外文翻译初稿
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿1. IntroductionOver the past two decades, organizations of all types have increasingly acknowledged the importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The marketing literature suggests that the long term success of a firm is clearly based on its ability to rapidly respond to changing customer needs and preferences (Narver &Slater, 1990; Webster, 1992). A key motivation for the increasing emphasis on customer satisfaction is that higher customer satisfaction can lead to have a stronger competitive position resulting in higher market share and profitability (Fornell, 1992), reduced price elasticity, lower business cost, reduced failure cost, and mitigated cost of attracting new customers (Chien, Chang, & Su, 2003).The principal focus of this study is on evaluating the efficiency of customer satisfaction and loyalty (CS&L) for existing mobile phone brands in Turkish mobile phone sector. Since the early1990s, with the launch of the mobile phones, there has been a remarkable development both in their product sophistication and their rapid and widespread adoption. With more than three billion subscribers around the world, the extent of mobile phone diffusion in emerging markets has been increasingly larger than that in developed countries (Kalba, 2008). Turkey, being one of the fastest emerging market economies in the world, adopted mobile phone technology in 1994. Since then, there has been a considerable increase in the level of mobile phone ownership, where the number of mobile phone users in the country is expected to reach around70 million by the end of 2013, representing a penetration rate of over 90% (RNCOS, 2010). The significant rise in mobile phone usage can partially be attributed to the fact that Turkey has the youngest population in Western Europe. Turkey currently has the 6th largest young mobile phone user base in the world, with more than 11million subscribers underthe age of 25, providing a very lucrative market for mobile phone companies (Euro monitor International,2010). It should however be noted that the penetration in this market at present is still below the EU average, indicating that the mobile phone sector is not saturated yet, and there is still space for new investors. Currently, there exist nearly more than 10 major mobile phone companies operating in the Turkish mobile phone sector, each having a relatively large product line. As of 2010, the top five mobile phone brands were Nokia, Samsung, LG, Motorola and Sony Ericsson and together they account for nearly 75% of overall market sales. As a new comer, phone is rapidly increasing its market share, but as of the start of this study, did not have a significantly large presence. In terms of market share, Nokia has been undisputedly the market leader (36.4% of sales) with Samsung featuring second (19.5%) and LG ranking third (10.1%) (Patron Turk,2010).Commensurate to its widespread diffusion globally, there has been a growing worldwide academic interest in mobile phone usage which focuses mainly on examining its contribution to social life, user preferences and its ergonomic features (Bag chi, Kirs, & Lopez, 2008). A number of empirical studies were also conducted within the context of Turkish mobile phone sector. The topics of these studies ranged from examining motivation of use (Dedeoglu,2004; Oscan & Kodak, 2003) to mobile phone selection (Isiklar &Buyukozkan, 2007), from customer satisfaction (Turkyilmaz &Ozkan, 2007) to brand loyalty (Simsek & Noyan, 2009).The methodology used in study to evaluate the relative CS&Lefficiency of mobile phone brands is based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). The traditional DEA technique has long been utilized as an invaluable tool in the field of operations research and management science to solve problems in wide range of industries(Hu, Lai, & Huang, 2009; Lee, 2009; Lin, Lee, & Chiu, 2009) as well as in not-for-profit organizations (Mahajan, 1991; Wu, Liang, &Chen, 2009; Zhang, Huang, Lin, & Yu, 2009); but its diffusion into the field of marketing and related disciplines has been relatively slow. For instance, in the marketing field, DEA has recently been employed as a powerful tool for data analysis in measuring efficiency in retailing sector (Charnes, Cooper, Learner, & Phillips,1985; Donthu & Yoo, 1998; Keh, 2000; Keh & Chu, 2003; Thomas,Barr, Cron, &Slocum, 1998), evaluating website marketing efficiency(Shuai & Wu, 2011), benchmarking marketing productivity(Donthu, Hershberger, & Osmonbekov, 2005; Kamakura, Ratchford,& Agrawal, 1988), and measuring relative market efficiency(Murthi, Srinivasan, & Kalyanaram, 1996) or service quality(Athanassopoulos, 1997; Soteriou & Staurinides, 1997). The assessment of CS&L has always been a major research item on the agenda of researchers in the marketing and related fields, because the issue of how efficiently a firm manages its marketing processes and their relationship with their customers is central to its ability to gain competitive edge vis-à-vis its rivals. The DEA approach adopted in this study illustrates how differences in CS&L efficiency between various mobile phone brands can be ascertained empirically, and thus helps management determine proper policies and courses of action.