Test On the Problem of Selecting Interaction Objects
AM8a PCM VF Call Analyzer 用户手册说明书
• DS1 PCM Drop & Insert • Non-Intrusive PCM Measure • SLC ®96 Monitoring• CO Battery, Ring Generator, and Dial Tone Generator Sources• Signalling Monitor/Emulator • Dialed Digit Monitor/Emulator • Dialed Digit Analyzer • Complex Sequence Dialer• VF Level, Frequency, Noise Measure • Dual Multimeter760 Arrow Grand Circle ¥ Covina CA 91722 ¥ +626 915 5441 ¥ Complete Emulation and Analysis ofT1 and Analog SignalingAM8a PCM/VF Call AnalyzerAdvanced Test Equipment Rentals 800-404-ATEC (2832)®E s t a b l i s h e d 1981PABX Demarcation TestingThe AM8a can monitor or emulate the station (line) side or the central office (trunk) side of a PABX. The PABX can be emulated for the purpose of testing the central office trunksignalling, or the central office can be emulated looking toward the PABX.The AM8a has built-in central office battery power supply, loop length emulation, ring gener-ator and dial tone generator. All ofwhich are variable, and programmable to provide for a wide variety of test config-urations. These facilities, for example,allow the unit to simulate DID or 911terminal equipment.Limit testing of all signalling parame-ters is possible due to the full program-mability of the built-in generators and the detailed signalling decode and analysis capability of the built-in receivers.Precise one millisecond time tagging of all decoded signalling events allows easy identification of signalling timing problems.At the PBX or at the central office, demarcation testing is simple and comprehensive.Inter-Exchange or Long Distance Carrier TestingMonitoring or troubleshooting of analog or 1.544 Mbps PCM trunks is easy with the AM8a.The unit can non-intrusively monitor a T1 span and either camp on a specific channel or scan channels for new both-way activity. Signalling detection is completely automatic as the unit automatically differentiates between dial pulse,DTMF or MF signalling and decodes them appro-priately. No more missing unanticipated events.When moving the unit around the central office to different trunk types, reconfiguration of the AM8a is easily accomplished through the set-up “Store and Recall” feature.It is even possible to print out exception reports by connecting an accessory printer and using the built-in signalling thresholds feature to automati-cally screen for problems. This is a very effective feature when dealing with intermittent or elusive problems.Subscriber Line Concentrator (SLC ®) TestingThe AM8a provides a full, comprehensive analysis of AT&T SLC ®96 PCM circuits (or industry equivalent). Signalling problemsbetween the central office and an AT&T SLC ®96remote terminal are easy to detect andtroubleshoot using the AM8a as a signalling monitor.Together with the optional hard copy output capability, the AM8a provides a printed activity report in addition to a powerful problem solving tool.The following SLC ®96 analysis features are provided:1.Ability to monitor SLC ®96 Mode I (unconcen-trated) and Mode II (concentrated) calls and record signalling transitions (off/on hook, digits,tones, etc.)2.Ability to monitor the 4 Kbps data link in Mode II and time stamp to 1ms accuracy any or all Concentrator Field Messages sent by both the RT and the integrated SLC ®.3.Provide monitoring of all Maintenance,Protection and Alarm Field change of values in both TX and RX directions.4.Ability to map a specific channel to its appro-priate time slot assignment for Mode II operation.5.Programmable display fields to allow the user to analyze all events or only those exceedingprogrammed thresholds.AM8a and printer with printout showing SLC ®96 channel assignment.Receive, decode, analyze or emulatechannel associated signalling on DS1 (PCM)circuits or analog lines and trunks.Analog2w Loop Start 2w Ground Start 2w E&M 4w E&M DID SF SS41.544 Mbps PCM (DS1)D3/D4ESFSLC ®Mode I *SLC®Mode II ** Monitor OnlyBuilt-in Programmable Emulation:• C.O. Battery Supply •Ring Generator•Dial Tone Generator •Pulse and DTMF/MF Tone Dialling Generator •Tone GeneratorBuilt-in Programmable Analysis:•Pulse/Tone/Signalling event receiver, decoder, analyzer•AC/DC VoltmeterIntroductionIn a switched public or private telephone network, “signalling” is the process of setting up a call connection through the network at the beginning of a call and tearing it down at the end of the call.A businessman using his telephone sends “signals” into his PBX, the PBX “signals”the local central office, the local central office “signals” into a long distance carrier and so on.The Ameritec Model AM8a is a Call Analyzer capable of observing andtroubleshooting signalling problems on a wide variety of analog or channel-associated PCM circuits.The AM8a is capable of non-intrusive monitoring or intrusive emulation at most points in the signalling path.Highly portable and battery powered, it is equally useful in the field, in the switch room or in laboratory applications.Off Hook Display Selection for Events or Voltmeter Direct Entry KeypadFar End WinkFar End WinkFar End AnswerON/OFF Power ButtonVolume control for speakerMicrophone to communicate over line under test Connection oftelephone handset for private conversationsConnection of external Transmission Impairment Measuring Set (such as Ameritec's AM5XT)• Optional RS232 Port for exception reporting & remote control.• Decoding of MF, DTMF and dial pulse digits without pre-determination of type.• Built-in Speaker.