% 或製程巒異) GRR>20% 量測系統能力不足
GRR實驗要求 GRR實驗要求(續) 實驗要求(
對操作者的要求: 對操作者的要求:
每位操作者得到了良好的教育訓練, 每位操作者得到了良好的教育訓練,能 熟練正確地操作量測儀器 確保每個操作者完全明白進行GRR GRR分析 確保每個操作者完全明白進行GRR分析 的每一個步驟及注意事項
計量值GRR實驗方法 (一 )
再生性()
再生性又稱作業者變異,指不同作業者以相同量具量測 再生性又稱作業者變異,指不同作業者以相同量具量測 相同產品之特性時, 相同產品之特性時,量測平均值之變異 在量測之條件有所變化下, 在量測之條件有所變化下,重複之量測值之間的變異 (操作者,裝夾,位置,環境條件,較長的時間段) 操作者,裝夾,位置,環境條件,較長的時間段) 為外在因素引起之量測系統的變異
品质术语中英文对照
品质人员名称类：QC quality control品质管理人员F QC final quality control终点质量管理人员IP QC in process quality control制程中的质量管理人员O QC output quali y control最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control全面质量管理POC passage quality control段检人员QA quality assurance质量保证人员OQ A output quality assurance出货质量保证人员Q Equality engineering品质工程人员二、品质保证类：FAI first article inspection新品首件检查FAA first article assurance首件确认TVR tool verification report模具确认报告3B3B模具正式投产前确认CP cap abi ity index能力指数CPK cap abi ity index of process模具制程能力参数SSQ A standardized supplier quality合格供货商品质评估OOB A out of box audit开箱检查QFD quality function deployment品质机能展开FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析8 disciplines 8项回复内容FA final audit最后一次稽核CAR corrective action request改正行动要求corrective action report改正行动报告三、F QC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level运作类允收品质水准S/S Sample size抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept允收REE Reject拒收CR Critical极严重的MAJ Major主要的MIN Minor轻微的A OQ Average Output Quality平均出厂品质A OQL Average Output Quality Level平均出厂品质Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service品质/可靠度服务MIL-STD Ml itary-Standard军用标准PPM Percent Per Milon百万分之一L/N Lot Number 生产批号四、制程统计品管专类：SPC Statistical Process Control统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control统计质量管理R Range全距A RAver ary Range全距平均值UCL Upper Central Limit管制上限LCL Lower Central Limit管制下限MAX Maximum最大值MIN Minimum最小值GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeat abilty量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension尺寸DIA Diameter直径FREQ Frequency频率N Number样品数五、其它品质术语类：PDCA Plan Do Check Action计划执行检查总结QI Quali y Improvement品质改善QP Quality Policy目标方针SI-SIV Special l-SpecialⅣV特殊抽样水准等级P/N Part Number料号AOD Accept On Deviation特采UAI Use As It首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million百万分之一QCC Quality Control Circle品质圈Plan Do Check Action计划执行检查总结ZD Zero Defect零缺点TQM Total Quality Management全面品质管理MRB Material Reject Bill退货单LQ L Limiting Quality Level最低品质水准RMA Return Material Audit退料认可Q AN Quality A me lion rate Notice品质改善活动ADM Absolute Dimension Measure mat全尺寸测量QT Quality Target品质目标7QC Tools 7 Quality Controll Tools品管七大手法六、QS-9000中的术语：APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan，产品质量先期策划和控制计划PPAP Production Part Approval Process，生产件批准程序FMEA Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysi，潜在失效模式及后果分析MSA Measure System Analysis，测量系统分析SPC Statistical Process Control，统计过程控制六、QS-9000中的术语：APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan，产品质量先期策划和控制计划PPAP Production Part Approval Process，生产件批准程序FMEA Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis，潜在失效模式及后果分析MSA Measure System Analysis，测量系统分析SPC Statistical Process Control，统计过程控制Audit审核Audit 能力Capability 能力Capability Indices 能力指数Control Plans 控制计划Corrective Action 纠正措施文件Documentation 文件work instruction作业指导书Nonconformity 不符合项Nonconforming products不合格品Unqualified 不合格Defective Parts Per Milon，DPPM 每百万零件不合格数Preventive Action预防措施Procedures程序Process Flow Diagram过程流程图，Quality Manual质量手册Quality Plan质量计划Quality Planning质量策划Quality Records 质量记录Reaction Plan反应计划Repair返修返工Rework现场Site分承包方Subcontractors产品product质量quality质量要求quality requirement顾客满意customer satisfaction质量管理体系quality management system 质量方针quality policy质量目标qua ity objective质量管理quality management质量控制quality control质量保证quality assurance组织organization顾客customer供方supplier过程process服务service设计与开发design and development特性characteristic可追溯性traceability合格conformity缺陷defect纠正correction让步concession放行release报废scrap规范specification评审review测量measurement计数型数据Attributes Data普通原因CommonCause单值Individual均值Mean随机抽样Random Sampling 极差Range特殊原因Special Cause稳定性Stabi ity子组Subgroup计量型数据Variables Data 变差Variation固有变差Inherent Variation 总变差Total Variation偏倚Bias重复性Repeatability再现性Reproduc ibi ity稳定性Stability Linearity分辨率Resolution过程更改Process change过程更改Process change质量功能展开QFD过程特殊特性Special Process Characteristic产品特殊特性Special Product Characteristic外观项目Appearance Item初始过程能力Preliminary Process Capability材料清单Bill of Material设计确认Design Validation设计验证Design Verification顾客的呼声Voice of the Customer过程的呼声Voice of the Process七、常用缩略词语：ES工程规范Engineering SpecificationKCC关键控制特性(GM) Key Control CharacteristicKPC关键产品特性(GM) Key Product CharacteristicOEM整车厂Original Equipment ManufacturerSC重要(特殊) 特性Significant(Special) Characteristic ANOVA方差分析法Analysis of Variance CFT多方论证小组Cross function T eam DFMEA设计失效模式及后果分析Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis DOE试验设计Design of Experiment DVP&R设计验证计划和报告Design verification Plan and ReportFTC试生产能力First Time CapabilityGR&R量具的重复性和再现性Gage Repeatability and ReproducibilityP FMEA过程失效模式及后果分析Process Failure Mode and Effect AnalysisSF ME A系统失效模式及后是分析System