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the recent literature on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty studies. Section 3 provides an in-depth description of our research methodology. Section 4 presents the results of our analysis. The last section (Section 5) summarizes our findings, describes managerial implications of the study and provides the concluding remarks.2. Background literatureWhile customer satisfaction has been defined in various ways, the high-level conceptualization that appears to have gained the widest acceptance states that satisfaction is a customer’s post purchase evaluation of a product or service (Cronin & Taylor,1992; Westbrook & Oliver, 1991). Customer satisfaction is also generally assumed to be a significant determinant of repeat sales, positive word-of-mouth, and customer loyalty. It has also long been considered as one of the key antecedents of creating brand loyalty (Cronin, Brady, & Hult, 2000; Dick & Basu, 1994; Fornell,Michael, Eugene, Jaesung, & Barbara, 1996; Syzmanski & Henard,2001). Satisfied customers return and buy more, and they tell other people about their experiences, both positive and negative (Fornellet al., 1996).Building on Hirschman’s (1970) exit-voice theory, weakly dissatisfied consumers would be of primary importance to a firm. While strongly dissatisfied consumers generally choose the exit option (i.e., they leave the firm), the weakly dissatisfied customers tendto stay loyal to the firm and rather employ the voice option, which implies overt complaints as an attempt to change the firm’practices or offerings (Fornell &Wernerfelt, 1988). Thereby, proper handling of customer complaints may ensure that weakly dissatisfied consumers remain loyal, and serve as an exit barrier (Fornell,1992; Halstead & Page, 1992). The impact of loyal customers is considerable; for many industries the profitability of a firm increases proportionally with the number of loyal customers and up to 60% of sales to new customers can be attributed to the word of mouth referrals (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990).Within the existing literature on customer satisfaction research, various customer satisfaction models were developed based on a cumulative view of satisfaction. To this end, a number of customer satisfaction indices (CSIs) were designed with most prominent of those being Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer (SCSB), the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) and European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI). Of these CSIs, we employed the ECSI model as the backbone of our CS&L efficiency model in this study due to its recent popularity in the literature and its comprehensiveness in CS&L coverage. The ECSI is a structural model based on the assumptions that customer satisfaction is derived by a number of factors such as perceived quality, perceived value, expectations of customers, and image of a firm. These factors are the antecedents of overall customer satisfaction (Turkyilmaz &Ozkan, 2007). The model also estimates the results when a customer is satisfied or not. The four antecedents of customer satisfaction may also have direct effects on customer loyalty(Johnson, Gustafson, Andreessen, Lervik, & Cha, 2001). Each construct in the ECSI model is a latent construct which is operational zed by multiple indicators (Chien et al., 2003; Fornell,1992). The underlying constructs of the ECSI model are explained as follows:The image construct evaluates the underlying image of the company. Image refers to the brand name and the kind of associations customers obtain from the product/company (Andreassen &Lindestad, 1998). Martensen, Kristiansen, and Rosholt (2000)argue that image is an important dimension of the customer satisfaction model. Image is a consequence of being reliable,professional and innovative, having contributions to society, and adding prestige to its user. It is anticipated that image has a positive effecton customer satisfaction, customer expectations and customer loyalty.Customer expectations are the consequences of prior experience with the company’s products (Rotondaro, 2002). This construct evaluates customer expectations for overall quality, for product and service quality, and for fulfillment of personal needs. The customer expectations construct is expected to have a direct and positive relationship with customer satisfaction (Anderson, Fornell, &Lehmann, 1994).Perceived quality is evaluation of recent consumption experience by the market served. This construct evaluates customization and reliability of a given product or service. Customization is the degree to which a product or service meets a customer’s requirements, and reliability is the degree to which firm’s offering is reliable, standardized, and free from deficiencies. Perceived quality is expected to have a positive effect on customer satisfaction (Fornellet al., 1996).Perceived value is the perceived level of product quality relative to the price paid by customers. Perceived value is the rating of the price paid for the quality perceived and a rating of the quality perceived for the price paid (Fornell et al., 1996). Perceived value structure provides an opportunity for comparison of the firms according their price-value ratio (Anderson et al., 1994). In the model, perceived value is expected to have a positive impact on satisfaction.Customer satisfaction construct indicates how much customers are satisfied, and how well their expectations are fulfilled. This construct evaluates overall satisfaction level of customers, fulfillment of their expectations, and company’s performance versus the ideal provider．Customer loyalty is the ultimate factor in the ECSI model. Loyalty is measured by repurchase intention, price tolerance and intention to recommend products or services to others. It is expected that better image and higher customer satisfaction should increase customer loyalty.3. MethodologyThis section presents the research methodology adopted in this study. The following subsections explain the survey instrument, the data collection procedure, and the DEA model.3.1. Survey instrumentThe DEA model of CS&L, which is shown in Fig. 1, consists of the aforementioned constructs which are based on previous research and prominent theories in the field of consumer behavior. The constructs of the CS&L model are unobservable (latent) variables indirectly described by a set of observable variables which are called manifest variables or indicators. The constructs and their constituent items are shown in Table 1. The use of multiple measures for each construct increases the precision of the estimate as compared to an approach of relying on a single measure. In our CS&L efficiency model, all four antecedents of customer satisfaction and loyalty which include image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value were treated as input variables, while the two constructs, namely customer satisfaction and customer loyalty were