高分子材料与工程专业英语课后答案
高分子材料与工程专业英语
第二单元链式聚合反应Staudinger第一个发现一例现象，许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。
二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中的一个。
这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。
以同样的方式，借助于链式反应，单体分子一个接一个地被加成（每秒2000～20000个单体）直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终止。
聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。
链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。
链式反应可以概括为以下过程（R·相当与引发剂自由基）：略借助于聚合度估算的分子链长，在一个大范围内可以通过选择适宜的反应条件被改变。
通常，通过大量地制备和利用聚合物，聚合度在1000～5000范围内，但在许多情况下可低于500、高于10000。
这不应该把所有聚合物材料的分子量理解为由500，或1000，或5000个单体单元组成。
在几乎所有的事例中，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。
聚合反应，链式反应，依照与众所周知的氯（气）-氢（气）反应和光气的分解机理进行。
双键活化过程的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。
用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发链式反应可以很清楚地进行观察。
这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物（单体）并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。
对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应（即引发反应）即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。
因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料（1：1000～1：10000），从表面上看聚合反应很可能是催化反应。
由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂，但是，严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现。
高分子材料工程专业英语II.pdf
Unit 30: Synthetic Rubber (3rd-4th paragraph)
Two important developemnts occurred in the U. S. A. in the years immediately following World War I. The first was …. The second… Unitil comparatively recently, emulsion polymerisation has been the principal process for producing synthetic rubbers from their monomers… It is the presence of this chlorine atom in each repeat unit of the rubber molecule which gives the product its unusual properties, such as moderate resistance to swelling in hydrocarbon oils and resistance to deterioration by heat and ozone. …
Z. B. Guan, et al., Nat. Chem. 2012, DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.1314
K. Matyjaszewski and N. V. Tsarevsky, Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 276-289.
Writing Practice 1. rubbery… could…into .. converted..solid ..be…a …isoprene
丁纳橡胶这个词作为德国在那时及其以后生产的的合成橡胶的通用名就是源于这一个 事实。
高分子专业英语答案
高分子专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料工程专业英语课文翻译(曹同玉,冯连芳)主编】txt>unit 1 what are polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？what are polymers? for one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. to contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. these big molecules or‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. to illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. when these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
苏州大学高分子材料专业英语课后习题(汇总)
高分子材料专业英语【P4.There has been long been a need for a definitivepublication on the engineering aspects of plastics processing.（塑料加工）长期以来，有着在塑料加工工程方面权威出版物的需求。
The society of Plastics Engineers is pleased to sponsor and endorse this new ,Plastics Process Engineering ,as the publication which serves this long-standing need.塑料工程师协会很高兴赞助和支持这个新的变化，以满足“塑料加工工程”作为出版物长期存在的需要。
2.Crystallization is only one aspect of orientation. Molecular orientation may not always result in crystallization but in enhancement of order when the various types of bonds such as hydrogen bonds and other weak interatomic forces can contribute to property enhancement.结晶只是取向的一个方面。
分子取向可能并不总是导致结晶，而是排列有序性的提高，同时，各种类型的化学键如氢键和其它弱原子间力有助于提高性能。
T wo important thermal transitions in a semi-crystalline polymer are the glass transition and melting. The temperatures of these transitions are donated by Tg ,which is characteristics of the amorphous phase, and Tm which is【P9】There are two basic types of polymerization:(1)addition, which occurs when active chains(活性链) and/or monomer units interact without a by-product（副产物(2)condensation ,which occurs when a Lewis polyacidand a Lewis polybase react to form a chain with the splitting out of a by-product molecule ,such as water or CO2.有两种基本的聚合反应类型：（1）加成聚合反应，活性连和单体单元之间相互反应，没有副产物产生（2）缩合聚合反应，路易斯聚酸和路易斯聚碱形成分子链。
高分子材料与工程专业英语答案
高分子材料与工程专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2】t all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kindof repeating unit. at the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an aminoacid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. in this case the molecular weightitself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. when the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。
在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。
尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。
材料科学与工程专业英语1-18单元课后翻译答案
Unit 1 Translation.1."材料科学〞涉与到研究材料的结构与性能的关系.相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉与或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质.2.实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性.3.除了结构与性质,材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工与性能.4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以与材料的加工技术,根据以上的原则,他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择.5.只有在少数情况下,材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质.因此,有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能.6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constantSolid material<s> heat capacityMechanical property electromagnetic radiationMaterial processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.8. Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.9.10.Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21.金属是电和热很好的导体,在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽.2.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体,并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能.3.