• Optional Battery Pack for 8 Hours UseVisual LED indicators to show configuration of unit.Near End On HookLoop St/Ground St Analog ConnectionE & M Trunk ConnectionsPCM 1.554 Mbps span connectionsGrouping of Direct Function SwitchesScrolling up &down pages within each setup menuScrolling across choices for setup parametersUnit setup includingvariables when emulating.Analyzer Thresholds and Auto Dial sequencesON/OFF Toggles for connection to Trunk inputs & TIMS.Enable of hands-free talk and auto send of start signalMF Digitsincluding KP and STDialed DTMF Digits Elapsed time fromOff-Hook to selected event.(In thisexample a Wink of 247ms duration.)Detailed Call AnalysisFar End On HookComplex Sequence Auto-DialerThrough a front panel keypad the operator can dial any sequence of digits and events either manually or automatically.Up to 10 complex dialing sequences can be stored and later recalled for execution under the "auto dial" function.For example, the following sequence might be used to initiate test calls from a PABX station and use multiple signalling modes to reach and communicate with specialized equipment.PCM Drop & InsertThe AM8a provides two PCM ports with dual receivers and transmitters. These ports can beused for passive monitoring of a PCM span or the AM8a may be inserted in serieswith the PCM span for full duplex drop and insert testing of individual channels.The two PCM ports can also be used for clock synchronization testing of PCM spans where one port is connected to a reference span while the second port is connected to the span under test.The ability to measure VF level, frequency and noise on analog circuits is built into the AM8a.The unit also provides a variety of non-intrusive PCM digital tests, including bit and frame slips,CRC errors, framing errors, bi-polar violations,yellow and blue alarms.For more extensive analog or channel-associated PCM testing, a port is provided (labeled TIMS)which allows connection of a full range test set such as the Ameritec Model AM5XT.Easy SetupCommonly used AM8a test setups can be stored in non-volatile memory for later use. 20non-volatile memories are available for instant recall of personalized AM8a configu-ration setups.An additional 20 memories are available for recall of emulate/analyze parameters.This is in addition to the previously mentioned memories for 10 auto-dial sequences plus last number redial.High Tech, Small SizeThe AM8a incorporates multiple digital signal processors and microprocessors in a highly compact portable package. The unit may be powered from commercial mains where itautomatically adjusts for compatibility with local line voltage and frequency, or it may be powered from an optional internal rechargeable battery pack. An optional RS232 port and aux port allows for automatic hard copy reporting and remote control. A 24-pin LINE/TIMS connector on the rear of the AM8a provides secondaryaccess to all front panel connections and is useful for permanent AM8a installations in systems and other test equipment.Easy setup store and recall.1 of 10 Auto-Dial SequencesDTMF digit, dialed after receipt of start signalPause for Dial Tone DTMF DigitsToggle to MF DialingKP Signal Detailed Digit, Event AnalysisWhen connected to a circuit, the unit will display signaling events occurring in either direction on a large backlighted liquid crystal display (LCD).Up to 80 dialed digits and/or events (on hook, off hook, wink, etc.) may be collected and displayed for each call.By merely placing a cursor under the digit or event of interest, the operator can observe, on the second line of the display, all details associated with that event. For example, when selecting a DTMF digit, the unit will display the time of the digit and its duration, as well as the measured high and low band frequency and level.If the operator had previously entered good/bad mask parameters, then any out-of-spec detail would be high-lighted to the operator.With each event in a complex sequence captured in detail,troubleshooting becomes a matter of solving the problem instead of searching for the problem.Built-in Analog and PCM TestingDisplay of A/B signalling bits for all 24 T1 time slots (transmit and receive).Dual PCM ports.MF DigitsST Signal Rear of AM8a with RS232 ports for hard copy output and remote control.Built-in VoltmeterA dual multimeter with analog and digital display is provided. AC volts, DC volts, andcurrent measurements may be operator selected for tip to ring, tip to ground or ring to ground connec-tions. A display of all 24 PCM channel A/B bits can also be viewed.Portable or Rack MountNo other signaling test set of this type is asfull featured, small and convenient. About thesize and weight of a telephone directory, it is easily transported from lab to field. Forpermanent installations, a rack mounting kit is available which will allow 19" relay rack mounting in only two rack increments ofspace.Accessories and OptionsProvidedModel AM8a, removable front cover withstorage, power cord, monitor cables and instruction manual.Optional BatteryAn optional internal, rechargeable battery pack is available for full portable "cordless" operation. The batteries are of sealed lead-acid type and require no maintenance. A front panel low battery indicator indicates when recharging is needed.The built-in charger allows the batteries to be charged even while the unit is in operation.Options25-0071RS232 Remote ControlPort with Auxiliary RS232 Output Port.24-0018Internal Power Pack(Sealed Rechargeable Lead Acid Batteries) and Internal Charger.85-007619" Rack Mount Kit.48-0062 6 Ft. Bantam to ClipInput Cable.48-0047 6 Ft. Bantam toBantam Input Cable.48-0048 6 Ft. Bantam to 310 Input Cable.87-0070Padded Carrying CaseDual multimeter display showing battery and loop current measurements.AM8a with manual, cables, cover, and optional soft carrying case.AM8a shown in rack mount configuration.。