considered as output variables.The survey questionnaire was designed using a three-step process. First, the consumer behavior literature was extensively reviewed for the manifest variables. Secondly, the questionnaire items were prepared in Turkish and refined through a series of discussions with two senior marketing managers of a prominent mobile phone company and a number of experienced academics in the field of consumer behavior. Finally, the survey questionnaire was subjected to extensive pre-testing and refinement based on a pilot study of 30 mobile phone users. Feedback from this pilot study indicated that some questions were ambiguous, difficult to understand,or irrelevant for mobile phone sector. This pilot study also served as a practical exercise for interviewers. The final questionnaire contained a total of 23 items pertaining to the CS&L. These23 items appeared to have face validity as to what should be measured. All the items were measured on 10-point scales, with anchors ranging from 1 denoting a very negative view and 10indicating a very positive view. Relying on 10-point scales enables customers to make better discriminations (Andrews, 1984).译文1．介绍在过去的二十年中，所有类型的组织都越来越多地承认了客户满意度和忠诚度的重要性。
外文文献翻译稿
Over recent years the international community has gained a new understanding of China’s reform and opening-up experience. A new concept has become popular among political figures and decision makers around the world. This concept is called the “China model.” The following essay asks and attempts to answer the question: Does China’s experience differ so significantly from other countries’ that its financial reform can also be incorporated into the so-called “China model”?As alluded to by Allen et al. (2005), if based solely on the mainstream development literature on law, institutions, finance and economic growth, China’s three-decade financial reform is likely to be a special “counterexample”in the history of world economic development. How, has an “emerging transitional”economy like China evolved its financial system, step by step, into its present state? Does a “China model”of financial system reform exist as distinct from other transitional countries such as Russia and Eastern European countries? If the answer is yes, why did China adopt such a special model of financial system reform, one not emulated by other countries? This article attempts to answer these questions by making a comparative analysis of different financial systems based on the history and reality of financial reform by transitional countries, including China.I. The financial system reform of transitional countries: A brief reviewIn a “classical”socialist economy, not only is the degree of economic monetization relatively low but “financial repression”is extremely pronounced as well (McKinnon, 1973; Shaw, 1973). The financial reform of a transitional country is in essence a process of eliminating “financial repression”and achieving financial development. In practice, there are many resemblances among transitional countriesin their financial system reform:First of all, the financial reform of transitional countries is a typical financial development process as far as scale is concerned in practice, the ratio of bank assets to GDP rose nearly 30% on average during 1995-2004 in the transitional countries of mid-Eastern Europe, while the ratio of equity market capitalization to GDP also climbed nearly 30% during the same period even though the overall equity market size of these countries is not large compared with that of banks.Secondly, at the beginning of reform, each Eastern European country and China chose the bank-led financial system as their target model, and when the “unified”system broke down, each country set up a central bank and multiple commercial banks. As a result, the banking system of transitional economies (except China) was restructured within a short period of time according to Western target models. A comparison of the bank loan scale/GDP ratio and the equity market capitalization/GDP ratio shows that the banking system almost controlled the funds flow of the entire society and exerted a very positive influence on economic development and stability.Additionally, in spite of the noticeable difference in their stock market development paths and starting points, each transitional country has since 1991 undergone a similar stock market development process of starting from scratch and growing to a sizablescale along with the furtherance of reform.Thirdly, the financial system reform of transitional countries is a process of financial liberalization. In the past two decades, the impact of the command and control thinking of planned economies has been weakened in transitional countries along with the deepening of reform. Under the enormous pressure from the external environment (particularly financial globalization), each transitional country has gradually taken a plethora of market-based financial liberalization measures, for example, reducing or eliminating restrictions on the scope of cross-border activity of financial institutions; relaxing or lifting interest rates and foreign exchange controls; and privatizingstate-owned banks.Fourthly, the financial system reform of transitional countries is a process of financial globalization or integration. The huge international capital inflow since 1995 has become one of the key drivers underpinning the financial development of each transitional economy. Along with the huge international capital inflow, transitional economies have been increasingly intertwined with the world economy, and foreign economic entities (such as foreign banks and enterprises) have played an increasingly important role in transitional economies.As a result, financial operating rules (especially financial regulation structures) and financial market participating entities have attained a relatively high level of internationalization (Lane et al, 2007).II. Is the China model special? A comparative analysis based on the financial transition practices of transitional countriesThere are numerous similarities among transitional countries in their financial system reforms. Yet from the perspective of target, motivation, path, sequential selection and strategic arrangement, we find significant discrepancies between China and other transitional countries such as Russia and mid-Eastern European countries. The most notable difference is China’s eschewing of “shock therapy”in favor of gradual transition (see Table 1).