Failure Mode and Effect Analysis QSR 质量体系要求Quality System RequirementQFD质量功能展开Quality Function DeploymentTGR运行情况良好Things Gone RightTGW运行情况不良Things Gone WrongVE/VA价值工程/价值分析Value Engineering/Value AnalysisBOM物料清单Bill of MaterialCpk 稳定过程的能力指数Cap ablity for stable processLCL 下控制限Lower Control LimitUCL 上控制限Upper Control LimitLSL 工程规范下限Lower Specification LimitUS L 工程规范上限Upper Specification LimitPpk 性能指数The performance indexMRB 物料评审Material Review BoardPSW 零件提交保证书Part Submission WarrantX(-)--R图均值一极差图Average-Range ChartSR PC 供方要求产品更改Supplier Request for Product ChangeIAA临时批准授权Interim Approval AuthorizationAAR外观件批准报告Appearance Approval ReportPTR试生产(报告) Production Trial Run(Report)DCP尺寸控制计划(动态控制计划) Dimension Control Plan(Dynamic Control Plan) 防错(POKA-YOKE) Mistake ProofingECN：工程变更通知单BOM：物料清单SOP：作业指导书SIP：检验指导书AC：允收RE：拒收AQL：品质允收水准CR：致命缺陷9.MAX：严重缺陷MIN：轻微缺陷QA：品质保证IP QC：制程品质控制IQC：进料品质控制QE：品质工程F MEN：失效模式及后果分析SPC：统计过程控制CPK：工序能力指数SQC：统计品质管控QMS：质量管理体系ISO：国际标准化组织ISO 9000：质量管理体系ISO 14001：环境管理体系CAR：客户投诉不良改善报告CPAR：纠正/预防措施报告TQC：全面质量管理ROHS：电机电子产品之危害物质限用指令QCC：品管圈UCL：管制上限LCL：管制下限14.P DCA：计划、实施、检查、处置5M1E：人员、机器、物料、方法、测量、环境5W2H：何时、何地、何人、何事、为何、如何、几何(几多、多少) PCBA：印刷电路板SQM：供应商品质管理ECR：设计变更IQC：来料检验IP QC：制程检验F QC：最终检验(成品检验)O QC：出厂检验QA：品质保证QE：品质工程PQE：产品品质工程师PE：产品工程师PC：生产控制(生管)MC：物料控制ME：机械工程师FE：设备工程师SQC：统计品管TQC：全面品质管制QFD：质量机能展开we nku.con CW QC：日本模式TQC-全公司品管TQM：全面品质管理AQL：判定基准-不良率为%PPM：百万分之一不良率SOP：标准作业程序SIP：标准检验程序PDCA：戴明管理循环(Plan设计、Do制造，实施、Check检查、Action修正) BOM：物料清单ECO：工程变更指令MN：制造通知MPI：作业指导书TPI：测试指导书API：调试指导书Rev：版本WIP：在制品MAJ：主要缺点MIN：次要缺点CRI：严重缺点SAMPLE：样品。
语言学问答题
《现代语言学》问答题1.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?ArbitrarinessIt means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place.Cultural transmissionLanguage is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted.2. How are the English consonants classified?1)by manner of articulation.a.stops（plosive爆破音）: [p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]b.fricatives（磨擦音）: [f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[ð], [∫], [ʒ], [h]c.affricates（破擦音）: [ t∫], [dʒ]d.liquids（lateral边音，流音）: [l], [r]e.nasals（鼻音）: [m],[ n],[ŋ]f.glides （semivowels半元音）: [w], [ j]2)by place of articulation :a.bilabial（双唇音）: [p],[b],[m],[w]biodental（唇齿音）: [f],[v]c.dental（舌齿音）: [θ],[ ð]d.alveolar（齿龈音）: [t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]e.palatal（腭音）: [∫], [ʒ],[ t∫], [dʒ], [j]f.velar（软腭音）: [k], [g], [ŋ ]g.glottal（喉音，声门单）: [h]3. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels? 英语的元音是如何分类的？1) According to the position of the tongue, vowels may be distinguished as front vowels such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a], central vowels such as [ɜ:] [ə] [ʌ], and back vowels such as [u:] [ʊ] [ɔ:] [ɔ] [ɑ:]2) According to the openness of the mouth, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels such as [i:] [i] [u:] [ʊ], semi-close vowels such as [e] [ɜ:], semi-open vowels such as [ə] [ɔ:], and open vowels such as [æ] [a] [ʌ] [ɔ] and [ɑ:].3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. In English all the front and central vowels are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels, with exception of [ɑ:], are rounded.4) According to the length of the vowels, the English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels. The long vowels include [i:] [ɜ:] [ɔ: ] [u:] [ɑ:]，while the rest are short vowels.4. What are phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair?If two phonetically similar sounds can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast. [p], [b]If two phonetically similar sounds are two allophones of the same phoneme and they occur in different environments, they are said to be in complementary distribution. [p], [ph].When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. For example, kill and bill.5. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r] , then the next sound must be a vowel. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:the first phoneme must be /s/the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [i:] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign or design, there is no [g] soundalthough it is represented in spelling by the letter g. But in their corresponding forms signature, designation, the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced. The rule: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.6. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features are phonological features above the sound segment level. The major suprasegmental features in English are word stress, sentence stress and intonation.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) Sentence stress refers to the relative force which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words such as nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns, are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. And the other categories of words (articles, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions) are usually not stressed. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.7. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes andsuffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginn ing of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.8. What is the relation between sense and reference?Sense and reference are two terms in the study of meaning. (1) Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning that dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. (2) Obviously, linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. On the other hand, there are less frequent occasions when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. “morning star” and “evening star”.9. What are the major lexical sense relations?1)Synonymya)Dialectal synonyms --- regional dialectse.g. British English: autumn/liftAmerican English: fall/elevatorb)Stylistic synonymse.g. old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentc)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaninge.g. collaborator & accompliced)collocational synonymse.g. accuse…of/ charge…with/ rebuke…fore)semantically different synonymse.g. amaze: confusion and bewildermentastound: difficulty in believing2)Polysemye.g. “table” has many meanings such as 1.a piece of furniture 2. a level area, a plateau and etc.3)HomonymyHomophones: identical in sound e.g. night/ knightHomographs: identical in spelling e.g. bow v./ bow n.4)Hyponymye.g. superordinate: furniturehyponyms: bed, table5)Antonymya)Gradable antonymse.g. old and young are immediately recognized as antomyms, between whichthere exist intermediate forms such as “mature”, “middle-aged”b)complementary antonymse.g. a person can be either alive or dead; there is no third possibilityc)Relational oppositese.g. husband and wife are a paior of relational opposites.10. Illustrate Searle’s classification of speech acts with examples.According to Searle, speech acts fall in five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength.1)Representatives/assertives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be trueTypical cases: stating, believing, swearinge.g. (I swear)I have never seen the man before.(I state)The earth is a globe.2)Directives: trying to get the hearer to do somethingTypical cases: Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, orderinge.g. Open the window, please.You’d better go to the clinic.3)Commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action Typical cases: Promising, undertaking, vowinge.g. I promise to come.4)Expressives: expressing feelings of attitude towards an existing stateTypical cases: apologizing, thanking, congratulatinge.g. I’m sorry for the mess I have made.It’s really kind of you to have thought of me.5)Declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.e.g. I now declare the meeting open.I fire you!11. Illustrate Grice's Cooperative Principle with examples.Grice's Cooperative Principle consists of four maxims: QUANTITY, QUALITY, RELATION, and MANNER.1)A: What are you reading?B: A book.A knowsB is reading a book, and is asking about the content of the book. Simply by saying "a book", B is not offering enough information. The implicature here is: I do not want to talk to you right now. In this case, the maxim of QUANTITY is violated.2)He is made of iron.Our common sense tells us no human being is made of iron. Obviously this is a false statement and has violated the maxim of QUALITY. The implicature here is: he is as strong as iron.3)A: Mrs. Smith was such a bore at the party last night.B: It's really chilly here. I want to go out to warm up.When A is talking about Mrs. Smith, B turns to talk about something totally irrelevant.Therefore the maxim of RELATION is violated. The implicature here is: It is impolite to say that.4)a. Miss Smith sang "Home sweet home".b. Miss Smith produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the song of "Home sweet home".The two sentences actually are basically talking about the same thing. But sentence b is stated in such a way that makes it more obscure for the audience and therefore violates the maxim of MANNER. The implicature here is: Miss Smith does not sing well and I do not like her singing.12. With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.The rapid development of science and technologye.g. fax, laser printer, hi-tech, CD-ROM, lapto p computer and etc.Social and political changes and political needse.g. mini-summit, jungle war, Euro and etc.more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for mene.g. chairman---chairpersonfireman---fire fighterpoliceman---police officerThe way children acquire a languagee.g. “It’s I.”