论文研究方法英文
论文研究方法英文Research Methodology in a ThesisIntroduction:Research methodology refers to the overall approach and systematic process employed in conducting a study or an investigation. It outlines the strategies, techniques, and tools used to gather, analyze, and interpret data in order to draw meaningful conclusions and contribute to knowledge in a particular field. This section will discuss the research methodology used in a thesis, highlighting the various components and their relevance.Research Design:The research design outlines the overall structure and plan for conducting the study. It provides a blueprint for how the study will proceed, including the research questions or hypotheses, variables to be examined, and the overall approach to data collection and analysis. The research design can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research problem and objectives.Data Collection:Data collection methods involve gathering information or data fromrelevant sources to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. There are various data collection methods, including interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, and document analysis. The choice of data collection methods depends on the nature of the research problem, availability of resources, and ethical considerations.Sampling:Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals, entities, or elements from a population for research purposes. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that the findings can be generalized. Common sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and purposive sampling. The sample size should be determined based on statistical considerations, such as the confidence level and desired margin of error.Data Analysis:Data analysis involves transforming raw data into meaningful information through the use of statistical techniques and other analytical tools. The specific data analysis techniques depend on the research design and the type of data collected. Qualitative data analysis may involve coding, categorizing, and thematic analysis, while quantitative data analysis often involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics,and regression analysis.Validity and Reliability:Validity refers to the extent to which the research findings accurately represent the phenomena under investigation. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the research findings over time and across different researchers or study settings. Validity and reliability are critical considerations in ensuring the rigor and credibility of a study. Various strategies, such as triangulation, member checking, and inter-rater reliability, can be employed to enhance validity and reliability.Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations involve the protection of participants' rights and the ethical conduct of research. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, minimizing harm and risks, and maintaining integrity in data collection and analysis. Researchers should adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary ethical approvals, particularly when involving human subjects.Conclusion:In summary, the research methodology in a thesis involves the selection of an appropriate research design, data collection methods, sampling,data analysis, and consideration of validity, reliability, and ethical considerations. A rigorous and systematic research methodology enhances the credibility and usefulness of the study findings, contributing to knowledge in the respective field.。
2024THUSSAT中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试英语试题及答案
中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试2024年1月测试英语试卷本试卷共 150分，考试时间100 分钟。
第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分 60分)第一节(共15 小题；每小题3分，满分 45分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AFrom hawk hikes to private sleepovers at the zoo, there is a great selection of animal-related experiences available to groups. Here are some top options to get closer to various wonderful wildlife.Chester ZooThe newest attractions here are the Madagascar Lemur Walkthrough experience, which gives visitors the opportunity to walk alongside ring-tailed and red-ruffed lemurs, and the interactive American Wetland Aviary, which is home to birds like scarlet ibises and flamingos. Group rates are available for parties of 15or more and there are various catering options, including sit-down meals at the restaurant at the heart of the zoo.ZSL Whipsnade ZooUntil September 2022, it is offering groups of up to 60 the opportunity to experience a private Nature Night, on which they’ll get to explore the zoo privately after the public has left, take part in activities like quizzes, camp overnight, and get up early for a private tour along the green trail before it reopens to the public again.West Midland Safari ParkThe latest attraction at the park is the new African Walking Trail. Opened in May, the trail features three viewpoints that allow visitors to see the park's African animals on foot. There's also a four-mile drive-through safari area with red panda, penguin and lorikeet areas. Groups of ten plus, arriving in the same vehicle, can save more than 40%.Knowsley Safari