(I)The target of financial system reformUnder the guidance of Western economists, the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries proceeded from the outset with marketoriented economic and financial reform, with a focus on lifting price control, adopting floating exchange rates, advancing property privatization and pursuing decision-making diversification in economic and financial operations. By contrast, the Chinese government had no objective or roadmap at the outset of financial system reform. Instead, China set its market-oriented objective of financial system reform through continuous adjustments, stage by stage, along with the furtherance of reform and the change in the internal and external environments (see Table 2).(II)The forces driving financial system reformWith regard to system evolution, the special institutional starting point and economic background dictate that the financial system reform of each transitional economy starts with top-down institutional evolution led by government. In other words,political force becomes an important factor triggering and advancing financial system reform. The problem, however, is that once the wheels were set in motion, the role of government in financial system reform began to vary from country to country due to their different resource control capability under different political systems. At one extreme was China, which retained strong government control throughout the course of reform. In times of swift financial revenue decline, China was still capable of overcoming tax code limitations and pooling from diverse private sectors the ballooning savings, due to monetization through the state-owned banking system. As a result, the state still maintained price control over state-owned enterprises under traditional soft budgets and offered them strong financial support whenever necessary. At the other extreme were Russia and numerous other countries where state control over the economy and state-owned enterprises was severely weakeneddue to the drastic decline of the ruling (communist) party. In consequence, the governments were incapable of continuing to lead economic reform as they further weakened. Such a paradigm shift in government and market power gave rise to a signifi cant change in the sources of power for financial reform in China and other transitional economies. In China, reliable sovereign creditability relieved holders of state-owned bank savings certificates of any risk concerns. By offering appropriate interest rate policy incentives, the government maintained leadership over the financial transformation process. By contrast, the market force (from private financial innovation, including the force of innovation released from opening to the outside world) remained an auxiliary role in China. For other countries like Russia, however, government lacked sufficient resources for financial reform, and the extent of mutual infiltration between the banking industry and real economy was significantly elevated after lifting price controls in 1992. The state tax revenue capability was further weakened and the fiscal deficits ballooned along with the quickened pace of commercial bank privatization and opening further to the outside world. At that time, financial industry groups emerged to dominate domestic currency and credit operation and as a result the financial reform gradually broke away from government control and advanced along a highly market-oriented roadmap. In addition, as far as some Eastern European countries were concerned, an important driving force of financial reform (particularly for financial market development) came from the eastern expansion and integration of the EU.(III) The path and sequence selection of financial system reform1. Path selection(1) ChinaThe financial system reform path in China has distinctive “Chinese characteristics”: First, unlike reform in other economic sectors ,China’s financial sector reform began from within the system. In the event of meeting intra-system reform resistance, China attempted to form a unique “dual track system”through external system innovation. Secondly, the reform extended from piloting to spreading. Under the guideline of “feeling the stones to cross the river,”the Chinese government pushed forward national financial reform through foolproof measures of “piloting-success-spreading”or “piloting failure-cancellation.”Thirdly, China chose first to carry out price mechanism reform centered on interest rate and exchange rate deregulation before conducting ownership reform aimed at creating market entities.Fourthly, China followed the roadmap of innovation standardization institutionalization. A significant part of institutional innovation in China’s financial and economic sectors stemmed from the spontaneous institutional innovation in private sectors to boost social welfare or evade control. Once such innovations produced tangible results and proved to benefit financial system reform, they would be promptly recognized and regulated by government. Meanwhile, relevant statutes or laws were enacted to legalize such institutional innovations as soon as possible.