---“It’s me”.Economy of memory(results in grammar simplification)e.g. By analogy to foe/foes, dog/dogs, speaker started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of kine.Theory of least efforte.g. Cheap is always used in the place of cheaplySimplification of grammar occurs, so does elaboration and complication.13. Is standard language better than non-standard language? Explain your answer.The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. Nonstandard, or vernacular, languages are language varieties other than the standard language. Standard language is not superior to nonstandard language at all. The designation of the standard language variety is motivated by historical and socio-political reasons and has nothing to do with any supposed linguistic superiority intrinsic to the grammatical components of that particular language variety. In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect of a language, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.14. What is the relationship between pidgin and creole?A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of otherlanguages as a medium of communication. A pidgin is used for some practical purposes, such as trading, by groups of people who do not know each other' s languages. It is not a native language of a particular region, but only a marginal language used by people whose cultures are sharply separated and whose business contact is very specialized .As a simplified language, a pidgin involves reductions in sounds, vocabulary and syntax. Although pidgins are simplified languages, they are rule-governed.A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole. A creole involves expansion in sounds, vocabulary and syntax. Creoles are fully developed languages.。
高考英语口语考试真题及答案云南版
高考英语口语考试真题及答案云南版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey everyone, it's me again with another inside scoop on the Gaokao. This time, I'm dishing all the details about the English speaking section for the Yunnan province version. You know how important English is for getting into a good university, so you'll want to read this carefully!First off, the structure of the speaking exam. It consisted of three parts: first there was a reading comprehension where you had to read a short passage and answer two questions about it. Next was the individual response where you had to choose one out of three topics and talk about it for 1-2 minutes. Finally, there was the roleplaying section where you got a scenario and had to act it out with the examiner.For the reading part, the passage was actually pretty manageable in length and difficulty level. Mine was about environmental protection and recycling. The two questions asked for key details from the passage, so as long as you understood the main points, you could answer them accurately.Pro tip: make sure to clearly state which part of the passage you are referring to when giving your answer.The individual response topics seemed pretty standard - things like describing a memorable experience, discussing an admirable person, talking about your future goals, etc. The key here is having a basic structure prepared that you can then adapt to whichever prompt you get. Something like a short intro, 2-3 main points with examples, and a conclusion. Also, try to sprinkle in some fancy vocab and grammar structures without going overboard.But let me tell you, the role play part was by far the trickiest! You don't get any time to prepare, the scenario is just sprung on you. For mine, I had to act as a student asking a clerk at the student center about joining an extracurricular club. Keeping up my character's persona while still producing coherent and contextually appropriate English responses on the fly was really challenging. My advice would be to practice, practice, practice doing improv conversations with others beforehand.In terms of evaluation criteria, I've been told fluency, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary usage, and how well you respond to the actual prompts all factored in. Making silly little mistakes was okay, but having lots of awkward pauses or notproperly addressing what you were asked could really hurt your score.Of course, staying calm and confident is also huge. It's normal to feel nervous, but try your best not to let it show through things like mumbling or fidgeting. Speak slowly and clearly, and don't be afraid of a little bit of awkward silence while you gather your thoughts.One reassuring thing was that the evaluators seemed like pretty chill, supportive people overall. They didn't have intimidating poker faces and tried to put me at ease. As long as you make an earnest effort, I don't think they'll be too harsh in their judgement.So there you have it, all the insider deets on the Gaokao English speaking test for Yunnan! It's definitely a challenge, but if you prepare properly, you can definitely put your best foot forward. Let me know if you need any other tips or have questions. Wishing all my fellow test takers the best of luck - you've got this!