用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料.4.压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之,当它们膨胀和收缩时,他们也能产生一个电场.5.随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现,操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能,因此,我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料.6.advanced materials ceramic materialshigh-performance materials clay mineralsalloy implantglass fibre carbon nanotube7.Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directlyattributable to these electrons.8.Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9.Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors<viz. metalsand metal alloys> and insulators<viz. ceramics and polymers>.10.Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为〔性质〕不同于陶瓷的行为〔性质〕,陶瓷的行为〔性质〕不同于聚合物的行为〔性质〕. 2．原子结构主要影响化学性质、物理性质、热学性质、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能.微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他们主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率.3．金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结合在一起的.4．元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数.而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数.5．Microstructure macrostructureChemical reaction atomic weightBalanced electrical charge positively charged proton6. 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to supporttall buildings,7．The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together bu strong bonds.8. Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen with the naked eye,but using a microscope.Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.9. The atomic weight is the sum of proton number and neutron number in the nucleus.Unit 41．当密度小于水的密度时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当密度大于水的密度时,物体会沉降.相似的,当比重小于1时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当比重大于1时,物体会沉降.2．由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动,导致磁通量密度比真空中小,这种材料为反磁性材料.3．使磁通量密度提高1倍以上小于或等于10倍的材料叫顺磁性材料,使磁通量密度提高10倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料.4．某些铁磁性材料,特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁,钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可高达1000000.反磁性材料的相对导磁率小于1,但是到目前还没有哪种材料的相对导磁率远小于1.5．当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时,其磁感应系数等于相对磁导率乘以空芯时的磁感应系数. 6．specific gravity boiling point magnetic inductioncoefficient of thermal conductivity glass transition temperaturenon-ferrous metals linear coefficient of thermal expansionmass per unit of volume7. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemicalproperties.8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.9. At some temperature below the melting point, polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the moleculesremain linked in chains, which tesults in a soft and pliable material.10. In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.Unit 51. 金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用X围与期望的服役寿命.2. 因此,一般多测几次以得到力学性能,报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的统计最小值.3．材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能,也决定了材料失效形式,以与在失效前是否有预警. 4．然而,受力弯曲时会产生一个应力分布,应力大小与到轴线的垂直距离有关.5．材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时,材料才会发生弹性形变.6．Test specimen static loading force normal axisEngineering strain critical stress yield strength stress areaStress- strain curve7. Temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys;while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease.8. From the respective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces withina body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.9. Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided bythe initial length of the material.10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace more toughness than a material with low strengthand high ductility.Unit 61. 随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现,材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界.2. 不发达国家的人口增长率远高于1.4%的世界平均人口增长率.3. 全球能源使用的预算在2025以前将以每年1.7%速度增长,这比世界人口增长率快多了.4. 此外,发达地区的人均能量使用量是不发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上.5. gross domestic product materials science and engineering market economySocietal issues economic index sanitationGross national product popilation growth rate6. Some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability toaddress societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that hace taken place in medicine,telecommunications, and transportantion industries.8. Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access tosanitation.9. Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSEresearch agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit 71.从化学角度来说,金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素,它与其他金属原子形成金属键.2.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原因.3.存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形,从而导致晶体破裂.4.合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机,可能含有十种以上的元素.5.delocalized electron electronic structurealkaline earth metal chemical cellnuclear charge electric conductivity6.Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.7.Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density, and the ability to bedeformed under stress without cleaving.8.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.bining different ration of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirablecharacteristics.Unit 81.超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新,并主要受到航空和能源工业的推动.2.抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓.3.超耐热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高.4.