ParkThe five-mile safari drive through the site takes you past free-roaming lions, rhinos and more than 100cheeky baboons. There's a foot safari area, where the highlight is the Amur Tiger Trail with transparent walled viewing areas where you can get nose-to-nose with 450-pound tigers. Groups of 15 people and more, arriving in one vehicle, qualify for special ticket rates.1. Who is the passage intended for?A. Animal-loving students.B. Forest hiking fans.C. Group tour organizers.D. Wildlife preservationists.2. Visitors can experience private tours in .A. Chester ZooB. ZSL Whipsnade ZooC. West Midland Safari ParkD. Knowsley Safari Park3. From the passage, we know that .A. delicious meals are offered to tourists in the four parksB. private tours are available in the four parksC. all the parks can provide driving-through servicesD. visitors can have access to walking trails in the four parksBScientists regularly make vital new discoveries, but few can claim to have invented an entirely new field of science. Chemist Carolyn Bertozzi is one of them. Her discovery of biorthogonal chemistry(生物正交化学) in 2003 created a brand-new discipline of scientific investigation, which has enabled countless advances in medical science and led to a far greater understanding of biology at a molecular(分子的) level. On October 5, Bertozzi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, jointly with two other professors. She is also the only woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize in science this year, after an all-male line-up in 2021.Bertozzi was the middle daughter of an MIT physics professor and a secretary. Few predicted that Bertozzi would be the most famous person in the family. While her academic performance was not bad in high school, she was fond of playing soccer. She end ed up being admitted to Harvard University. Despite her talent in soccer, she found it too time-consuming and quit the sport to devote herself to academics.But before becoming a rock star scientist, Bertozzi almost became an actual rock star. When she started at Harvard, she was tempted to major in music. That idea was “unpopular” with her parents, and she was timid about defying them. Instead, she chose the premed (医学预科的) track that included classes in math and sciences, and declared herself a biology major at the end of her first year of college.Her interest in music did not completely fall by the wayside, however. Bertozzi played keyboards and sang backup vocals for a hair metal band. Bertozzi, however, did not play with the band for long. Once the band's practices and performances conflicted with her labs and classes, there was only one outcome.Plus, she’d soon have organic chemistry to think about a course which is infamous for weeding out pre-meds. Without any clear career ambitions up to that point, Bertozzi had been thinking about possibly becoming a doctor when, in her sophomore year(大二学年), she suddenly fell so head over heels in love with her chemistry course that she couldn't tear herself away from her textbooks long enough to go out onSaturday nights. A torture to many was pure pleasure for her. Bertozzi changed her major from bi ology to chemistry a year later.Bertozzi has sometimes joked about her having missed out on her chance to follow Morello to LosAngeles. “I didn't get on that bus, and my playing is now limited to ‘The Wheel s on the Bus Go Round,’ I'm waiting for my sons to get old enough to appreciate 1980s heavy metal!”4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Bertozzi is one of those scientists who made significant new discoveries.B. Bertozzi was the only female to win a Nobel Prize in science in 2021.C. Bertozzi played keyboards and sang backup vocals throughout her college years.D. Bertozzi initially planned to become a doctor.5. The underlined word in Para 3 means .A. tellB. disobeyC. approachD. threaten6. The organic chemistry course Bertozzi took was known to be .A. easy and enjoyableB. difficult to pass for pre-med studentsC. popular among hair metal band playersD. a required course for all college students7. What kind of person do you think Carolyn Bertozzi is?A. Brave and sympathetic.B. Athletic and critical.C. Humble and passionate.D. Talented and creative.CWillie Sutton, a once celebrated American criminal, was partly famous for saying he robbed banks because “that’s where the money is.” Actually, museums are where the money is. In a single gallery there can be paintings worth more, taken together, than a whole fleet of jets. And while banks can hide their money in basements, museums have to put their valuables in plain sight.Nothing could be worse than the thought of a painting as important as The Scream, Edvard Munch's impressive image of a man screaming against the backdrop of a blood-red sky, disappearing into a criminal underworld that doesn't care much about careful treatment of art works. Art theft is a vast problem around the world. As many as 10,000 precious items of all kinds disappear each year. And for smaller museums in particular, it may not be a problem they can afford to solve. The money for insurance on very famous pictures would be budget destroyers even for the largest museums.Although large museums have had their share of embarrassing robberies, the greatest problem is small institutions. Neither can afford heavy security. Large museums attach alarms to their most valuable paintings, but a modest alarm system can cost $500,000 or more. Some museums are looking into tracking equipment that would allow them to follow