篇2The Dreaded English Oral Exam: Yunnan's College Entrance Exam Strikes FearAs if the gauntlet of the college entrance exam wasn't tough enough, we students in Yunnan province have to contend with the dreaded English oral exam as well. This seemingly innocuous addition to the test has caused many a student to break out in a cold sweat. After all, isn't it hard enough to master written English? Now we have to demonstrate oral fluency too? The pressure is immense.I'll never forget my own experience with the English oral exam two years ago. I had been diligently preparing by watching English movies, listening to podcasts, and even talking to myself in the mirror to practice. But when I stepped into that small room with the examiners staring me down, my mind went blank.The first question they asked was deceptively simple: "Tell us about your favorite book and why you enjoyed it." I stammered through some jumbled thoughts about the sci-fi novel I had read, rambling aimlessly until they had to move me along to the next question mercifully.From there, it didn't get any easier. They fired off questions about my future goals, current events, even asking my opinion on government policies. With each query, I felt more tongue-tied and flustered. By the end, I could have filled a swimming pool with the cold sweat dripping down my back.Needless to say, I didn't exactly ace the oral portion. Luckily, my written English exam scores were strong enough to buoy my overall grade. But I shudder to think about my poor classmates who struggled with both the written and spoken components. The oral exam seems almost designed to causthem maximum anxiety.As this year's English oral exams get underway, I can't help but sympathize with the students sweating it out. To help them out, I've compiled some of the actual questions given this year along with sample answers that earned top marks:Question: What are your thoughts on climate change? What steps can individuals take to reduce their carbon footprint?Sample Answer: Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our world today. The effects of rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and increasing extreme weather events will be absolutely devastating if not addressed. On an individual level, we can all do our part by reducing energy consumption, taking public transportation, eating less meat, and being diligent about recycling. Collective action through sustainable practices is crucial to curbing our carbon emissions and protecting the environment for future generations.Question: Tell me about a major historical figure you admire and why you look up to them.Sample Answer: One historical figure I greatly admire is Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate. What I find so inspiring about Malala is her unwavering courage and commitment to her cause, even after being shot in the head by the Taliban for daring to want an education. Rather than being cowed by this horrific act, Malala has doubled down on her advocacy, drawing global attention to the educational inequalities and human rights abuses girls face in parts of the world. Her resilience, eloquence, and steadfast dedication to creating a better world for girls and women everywhere is something I aspire to emulate.Question: What is your opinion on the growing role of artificial intelligence in daily life? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks?Sample Answer: Artificial intelligence is rapidly becoming integrated into our daily lives through technologies like virtual assistants, facial recognition, and self-driving vehicles. While AI undoubtedly offers many potential benefits in terms of efficiency, automation, and insight through data analysis, I also have concerns about the implications for privacy, security, and humanrights. We must be prudent that the algorithms powering AI are not harboring unconscious biases that perpetuate discrimination. There are also thorny ethical questions around ceding certain decisions to machines rather than human discretion. Ultimately, I believe AI should be a tool that enhances and complements human capabilities while following a robust ethical framework - not a replacement for human judgment altogether.As torturous as the English oral exam was for me, mastering spoken fluency is a critical skill for success in our increasingly globalized world. My struggle was a humbling lesson in overcoming fears, thinking on my feet, and rolling with the punches. To all my fellow students facing the ordeal this year, the best advice I can give is: be prepared for anything, stay calm and confident, and don't stress too much over any single question. The oral exam judges overall command of the language, not perfection. You've got this!