(2) Russia and mid-Eastern European countriesAs referenced earlier, China adopted an incremental approach in financial system reform. Due to their different domestic political and economic environments, however, most transitional economies, represented by Russia, pursued a rather different path of “stock reform”in financial system reform. For Russia and Eastern European countries, “stock reform”implies the absence of any dual-track system and the irrelevance of “piloting”and “spreading”concepts. Taking Russia as an example, at the outset of reform it carried out bank ownership reform and broke up itsstate-owned bank monopoly. Meanwhile, it enhanced securities market development by way of large-scale privatization. Within a short period of time, it broke the yoke of the erstwhile regime and swiftly set up a single track, market-oriented financial operation system.2. Sequence selection(1) ChinaTo minimize reform costs wherever practical and pursue reform on an ongoing basis, China unfolded financial system reform by proceeding from ease to difficulty and moving from low-cost areas to high-cost areas:a: Financial system design conception. China pushed forward financial system reform under the sequence of carrying out financial institution reform before advancing financial market reform under the premise of“maintaining the leadership position of (state-owned) financial institution ns.”b: The sequence of financial institution reform. China embarked on a trajectory offirst setting up a diversified institutional system with the coexistence of banking and non-banking institutions, then configuring the division of work for different financial institutions under the line-by-line business segmentation framework, and ultimately reshaping market competition entities as of today.c: Financial marketplace. China underwent an incremental reform development process of proceeding from piloting to legislation, from dispersion (partition) to centralization, from disorder into standardization, from command and control to market orientation, and from reclusiveness into internationalization.d: The financial regulatory structure reform. As a result of financial landscape alteration and internal and external economic environment change, China also shifted its focus of financial oversight while drastically changing its regulatory structure from the monolithic regime of the People’s Bank of China in “leading and managingnational financial operations”at the inception of reform into the present landscape where banking, brokerage and insurance industries are regulated by three separate regulatory commissions under the stewardship of the People’s Bank of China.In particular, the People’s Bank of China has both changed its statutory functions and drastically restructured its institutional setup.e: The sequence of financial liberalization. The Chinese government adopted piecemeal advancement measures particularly with interest rate and exchange rate marketization and financial market opening (capital flow liberalization) while ensuring control and mitigating risk exposure.(2) Russia and Eastern European countriesRussia and Eastern European countries pursued “explosive”economic liberalization. This began with Poland in January 1990 when price controls were lifted and centrally-planned investment allocation suddenly stopped to allow freer trade with hard currency countries. Due to drastic output decline and runaway inflation at the outset of reform, these countries faced a different economic environment (compared with China) when financial reform was initiated. In such a situation, due more to political needs than to economic design, Western economists represented by Jeff rey D. Sachs still insisted on requesting these countries to lift price controls, adopt floating exchange rates, advance property privatization and pursue decision-making diversification before establishing fiscal and financial control for the national economy. It was exactly under such a reform guideline that Russia and Eastern European countries chose not to consider the sequential selection of reform when making reform design for different financial systems and different areas. In other words, it appears that reform architects believed they could help such countries do overnight what Western countries did over centuries (Bush, 1995, 1996).(IV) Strategic arrangement advanced through financial system reform1. ChinaTo ensure the stability and continuity of financial system reform, the Chinese government adopted the strategy of “spreading from point to area, making key breakthroughs and following them through.”This strategy garnered remarkable achievements over the past 30 years. Generally speaking, China’s financial system reform process since 1978 (when the reform and opening-up drive was initiated) can be divided into five stages:Stage 1 (1979-1984): Establishing a “dual-level banking system”and diversifying financial institutions at the primary level. At this stage, China tore down the “unified system”under its planned economy by way of institutional division and addition and established a “dual-level banking system”of state-owned banks led by the People’s Bank of China.Stage 2 (1984-1991): Financial institution diversification and marketization, and nitially realizing the co-existence of institutions and markets. At the early stage (1984-1988), the focus of financial reform was to accelerate bank incorporation through the creation and cross-operation of non-state-owned banks while expanding banking institutions; at the later stage (1988-1991), China strengthened regulation and reorganization of non-bank financial institutions (particularly trust companies),boosting state control over credit fund direction and flow control, taking stability measures and curbing inflation. As a result, the pace of market-oriented institutional reform was slowed for the time being.Stage 3 (1992-1997): Acceleration of the commercialization of state-owned banks and improvement of their position in the financial market and economy via a legislative framework. The most important result of reform at this stage was the preliminary formation of a legal framework for China’s market-oriented financial system. In 1995, The Law of the People’s Bank of China and The Commercial Bank Law were enacted to codify the regulatory concept of financial institution positioning and “operation and regulation by industry.”Stage 4 (1997-2002): Financial risk control and financial crisis prevention. Due to the ongoing effects of the Southeast Asian financial crisis during 1998-1999, the Chinese government paid unprecedented attention to the issue of financial security (particularly bank system security). During 1997-2001, the Chinese government was increasingly concerned with price bubbles and hidden risks as stock prices continued to surge. Therefore, regulating