单晶高温合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的,因此在材料中并无晶界.5.faced-centred cubic crystal structure turbine entry temperaturemetallic materials phase stabilitynuclear reactor synthesis of nanoparticle6.Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced-centered cubic crystal structure.7.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.8.Superalloys are widely used in aircraft ,submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.9.At high temperatures the gaseous aluminum chloride<or fluoride> is transfereed to the surface of part anddiffuseds inside.Unit 91.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程,有着与电池相同的本质特征.2. 从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关.3. 当电子与中和的正离子〔如电解液中的氢离子〕发生反应时,阴极处电子得以平衡.4．Protective film circuitFree electron electron transferMetal cation anode reaction5.Some metals, such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they havelittle tendency to corrode.6.Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is addedto an atom.7.If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layerbetween the anode and cathode.8.Corrosion is commonly classification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit 101. 我们要观察〔研究〕这些性能,看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成有多匹配.2. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下,玻璃不再具有脆性行为,而表现为粘稠液体.3. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能,或电学、光学抑或是磁学性能.4. 一般认为,先进是最近100年才发展起来的,而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了.5. the glass transition temperature ionic-covalent bondStress distribution coefficient of thermal expansionGlass optical fibre materials science and engineeringSolid-oxide fuel cells electron microscopy6. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.7. Ceramic are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressivestrength.8. Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improvethis property.9. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, whichdetermines their properties.Unit 111. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工,结构与组成,性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的.2．我们不仅要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构〔的情况〕,我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷的存在,甚至是无定形的.3. 通过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品.4. 在运输时,厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息.5. crystalline ceramics grain boundaryAlkaline earth oxide oxide additiveTriple point saturation magnetizationTelevision tube the color scale6.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.7.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they wereconsolidated.8.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phaseparticles.9.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and lowdielectric constant.Unit 121. 材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节,尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的.2. 我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷.3. 高密度、高纯度的氧化铝被大量的用于植入物,特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中.4. 在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中,氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化锆铝的磨损率.5. controlled reaction stress shieldingTotal hip prosthese strain-to-failure ratioMechanical stress flexural strengthMartensitic transformation6.Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.7.These repairs become necessary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.8.Because of its low density, cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.9.Eliminating stress shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development ofbioceramic composites.10.There are questions concerning the long-term effect of radiation emission from zirconia ceramics.Unit 131. 聚合物的俗名叫塑料,这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料.2. 聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程.3. 支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主链组成.一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物.4. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的,例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的.5. persistence length cross-linkPolar monomer nucleic acidPolymerization polyelectrolyte6.Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, onappropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.7.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, suchas polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.8. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.9.In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of polymerization,essentially the number of monomer Units which comprise the polymer.Unit 141. 大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架,这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能.2. 它们在一定X围内软化,这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同.3. 分子量取决于其合成时的条件,因此分子量可能分布很宽或分布很窄.4. Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬,对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低.5. thermosetting plastic cross-sectional areaPolymerization reaction double bondChemical composition carboxylic acidMelting point degradation by oxidation6.Polymer with different chemical composition has different physical and chemical property.7. A thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshapedreadily.8.Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and too chemically reactive.9.Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or againstdegradation by oxidation.Unit 151. 逐渐增强的环境意识促使包装薄膜与其加工既要方便使用又要具有环境友好的特点.2. 显而易见,实现这些性能对控制和改进机械性能和阻隔性能是非常重要的.3. 