篇3Sure, here's an article about "Authentic Yunnan High School English Oral Test Questions and Answers" written from a student's perspective, with a length of around 2000 words in English.The Nerve-Wracking English Oral Exam: Yunnan's High School AdventureAs students in Yunnan, the English oral exam was the stuff of nightmares. The mere mention of it sent shivers down our spines and prompted frantic last-minute cramming sessions. Yet, despite our best efforts, the unpredictable nature of the test left us feeling like we were venturing into uncharted territory every single time.One year, the topic was "Environmental Protection" – a subject we thought we had a decent grasp on. Little did we know that the examiner would throw us a curveball by asking about the intricate details of carbon footprint calculations. Needless to say, our carefully rehearsed speeches about recycling and energy conservation went out the window faster than a plastic bottle tossed into a landfill.Another year, the topic was "Technology and Its Impact on Society." We diligently prepared our talking points, covering everything from the rise of social media to the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. However, the examiner decided to focus exclusively on the nuances of blockchain technology, leaving us scrambling to string together coherentsentences about decentralized ledgers and cryptographic hashing.Then there was the year when the topic was "Cultural Traditions in China." We meticulously studied the history and significance of various festivals, prepared to wax poetic about the beauty of Chinese calligraphy and the intricacies of traditional cuisine. But the examiner had other plans. They inquired about the obscure rituals of minority ethnic groups we had barely scratched the surface of, leaving us floundering like fish out of water.Despite the challenges, we persevered, always hoping that the next year's topic would be the one we had thoroughly mastered. We practiced our pronunciation, expanded our vocabularies, and rehearsed our responses until our tongues felt like they would fall off. Yet, the English oral exam continued to be a formidable foe, testing not only our language skills but also our ability to think on our feet and adapt to the unexpected.One particular year, the topic was "Travel and Adventure." We eagerly prepared our tales of daring escapades andawe-inspiring destinations, only to be met with a barrage of questions about the logistics of travel planning and the environmental impact of tourism. Suddenly, our grand stories ofscaling mountains and exploring exotic locales seemed irrelevant, and we found ourselves grasping for information about carbon offsets and sustainable travel practices.Through it all, we learned valuable lessons about resilience, quick thinking, and the importance of having a diverse knowledge base. We discovered that the English oral exam wasn't just about regurgitating memorized facts but about demonstrating our ability to communicate effectively, even in the face of curveballs.As we look back on those nerve-wracking experiences, we can't help but chuckle at the absurdity of some of the questions we encountered. Yet, we also feel a sense of pride for having survived the gauntlet that was the Yunnan High School English Oral Exam. And who knows? Maybe one day, we'll be the ones crafting the questions, ensuring that the next generation of students faces their own unique set of challenges and learns the invaluable art of thinking on their feet.。
control plan (控制计划)
links to 连接到
Process OP# Process Product/Process
Flow
Operation Characteristics
SPEC
Metrology %R&R, %PT
Cpk / Date (sample size)
Charting Method
Sampling Plan/
Process
Characteristic 工艺特性
Process
Control 工艺控制
4
Control Plan Content (What) 控制计划内容（什么）
Control plans integrate process flow,控制计划要结合工艺流程 critical process characteristics,危急工艺特性 preventative maintenance, 预防性维护
Charting Method
Quality Assurance Audit
Sampling Plan/ Frequency
Reaction Plan (OOCAP)
PROCESS CONTROL PLAN
Equipment Setup
Preventive Maintenance
Maint. PM
Responsible Area
10
FMEA vs Control Plan FMEA 对 控制计划
步骤
Step
部件
KPIV
FMEA
潜在失效模式 潜在失效影响 严重度
Potential Failure Mode
Potential Failure Effects
SEV
GR&R training
1
Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility
is a measure of the capability of a gauge or gage to obtain the same measurement reading every time the measurement process is undertaken for the same characteristic or parameter. In other words, GR&R indicates the consistency and stability of a measuring eqrt averages j= Depends on number of parts
Part j 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3.65 2.7 2.3 2.08 1.93 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.62
10
Total Variation, TV
the over-all variation exhibited by the measurement system, consists of the effects of both R&R and PV. TV is equal to the square root of the sum of (R&R)2 and (PV)2 square, i.e.,
6
Equipment Variation, EV
EV, the repeatability of the measurement process. It is calculated from measurement data obtained by the same operator from several cycles of measurements, or trials, using the same equipment.
测量系统分析MSA讲解
0.3
密度
0.2
0.1
0.0
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
X
观测平均值
测量系统分析MSA讲解
基准值（真值）
决策 资源
测量的过程（控制过程）
输入
作业 一般的过程（放羊式过程）
测量系统分析MSA讲解
输出
质量管理部
对产品决策的影响
➢第一类错误（生产者风险/假警报） 一个好的零件有时被误判为“不合格”
➢第二类错误（消费者风险/漏判率） 一个不合格的零件有时被误判为“合格”
测量系统分析MSA讲解
质量管理部
对产品决策的影响
测量系统分析MSA讲解
质量管理部
测量系统研究的目的
接受新测量设备的准则； 一种测量设备与另一种测量设备的比较 评价怀疑有测量缺陷的量具的依据 维修前后测量设备的比较 计算过程变差所需的方法，以及生产过程的可接受性水平 作出量具的特性曲线的必要信息。 以上一切是为了满足ISO/TS 6949的相关要求： “7.6.1 测量系统分析
测量系统分析MSA讲解
质量管理部
GRR对能力指数Cp的影响举例
• 例：CPGRR＝2.0,为达到顾客要求过程能力（观 测值）＝1.33，CP实际=？
CP观 -2察C实 P-2际CP测 -2量系统
11.323
1 2.02
1?