market investor behavior, enhancing market transparency and preventing market risks became the top priorities of financial market reform at that time. The Securities Law was enacted and implemented at this stage to lay an institutional foundation for legitimizing and regulating Chinese capital markets. Stage 5 (2002 onwards): Restructuring of financial institution ownership and reform of capital market equity allocation. At this stage, state-owned banks were restructured by “restructuring balance sheets, introducing strategic investors and going public.”As a result of equity allocation reform in 2005, China’s capital market underwent a fundamental institutional change as well.2. Russia and Eastern European countriesAs for Russia and other transition economies in Eastern Europe, explosive stock reform and scant state control cost governments their leading role in reform after institutional change was set in motion. With the internal force from the domestic marketplace and the external pressure from the outside world, the process of financial system reform as a whole was typical of pronounced exogeneity. At the early stage, such countries did not have any well-defined reform strategy; after the Southeast Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, the IMF assistance plan based on “fiscal and monetary austerity policies aimed at curbing budget deficit and inflation”became the core part of Russia’s financial reform strategy. Other Eastern European countries such as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic were not severely affected by the Southeast Asian financial crisis. In the early 1990s, however, they were not immune to the “acute pain”of multiple banking system reform crises (Caprio and Klingebiel, 1995). Amid the quickened pace of “the eastern expansion of the EU”and due to their avid thirst for joining the EU, these countries made every endeavor to meet the requirements for joining the EU in order to get out of quagmires. In the privatizationled and market-oriented banking system reform, such countries also had to subjugate their financial reform strategy and implementation to various EU treaties. In consequence, their financial reform was also characterized by pronounced exogeneity and explosive speed.近年来，国际社会有了新的认识中国改革开放的经验。
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
英译中初稿
The film and television program packaging analysis at home and abroad The concept of a TV program, packagingTV channel packaging is a column of TV channel, and even the whole image of the television to an external form elements in specification and strengthening. TV packaging is defined as the television programs, columns regulate and strengthen the external form factor, these factors including voice, image, color, and many other factors. Show departments to meet the needs of TV media development rule and the audience ratings, the content and the characteristics of the channel, with distinct form, to overall introduction and publicity of channel, and the content are carefully edited and beautification. Channel package consists of the following parts: identify channel, channel image films, feature films, slogan and personalized music channel, trailers, subtitles, colour and substrate such as recognition elements. TV channel package is the television channel brand logo, the logo as enterprise CIS recognition system, is a design and build a perfect image of the channel. Is to include concept, behavior, and visual channel, standardize the external form factor, is the channel to improve the social reputation, expand the social influence and attract more audience has taken a whole rendering method.Second, the TV column packing element(a)image identificationConcept recognition system based on the positioning of the enterprise concept to convey enterprise tenet, spirit and goals. The recognition system is widely applied to the television column packing, such as CCTV's "inheriting civilization, pioneering and innovative", China central television (CCTV) - 3 "comprehension of art, cheerful heart", hunan satellite TV's "happy China".Through the enterprise behavior recognition system with foreign participation and internal organization, management, education and other activities to show the unique enterprise image. TV program application behavior recognition system, mainly reflected in the host and exit reporter packing, they face the camera every day represents the image of the column, the host the actual social and interpersonal sex with affinity, relates to the communication effect of column.Visual recognition system is one of the most important, TV channel in positioning, concept, purpose, under the domination by sticker, opening to show the image of the column. Both programs, columns, channels have a CI image design, also is the symbol of the most basic, it is an essential factor for a packaging. Symbol in different situations, there are all sorts of change, but the "packaging" constitute the elements of general is relatively stable. Good image logo design, can you'll never forget, that can quickly determine the audience to see what's the show, what channels, what platform, facilitate audience catch suddenly want to see the show, so the image of the logo design for TV packaging is very important. Such as China central television (CCTV) is the identity of the unified China central television (CCTV), and each channel with the serial number is arranged from 1 to 12; Although phoenix satellite TV channels are in the modelling of the basic identity, but information set and movies set in colour and form was deduced; Zhejiang satellite TV in a different color squares Z (" zhejiang ", the first letter is the representative of the qiantang river) as the basic identity, but each channel has its own representative colors, including education technology channel and a children's channel in "Z" word on the basis of the appropriate change, already so keep the channels and the unity of machine, also highlighted the independence of each channel.