在羧酸、醇、醛、酮的含氧生物降解过程中,由水和热引发的过氧化反应可以使之降解成低摩尔质量的物质,这就是碳氢聚合物力学性能降低的主要原因.4. 用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理,另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的.5. natural gas packaging materialsAroma compound bioplastic materialChemical structure the life cycle of biomass6. Bacteria , fungi, enzymes start the bioassimilation giving rise to biomass and CO2 that finally form the humus.7. The bioplastic aim is to imitate the life cycle of biomass, which includes conservation of fossil resources, waterand CO2 production.8. During the oxo-degradation of carboxylic acid, molecules of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones degradable withlow molar mass are produced by peroxidation initiated by heat or light .9. While most of the commercialized biopolymer materials are biodegradable, these are not fully compostable inreal composting conditions, which vary with temperature and relative humidity.Unit 161. 比如,多相金属在微观尺度上是复合材料.但一般意义上的复合材料是指通过键的作用使两种或多种不同的材料结合在一起的材料..2. 最常见的是,复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相,还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相.3. 先进材料采用了树脂与纤维的复合材料,一般为碳/石墨,凯芙拉或玻璃纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料.纤维具有高的硬度,而聚合物树脂基体能保持复合材料的结构.4. 如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话,复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合,这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能.5. composite material reinforcement materialFiberglass matrix materialStrengthening mechanism conventional material6. A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or more distinct materials, each of which retainsits own distinctive properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.7.Carbon-epoxy composties are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh enviroments, and are repairable.8.According to the conception of composite , reinforced plastics, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrixcomposites and concrete are composites.9.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load-bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fibercomposites are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit 171. 震荡、撞击或者重复的周期性应力能导致两层的界面处发生薄层分离,这种情况叫剥离.2.3. 事实上,工业材料既要质轻又要牢固的要求是推动复合材料发展的主要动力.4. 提到飞机,值得铭记的是复合材料不像金属〔如铝〕那样在压力的作用下会完全解体.5. orthotropic thermosetThermoplastic Young’s ModulusMechanical property constants extreme enviroment6.In contrast, isotropic material < for example, aluminuim or steel>, in standard wrought forms, typicallyhave the same stiffness regardless of the directional orientation of the applied forces and /or moments.7.The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness.8.This makes them ideal for use in products thar are exposed to extreme enviroments such as boats,chemical-handling equipments and spacecrafts.posites will never totally replace tranditional materials like steel, but in many cased they are just whatwe need.Unit 181. 具有相分离的聚合物共混材料经常出现纳米尺度的相.2 在过去几十年里研究的基于溶胶-凝胶化学的有机-无机纳米复合材料已基本淡出纳米复合材料的研究.3. 理解粒子的性质随着尺寸降低到纳米级别而发生改变,这对于优化所得到的纳米复合材料很重要.4. 廉价石墨的生产尚未实现,石墨的广泛使用呕待石墨合成技术的突破.5. electro-optical property bactericidal propertyBlock copolymer interfacial phenomenaExfoliated graphene morphology control6.The field of nanotechnology is one of the most popular areas for current research and development inbasically all technical discillines.7.Nanoscale is considered where the dimensions of the particle, platelet or fiber modification are in the rangeof 1～100nm.8.These improvements are key to future aircraft and wind energy turbine applications.9.Nanostructured surfaces have been noted to yield superhydrophobic character and exceptional adhesion.。
高分子材料工程专业外语第二版(UNIT23-32译文)
高分子材料工程专业外语（第二版）UNIT23-32注：本次译文纯人工操作，如有问题，尽量谅解哈~UNIT 23 聚合物加工在其最一般的情况下，聚合物加工涉及固态（有时是液态）聚合物树脂以一种不规则的形式（如：粉状、球状、珠粒状）转化成一种具有特殊形状、尺寸和性能的固态塑料制品。
这通过转变过程来实现：挤出、模塑、压延、涂覆、热成型等。
为了实现上面的目的，加工过程通常涉及下述操作：固体输送、压缩、加热、熔融、混合、成型、冷却、固化及修饰。
显然，这些操作不必按序发生，而许多可以同时发生。
通过成型可以赋予材料所需要的几何形状和尺寸。
它包括黏弹性形变和热成型，这种黏弹性形变和热传递是和产品从熔体的固化相联系的。
成型包括：（1）二维操作，如：口模成型、压延及涂覆。
（2）三维的模塑和成型操作。
二维的操作要么是连续的固定队的形状（如：薄膜及片材挤出、电线的涂层、纸和片材涂覆、压延、纤维纺丝、管材和型材挤出等），要么是间歇式的，在挤出的情况下伴有间歇挤出吹膜。
通常模塑成型操作是间歇式的，然而它们倾向于非固定条件。
热成型、真空成型及类似过程可以被看做是二次成型操作，因为它们通常包括已成型形状的再次成型。
在某些情况下，像吹塑，加工包括首次成型（型坯形成）和二次成型（型坯膨胀）。
成型操作包括同时或交错的液体流动和热传递。
在二维加工中，固化伴随着成型加工，反之在三维加工的固化和成型往往在模具中同时发生。
根据材料的性质、设备和加工条件的不同，流动形式以及根据流动面的自由与否，通常包含剪切流动、拉伸流动及挤压流动。
经历了流动和固化的聚合物热机械历史导致了加工产品中微观结构（形态学、结晶度及取向分布）的发展。
产品的最终性能与微观结构是紧密相关的。
因此，加工和产品质量的控制必须基于在树脂性能、设备设计、操作条件、热机械历史、微观结构和最终产品性能之间相互作用的了解。
数学建模和计算机模拟被同时用于获得这些相互间作用的了解。
鉴于进一步利用计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造/计算机辅助工程（CAD/CAM/CAE）系统协同塑料塑料加工诸如这一趋近获得了更多的重要性。
高分子材料工程专业英语.pdf
在实验中，聚合速率应该根据这个系统的密度、折光率、粘度、或光吸收等许 多性质决定的。测量密度是这些方法中最精确和最灵敏的（之一）。相比单体， 聚合物的密度要增加20%~25%。在实际测定中，聚合系统的体积将以带出反应 中到膨胀计中的方式进行测量。这个带有特殊构造的毛细管容器对于细小的体 积变化可以有一个高度精确的测量。对于膨胀计法，是非常容易做到检测一个 非常小的聚合的。
聚乙烯 23. anionic
阴离子的 28. termination 终止
4.molecule
5.polymerization
分子
聚合反应
9. compound 10.molecular weight
化合物
分子量
14.characteristic 15. sodium chloride
特征
氯化钠
19. polystyrene 20.polyvinylchloride
Basic Writing II
10. Other Important Remarks About Polymer Science, Summary, Q & A
1.polymer
聚合物 6. gas 气体 11. synthesis 合成 16. product
产物 21. radical
自由基 26. initiation 引发
（2）对于离子聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止，因为生长链 之间不能发生反应。链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过加入某些像水、 醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过 这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应，形成中性聚合 物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物。如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一 个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个 方向上则发生链终止反应。