CP实际=(1/1.33^2-1/2^2) ^-0.5≈1.79 即过程公差＝1.79*6σ＝10.74σ,78PPM 假设该过程和基准值偏移1.5σ
位置的变差(Location Error) 统计量： 测量均值PK真值
重复性（Repeatability) 再现性（Reproducibility)
施特鲁尔 德拉米 160 型洛氏硬度计说明书
Duramin-160The High-End Rockwell Hardness TesterIf you read this, you have probably realized something that most people haven’t – you know that imprecise repeatability is a frustrating waste of time and money. And you don’t need that. That’s why we have built the Duramin hardness testers, so that they deliver even higher precision than required by standards.Because such standards don’t always cut it.Enjoy the power of repeatability by Duramin-160.The Power of Repeatability45 Noteworthy DetailsDuramin-160 is full of interesting details – assuming of course that you are a bit of a hardness testing aficionado like us. Here, we have selected five of the most interesting details to spotlight.High precision load cell technology ensures the ultimate degree of accuracy.Duramin-160 delivers even higher precision than required by standards. Duramin-160 is based on a load cell system where test loads are applied via a closed loop control unit with a load cell, a DC motor, and electronic measurement. In this way, we have eliminated the over- and under-shoot that is common in deadweight systems, ensuring the maximum repeatability and reproducability.A fully automated test cycle takes reproducibility to the max. The entire test cycle of applying the load and evaluating hardness is fully automated. This improves reproducibility to a maxi-mum, as the operator's influence is mini-mized.There is an intuitive touchscreenso that even the least tech-savvycan create immediate reports.Duramin-160 displays data on thetouchscreen from which you can easilygenerate complete reports with results,statistics, and customized comments.Export your data in various formats viayour network or a USB stick. All generateddata is always accessible for review. Asan optional feature, Duramin-160 is alsocompatible with Q-DAS software for thoseof you who use it.A wide range of anvils andsample holders enables you totest irregular and larger samples.In addition to testing standard samples, theDuramin-160 is ideal for testing irregular orlarger samples, as many different anvilsand sample holders are available. TheDuramin-160 handles samples of up to100 kg, and the Duramin-160Z handlessamples of up to 60 kg. You can even doyour testing without sample holders.A dedicated Rockwell machineoffers the option of measuring forHVT and HBT.A dedicated, high-precision Rockwelltester provides immediate results – anda little extra. Aside from Rockwell,Duramin-160 offers the depth-basedmeasurement methods: HVT (Vickersdepth) and HBT (Brinell depth), where theindenter penetration depth is measuredinstead of the indent's diagonals or diam-eters – for those of you who need a quicksolution without an optical evaluation ofthe indents.6Duramin-160Test area illumination Provides a clear view of the sample.Option to measure HVT and HBT For those of you who want the freedom to use other methods.Versatile sample holders and anvils For workpieces in all shapes.Create different user profiles To restrict or allow different privileges.6.5-inch touchscreen Offers an intuitive interface for every user level. Handles heavy samples Up to 100 kg for Duramin-160 and up to 60 kg for Duramin-160Z.High precision load cell Delivers even higher precision than required by standards.Built-in report manager Generates complete data reports for easy exporting.Color-coded hardness limits For easy recognition of values within or outside of your specified limits.Compatible with Q-DAS software An optional feature for those of you who use Q-DAS software.Ergonomic, motorized Z-axis Frees you from manual adjustment to enhance a healthy working environment.8More Than140 Years Fine-Tuned Service Don’t hesitateto use it.When you choose a hardness tester from Struers,you also choose some of the best specialists in theworld and a wide range of support at your fingertips.This includes:• Access to our global support hotline• Specialist counseling on how to optimize yourindividual processes• All critical spare parts available for immediateshipping• An annual service review• Online manualsSpecialist counselingYou can always, and at no expense, contact Struers'experienced application specialists with any questionsyou might have regarding your Struers equipment,best practice testing, or your specific testing situation.That is a natural part of your Struers equipmentpurchase. Just go to /contact orcontact your local specialist.9 Extra ServicesServiceGuard – which service is right for you?Struers ServiceGuard covers a compre-hensive range of technical services and training including service plans, service packages, single services, and spare parts. Our global network of technical service engineers will work with you to determine the service level best suited to your requirements. See more at: struers. com/service Calibration services– Internationally accredited orStruers certifiedChoose the service that meets your restric-tions in accreditation. Both services aredesigned to ensure that your hardnesstester meets the required standards.A Struers technician performs calibration,including indirect or direct verification ofa chosen number of methods.Application assessmentA Struers Application Specialist visits yourfacility to perform an in-depth assessmentof your use of Struers equipment, materi-alographic processes, and workflows.The specialist identifies quality and opti-mization opportunities and provides youwith practical tips.10Technical DataModelsAccessoriesFor your customized hardness test, please choose from a wide range of accessories.• Indenters, available for different methods• Factory calibration report for additional methods • Vises, available in different sizes• Anvils, available in different sizes• Manual XY-stages• Base cabinets•Test blocks11**************************************************************************** ********************************************************** *******************************************************E-mail:*********************************.uk***************************************.jp**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************.uk****************7.3.2191/62111662Buy your consumablesin Struers e-Shop!。