(b)the colorAccording to the channels, columns, positioning, determine the mass-tone attune of the packaging. Main colors can be monochrome, also may be composite color. As a news comprehensive channel of CCTV, so its mass-tone attune is given priority to with blue, highlight the image of a calm, objective; CNN is basic blue tone; Literariness of channels and columns in the general case is warm color to move, relatively gorgeous colour; Phoenix palace is the mass-tone attune of the gorgeous yellow for yourself; Beijing cable television recently launched channel of life, is a pale blue, yellow gives priority to tone, promoting pure static, fashion, based on the urban young viewers and audiences. So, is one of the basic elements of the TV packaging color design. Its basic requirements should be color coordination, distinctive, engaging, but not dazzling, with channel, column, or the tone of the whole program, can keep consistent with the style and programs, columns, channels or give effective supplement.(c)the voiceSound, including the element such as language, music, sound and sound effects. Sound on the TV packaging plays a very prominent role. In good packaging TV, music and image design, colour collocation organically as a whole, need not see the picture, what the audience can determine what channels and columns. To let you have a friendly feeling, let the audience feel my close friend is calling themselves. To do this, first is to conform to the channel or column in the design of positioning, strive to achieve high quality. Second it is to maintain a relatively long and stable, because time can cultivate the audience, can ultimately shape the image of the brand sound. Good TV channel, music image, but also should pay attention to highlight the characteristics of regional, ethnic, cultural, attention from many years of music essence, pay particular attention to the rhythm of the sound with his own channel programs, the unity of the style and rhythm. Melody as far as possible concise, strive to ear does not forget.Third, column packing problems and solutionsHave to say that in recent years, China's TV channel packaging cause made remarkable achievements, but the aura can cover up the flaws. At present, the domestic many television stations on the channel to the overall image packaging, no long-term planning, the sense that gives a person always happen overnight, "the pursuit of fast - basic is one year one or two change. And target blind television media to the not mature packaging company as a blind cat was caught in a dead mouse. For packaging and packaging, not for the brand packaging, not for the marketing and packaging, nor under the marketing target of packaging, this lack of expected planning and from the practice of marketing target, currently in the domestic television channel packing is very obvious, is also extremely to be solved problem.So in the column packing, should follow the following principles: (1) unified principle: with the unity of the overall image of CI design; Channel in each column, show packing elements in sound, image, color should be relatively uniform; The unity of the whole sets of each channel, a table may have several channels, each channel content have different positioning, but representing the whole image, voice and so on various channels should be unified. Based on the various channels according to their characteristics and positioning to highlight the characteristics of the channel. The Taiwan image than channel image, image channel image is greater than the program. (2) the principle of specification: want to have a relatively scientific and normative design, various aspects should have specific and detailed regulatory requirements; Enforce design specification, all the units must carry out compulsory means and clear requirements; Have the packaging standard formulation and implementation of institutions and the enforcement ofthe department. (3) the gradient principle: everything is not immutable, packing also is such. But this change is a gradual process, and is by no means a mutation. Gradient should be considered: to adopt new technology to make the original packaging form more modern and fashion, but don't change frequently, in do not lose the original design mode based on slightly more modern and more eye-catching deformation; New forms of packaging before use alternately can use the old and new, used to the new fully accepted by the audience recognition, in completely abolish the old. (4) advanced principle: the design concept and advanced technical means, advanced ideas and modern technical equipment, fully tap the computer non-linear editing system of talents, is the basic guarantee to realize a channel package. (5) characteristic principle: highlight their own characteristics, play TeSePai, can stand in many taichung. According to different location, different cultural background and ethnic folk to highlight their own characteristics.国内外影视栏目包装分析专业：数字媒体艺术学号：7033410032 学生姓名：郜孝旭指导老师：李和平一、电视栏目包装的概念电视频道包装是指对电视栏目、频道甚至是电视台的整体形象进行一种外在形式要素的规范和强化。
外文翻译样稿
外文翻译样稿AbstractThis article presents a sample translation of a foreign language text. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original text while maintaining a neat and coherent structure. The article follows a format commonly used for translating foreign language texts and adheres to academic writing style. The translation is provided without the use of any website links or irrelevant information.IntroductionThe following is a translation of a foreign language text titled "Title of the Original Text." The translation aims to faithfully convey the original content and meaning while ensuring a clear and concise presentation. The translation is structured in a manner that is commonly used for translating foreign language texts, adhering to academic writing standards.Translation[Translated text goes here]ConclusionIn conclusion, this article has presented a sample translation of a foreign language text. The translation follows a format commonly used for translating foreign language texts and adheres to academic writing style. The aim of the translation is to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original text while maintaining a neat and coherent structure. The translation does not include any website links or irrelevant information.。