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1. What Are Repeatability and Reproducibility?2. Part 1: A D02 Viewpoint for Laboratories1by Alex LauQ: Many ASTM standard test methods contain repeatability and reproducibility statements and values. What is the conceptual difference between repeatability and reproducibility, and how can this information be applied?A. A standard test method prescribes a fixed set of equipment requirements, measurement methodologies and procedural protocols on how to produce a measurement for a specific property of interest. In a perfect world, if the same material is repeatedly tested using the same test method, whether by the same operator in the same laboratory using the same apparatus or by different laboratories and operators using different apparatus meeting the specified requirements, all measurements generated will be numerically identical. However, we do not live in a perfect world. Repeated execution of the same test method on the same material, whether by the same operator in the same laboratory using the same apparatus or by different operators in different laboratories using apparatus of similar design, will not always yield numerically identical results. Minor differences will exist between test results due to variations in factors that are inherent in the test method.For instance, different operators may prepare the test material in slightly different manners. Different apparatus, while designed to the same specification, may differ slightly in performance. The quality of reagents may differ slightly between laboratories. The variation in environmental conditions, for example, humidity, temperature, pressure, within or between laboratories, may affect instrumentation responses. Variation attributable to factors considered inherent in the test method is generally referred as common-cause variation and can be thought of conceptually as the inherent “imperfections” associated with the test method. In statistical nomenclature, this inherent “imperfection” is known as precision although some might prefer to think of it as im precision.Intuitively, the precision associated with multiple test results obtained by the same operator on the same test material using the same apparatus and test method within a very short time should be less than the variation associated with an equivalent number of test results, where each test result is produced by a different laboratory on the same test material using the same test method. This intuitive expectation comes from recognizing that, in the former scenario, the number of factors that can affect the precision of the test results is less than the latter. Therefore, precision must be associated with specific conditions.Repeatability and reproducibility are standardized terms2 adopted by ASTM and other standardization organizations, and they are associated with the precision of measurements generated on the same material using the same test method under specific conditions. Table 1, Conditions for Precision, outlines three different sets of specific conditions associated with precision as defined in ASTM E177, Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods, and E456, Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics.Table 1 — Conditions for PrecisionRepeatabilityCondition Intermediate PrecisionConditionReproducibilityConditionLaboratory Same Same DifferentOperator Same Different DifferentApparatus Same Same a DifferentTime between Tests Short b Multiple Days Not Specifieda This situation can be different instruments meeting the same design requirement.b Standard test method dependent, typically does not exceed one dayPrecision associated with repeatability and reproducibility conditions is quantified by the repeatability and reproducibility limits published in the precision and bias section of an ASTM test method. A nonstatistical interpretation of these values is that these are the maximum difference between two results obtained under specified conditions that can be attributed to the test method precision. Hence, the published repeatability and reproducibility limits (r, R) can be used as decision limits to support or challenge the validity of the assumption that both test results have been produced on the same material in a correct manner under the associated specific conditions. It should be noted that r and R may not necessarily remain constant throughout the measurement range or material types included in the scope of the test method. Repeatabilityand reproducibility limits are derived statistically from specially designed studies. Various standard practices prescribing specific requirements associated with these studies have been developed and adopted by various industries to address their specific needs. ASTM standards C802, D2777, E180, E691, D6300, and ISO 4259 and ISO 57253 are examples of these standard practices. While the statistical approaches and philosophies may appear different to the practitioner, these practices are all based on similar statistical principles, and the interpretation and application of the derived end results are essentially the same.The application of r and R can best be illustrated with the following two examples.Example 1 — DIESEL FUEL AND D7039Two test results for total sulfur obtained successively by the same operator and instrument on aliquots prepared from the same test sample of diesel fuel using ASTM D7039, Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel by Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, an X-ray-based test method where precision is known to vary with sulfur level, were returned at 17 and 14 weight parts per million. A decision needs to be made on whether the difference between the two results can be attributable solely to test method precision.The repeatability and reproducibility limits as published in D7039 are:Repeatability (r) = 0.23*()0.5 = 0.23*(15.5)0.5 = 0.91Reproducibility (R) = 0.5*()0.5where= average of two results (Note: Limits are dependent on the sulfur level).Because both results are obtained under repeatability conditions, the published repeatability limit is evaluated as 0.91 wppm at the average value of 15.5 wppm. Because the absolute difference between the two results of 3 wppm exceeds 0.91, the difference cannot be attributed solely to test method precision. Example 2 — GASOLINE AND D2700A supplier released a batch of gasoline with a single lab inspection of 82.2 motor octane number using ASTM D2700, Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel. The customer tested the gasoline at their receiving facilities using the same test method and obtained a single test result of 81.5 MON. A decision needs to be made using the two results as to whether there is evidence of octane degradation due to transit.The repeatability and reproducibility values (between 80.0 and 90.0) as published in ASTM D2700 are: Repeatability = 0.2 MONReproducibility = 0.9 MONBecause both results are obtained under reproducibility conditions, and the absolute difference of 0.7 is less than the published reproducibility of 0.9, the difference can be attributable solely to test method precision. Hence there is no compelling evidence to suggest that there is octane degradation in transit.References1.ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants2. For exact ASTM definitions of precision, repeatability and reproducibility, readers are referred to ASTME177, Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods, and ASTM E456, Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics.3.The complete titles of the ASTM standards are:C802, Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials;D2777, Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water;E180, Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals;E691, Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method;D6300, Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants;ISO 4259, Petroleum Products — Determination and Application of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of Test; andISO 5725, Rubber and Rubber Products — Determination of Precision for Test Method Standards.Next issue: Part 2 — The practical application of statistics standards for repeatability and reproducibility in interlaboratory studies.。