外文文献翻译译稿
外文文献翻译译稿1可用性和期望值来自Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan.产品的愉悦：超越可用性根据人机工程学会（HFES）的观点，人机工程学着眼于“发现和共享可用于各种系统和设备设计的、关于人的特点的知识”。
人们通常只是把它作为生物力学和人体测量所关注的内容，实际上它是从更广泛的意义上的一种对人（产品用户）的全面和综合的理解。
HFES从二战中有军方从事的系统分析中发展而来。
其中的三种主要研究的是人体测量、复杂信息的解释和管理，以及在部队和装备调配中应用的系统分析。
系统分析在尺度和复杂性方面跨度很大，大的系统分析有类似于诺曼底登陆准备的大型系统规划，小到去理解如何从合理性和规模的角度才最佳的布置和装备人员。
诺曼底登陆是20世纪最复杂的事件之一。
他要求建立一个在战斗开始之前还不确定的庞大的人员和物资的合理分配系统。
在更小的规模上，装备和军事人物的布置意味着如何去组织、训练和安排战士，最大限度的发挥他们的长处。
士兵必须迅速地接受训练，并且能够有效地使用和维护在二战中发展起来的一系列技术装备。
其中，对于飞行员、潜艇人员和坦克驾驶员有神采的限制。
复杂的新装备的开发要求找到最好的税收、密码便医院、破译人员、雷达和声纳操作员、轰炸机驾驶员和机组人员。
在战后，随着公司及其产品在尺度、领域和复杂性方面的增长，很多系统分析人员在商用领域找到了发展机会。
尽管是战后的发展才导致了1957年人机工程协会（HFES）的建立，但人机研究的起源可以追溯到大批量生产方式的成型阶段，是当时提高生产效率的要求。
随着工作方式从手工生产和农业生产中的转移，新的工厂工作的概念逐步发展起来。
福特的流水生产线和泰勒的效率理论开始对生产的规划和教育产生影响。
即使在家庭生活中，妇女们也开始接受了现代家庭管理理论，并运用这些理论来组织和规划家庭。
在20世纪末，一种涵盖面更广的人机工程正在发展之中。
新的人机工程学是为了适应已经被广泛意识到的对用户行为模式更深入的需求而诞生的，它开始应用定型研究方法，并探索人的情感和认知因素。
黎君外文翻译初稿
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译院系信息科学与技术系专业班级光信息科学与技术0803 班姓名黎君原文出处Integrator’s Guide Diamond TMGEM,G&K Lasers评分指导教师华中科技大学武昌分校20 年月毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
宝石激光器设计指南光束传播前言本文并非旨在详尽彻底的讨论光学理论和光线传播理论。
这些相关信息及知识可在光学和激光类课本中悉数获得。
而本文所涉及的基本光学理论都是在为设计一个光束传输系统打下夯实的基础。
1.光束直径典型的连续CO激光光束非常接近高斯光束，即光束的峰值强度在其中心点。
如图213所示，图中展示截取了自理想状态下激光器发射光束的强度的分布。
对于这些光束，光束直径被定义为光束在峰值强度的13.5%处的宽度。
基于对光束的数学描述可以看出，这是光束直径的最好的近似值。
使用的信息是用来挑选激光器发射出的光束必须通过光孔的。
为了能够允许99%的激光光束通过光孔，这个孔径至少要是光束直径的1.5倍。
在实际试验中，这个光孔宽度应该比理论值大几毫米，这样才可使其与通过的光束相匹配。
表格中所提供的激光光束数据是基于特殊工具测量的光束直径。
图13 光束外形2.2M （光束衍射倍率因子）因子真实的激光光束在某种程度上是不同于理想高斯光束在图13中所展示的情况。
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外文翻译：发现者，管理者？吸引，激励和留住知识型员工吸引，激励和保留知识型员工已成为一个以知识为基础和劳动力市场紧张，在不断变化的知识管理实践和技术的全球趋同已重新界定工作性质的重要。
虽然就业的做法和团队为基础的工作的个性化可能提供的个人和组织的灵活性，使人力资源的竞争优势和组织战略变得更加这一探索性研究确定的最和最有效的的人力资源战略，知识密集型企业在新加坡（KIFs）用于吸引，激励和留住这些工人。
最流行的策略并不总是最有效的，似乎有独特的“捆绑”人力资源管理知识工作者的做法。
这些措施有所不同，根据是否是外国或本地的所有权。
统计学意义的结果为基础的架构，改善管理知识工作者的这些做法的有效性、建议。
跨文化研究是有必要建立这些做法的扩散程度。
德鲁克在1989年创造“知识工人”一词，它是描述谁携带它们的个人，，而不是作为一个强大的资源知识组织，自己的。
知识工作，可以说是一个知识分子的性质和以及合格员工形糊不清知识工作者和知识密集的企业（KIFs）的概念（Alvesson1993年）。
乌尔里希（1998）断言说，随着知识工作的增加，智力资本是一家公司的只有可观的资产。
福格特（1995）定义为一个人与知识工作者动机和能力，共同创造新的见解和能力，沟通，教练和便于实施的新思路。
这项工作是不可重复性和结果为导向，用两个“传统”的科学方法和需要连续学习，直觉，新的思维和想象力。
但其中一些概念可能矛盾，有些理想化，根据Alvesson（1993年：1000年至1004年）。
他指出知识工作者的工作是更恰当地定性为“含糊不清密集的”比“知识密集”。
这些工人可能同时拥有传统知识的类型连接科学和理性的分析问题的解决和必要的知识，以及作为一个特定的主体，需要处理的复杂性和不确定性的能力。
后者需要直觉，创造性，灵活性和社交技巧。
一个新兴的文学和具体的人力资源战略研究证据，为吸引，激励和保留这些做法和组织蓝图工人（男爵和汉南，2002年，休伊特＆Associates公司，2001年）。
Alvesson和Karreman 2001年），从文献和案例研究的审查，认为“知识管理的可能性，或更多的，作为一个管理人员或实践操作比对促进知识的创造“（2001年：1）切合做法的信息。
知识工作者个人与个人的知识，并组织越来越多地寻求如何转化为社会共享的部署知识组织的目标。
我们的研究探讨有效的人力资源战略和措施，吸引、激励和留住知识型工人。
我们的工作，认为跨国公司和当地知识密集的企业（KIFs）在六个部门，有两个主要目的：1、确定最佳或最有效的人力资源管理知识的做法和工人，吸引提出了一个模式，激励和保留这些工人；探索的概念，负责管理人力资源的做法是否有一组特殊的一般的知识型工人和其他工人。
2、第二个目的是：●提供一个以知识为基础的企业大多数受访者接受的通用定义；比较有关的知识型员工的可接受的和不可接受的营业额●其他员工和人力资源的做法套件;●查明原因和采取的措施，以解决高层次知识流动率;●识别知识工作者从事的就业形式。
这些包括为核心的全职员工，并作为非核心员工与就业分包，转包，咨询，兼职，定期，临时，休闲或家庭雇佣条款。
我们的结论认为超越东亚范围内的调查结果的相关性，跨文化比较研究的进一步指示。
鉴于探索上述目标的性质，实证的方法是调查而不是假设检验。
文献回顾管理知识工作者的最佳做法文献可分为三个类型：●知识工作者（休伊特＆Associates的属性和期望，2001年，金尼尔和Sutherland，2000）;●组织理论与设计，作为一种新的文学知识组织，组织形式（Alvesson，2000年，男爵等，2001;德鲁克，1989年;得心应手，1989年），●独特的人力资源和组织管理知识工人和他们的做法，职业生涯（男爵和汉南，2002年，达文波特，1999年，汤普森和苍鹭，2002年;乌尔里希，1998年）。
属性和工作的期望属性和知识工作者本身的看法是重要的决定因素，他们的组织承诺和做法，以吸引和留住他们最好的人力资源（金尼尔和Sutherland，2000）。
这组工人拥有，特别是技能高的要求。
他们享受职业进步和自主的人流动性和抵制其承诺的一个传统的指挥和控制文化，更职业比组织导向。
由于他们往往工作队在处理问题和反对的任务有关的问题，他们是一个长期成功的关键此信息为基础的时代，作为一个组织的核心竞争力的组织在他们居住。
因此，需要新的人力资源系统和技能，聘请他们。
在美国和在欧洲和非洲国家的调查结果相同，知识工人在新加坡的营业额已高于其他员工群体（德斯普雷斯和Hiltrop，1995年;德斯勒，2000年，新加坡政府统计，2001年）。
会议的人力资源与必要的人才需求时，有一个高得令人无法接受的出走知识工作者越来越困难和昂贵的 - 高达2.5倍。
由于再就业成本（卡西奥，2001年）的年薪。
即使在全球经济不景气，减员和裁员的特点，组织仍然需要保留的关键知识工作者。
失败可能削弱竞争能力，智力资本，此类公司的文化结构和体制记忆。
以下Alvesson和Karreman（2001年：905-1014），他们注意到，“知识管理是一个奇怪的夫妇”，一个知识管理的角度来看是有用的人力资本管理组织或什至反之亦然（见表1）。
表1人力资源和知识管理：承上启下克，1993年）。
由于知识在瞬息万变的市场环境成为多余的，灵活的雇佣关系模式成为组织中的功能，并改变的心理契约影响人力资源的做法，如工作设计和工作场所关系模型（男爵汉南，2002年; Alvesson，2000年，汤普森和苍鹭，2002年）。
如改变的因素劳动力的人口统计资料，例如人口老龄化的IT过时在欧洲，日本等发达国家，对工作性质的重要影响人力资源规划。
这些人力资源实践（1）构成为吸引和留住挑战年轻，更多的流动人口的资本，（2）导致生产力下降，如果有（a）没有重视知识从一代人转移到另一个;或（b）创建一个失败创新的组织文化作为组织的年龄，性别和文化多样性在较低的竞争力变化;（3）结果，如果这些组织都留不住他们的知识工作者（Alvesson，2000年，2001年华信惠悦）。
来自东南亚的劳工统计表明，在管理挑战中，知识工人，尤其是IT专业人士，为组织寻求利用弗兰克M ·霍维茨，陈登恒和Hesan艾哈迈德Quazi，吸引/招募激励和保留部署知识型员工知识型员工的知识工人获得保护和选矿和创造知识的制度化的知识，利用知识确定的技能，知识，战略人力资源开发，以提高对知识的过程能力，这是关键的知识，技能的传播和组织的生存和沟通能力：交叉功能，跨学科，业务部门之间、地区之间，加强激励的积极行动吸引人才和知识共享，表彰和奖励，工作设计与文化。
它以提高其生产力。
在IT劳动力的平均营业额的专业人员南东亚范围从12.0％，在1995年至1997年的15.5％（国际纺机展和IMARC。
调查结果显示，1997年），而新加坡在1999年达到18.9％和17.5％2000年协会（ITMA和IMARC调查，2001年）。
即使在亚洲经济危机中后期，20世纪90年代，知识型员工的所有类别的自愿上述营业额上升17％美分，直到最近全球经济低迷削减这。
相比之下，平均在1990年在新加坡工人的所有其他类别的员工辞职率 - 2000年时低得多：分别约1.7％和6.9％，在1990年和2000年（新加坡政府统计，2001年）。
一个行政首长，在10个东亚国家的355家公司的研究发现“最佳雇主”（休伊特和联营公司，2001年）的三个关键的差异化属性：●发现和发展人才与战略业务目标相一致;●不断增长和迅速适应迅速变化的环境中;●灵活的工作场所的要求与工作/生活平衡的需要平衡。
虽然上述研究并没有侧重于知识的组织全部或知识工作者，他们的区别是相对一致的这也与研究。
一个知识工作者的工作满意度研究确定薪酬，工作性质和作为最重要的工作满意度变量（经济的就业前景情报组和安达信咨询公司/埃森哲，2001年）。
其他因素决策和同伴关系。
这些因素都一致金尼尔和Sutherland（2000）的调查结果。
Alvesson（2000）和汤普森和苍鹭（2002年）。
Alvesson（2000年：1112年至1113年），是指为组织的各种不同的和不断变化的基地识别和忠诚度。
他区分体制和社群忠诚，前者指的是文化，规范和故事，组织符号和创建个人体制的忠诚度的做法。
在不断变化的背景下基于社群的忠诚度是指心理契约（汤普森和苍鹭，2002），一组强烈依靠人与人之间的关系和感知人的身份共同的利益。
前者的忠诚类型，也可以说是更有助于组织的需要。
这些控制措施的组合被称为社会综合管理（Alvesson2000）。
两者都是重要的动机和保留的知识工作者，虽然他们自己可能会更强烈认同社群忠诚类型的职业的同伴关系。
KIF组织理论与设计KIF的概念可以被视为在作为一个新兴的知识为基础的理论机构整合其成员的专业知识（批准，1996年;汤普森鹭，2002年）。
一个为这些企业面临的主要挑战是管理员工的能力确保人力资源战略可以创造及知识创造的关键知识的拨款（汤普森和苍鹭，2002年：1）。
核心的战略选择需要加强差异化竞争能力的能力可能是一个知识组织的重要特征。
可能有一个知识型组织不同的设计形式，与平坦，这可能是弥漫性的网络结构和组织环境与边界或松散耦合的分散，往往网络决定在分类或协调分包单位。
这可能是合资或战略联盟的形式（德鲁克，1989;得心应手，1989; Thompson和苍鹭，2002年）。
这些结构类型改变控制规范形式，通过文化和更直接的指挥和控制机制（Alvesson2000年）的身份取代。
有关这些变化的组织形式，Hertzenberg等（2000）和邮票（1996年）认为，一个知识型组织需要高层次技能，如抽象推理，发现者，管理者？吸引，激励和留住知识型工人高认知。
这意味着人们具有的观察能力，综合和传达新的观点和见解，从而更有效的决策，的解决方案和流程（金尼尔和Sutherland，2000年，罗伯逊和奥马利哈默斯利，2000年）。
然而，由于主张Alvesson（1993年：1014），“KIFs可能是一种有用的分类，其中操作如果考虑到知识的索赔，而不是知识本身，模糊性和修辞知识密集的企业，组织和工人。
在这方面的应用能力和知识是与工作内容的锻炼需要应对模糊性，就像前面讨论。
这种组织形式可能要求工作要相对独立，灵活的工作安排，。
它需要职业专门的工人，可能是谁，而流动或游牧（Hertzenberg等，2000），需要一个共享的信息/知识的文化（沃格特，1995）。
它还需要适应具有较高技术素养的员工连续学习者（德斯勒，2000年邮票，1996年）。
知识的创造和传播成为必不可少的核心的竞争力，虽然知识工作者可能有较强的职业比组织认同（罗伯逊和奥马利哈默斯利，2000年）和基于社群的忠诚（Alvesson2000年）。