stolen items once they leave the museums. But conservators are concerned that if they have to insert something, it might damage the object. Meanwhile, smaller museums can barely afford enough guards, relying instead on elderly staff.Thieves sometimes try using artworks as money for other underworld deals. The planners of the 2006robbery of Russborough House near Dublin, who stole 18 paintings, tried in vain to trade them for Irish Republican Army members held in British prison. Others demand a ransom(赎金) from the museum that owns the pictures. Once thieves in Frankfurt, Germany, made off with two major works by J. M. W. Turner from the Tate Gallery in London. The paintings, worth more than $80 million, were recovered in 2012 after the Tate paid more than $5 million to people having “information” about the paintings. Though ransom is illegal in Britain, money for looking into a case is not, provided that police agree the source of the information is unconnected to the crime. All the same, where information money end s and ransom begins is often a gray area.8. Why do smaller museums face a greater challenge in preventing art theft?A. They lack experienced staff.B. They cannot afford high-tech security systems.C. They do not have valuable artworks.D. They lack interest in art conservation.9. What is the concern of conservators regarding the use of tracking equipment to prevent art theft?A. It might damage the artwork.B. It is too expensive for smaller museums.C. It is difficult to insert into the paintings.D. It is ineffective for valuable paintings.10. From Paragraph 4, we can learn that .A. the thieves demanded a ransom from the Tate GalleryB. the Tate Gallery regained the lost paintings illegallyC. the money paid was considered an information fee, not a ransomD. the police requested the Tate Gallery to pay the money11. The purpose of this passage is .A. to remind criminals to protect and preserve the paintingB. to give suggestions on how to avoid the crimes of art theftC. to urge museums to set up more advanced security systemsD. to make people aware of art theft and the necessity of good security systemsDWho cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at thenational and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.12. What are the effects of people' misjudgments on the influences of new technology?A. It stimulates innovation.B. It affects their personal opinions.C. It influences their use of resources.D. It leads to improved technology.13. Why is the “digital divide” a concern related to the fascination with the Internet in rich countries?A. It leads to competition between rich and poor countries.B. It results in a lack of access to technology in developing countries.C. It increases the cost of computer equipment in rich countries.D. It promotes global digital cooperation.14. From Paragraph 4, we know that .A. donating for technology is always the better optionB. the author does not provide opinions on this matterC. donating for technology and basic needs should be balancedD. donating for basic needs should be prioritized over technology15. What is the passage mainly about?A. Significance of information and communication technology.B. Serious consequences of over-emphasizing high technology.C. Technological trends guiding economic policy making.D. How to use donation money in the new age.第二节(共5小题；每小题3 分，满分 15分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
Trade-offs on the Location of the Core Node in a Network
to gather the information received to create a single composite data flow, which is multicast back to the users. More generally, there exists a class of multicast routing protocols, called center-based multicast protocols, which require an administrative center for each multicast group. In the Core Based Tree (CBT) protocol ([2]), for instance, if a source node wants to reach a multicast group, the data flow is first sent to a core node and then distributed to the group via a shared tree. Note that, in general, the source does not need to be a member of the multicast group. However, in this article we focus on a particular case, called All Receivers Sources in [3], where the set of senders is (or can be approximated as) the set of receivers. As mentioned above, this case is relevant for several multimedia applications. Empirical analysis has been carried out to measure the relationship between the choice of the core location and the performance of the routing scheme (see, i.e., [3], [4], [13]). The performance of such a scheme is usually evaluated in terms of delay and bandwidth consumption. For the sake of simulation, the network is modeled as an undirected graph, the communication delay between two nodes of the network is approximated as the number of links on the path used and the bandwidth consumption is evaluated as the sum of the data flow on each link. If the objective is to minimize the average delay between every pair of users in the group, the optimal routing is achieved on a shortest path tree rooted at the core. In that case, each user-core shortest path is used in both directions, and the optimal location of the core is such as to minimize the sum of the shortest path lengths between the core and every user. In Location Theory terminology, we seek the 1-median of the users. However, to minimize the bandwidth consumption, we must distinguish two different problems. The first one concerns the optimization of the unicast forward paths between the users and the core. Because each corresponding data flow is particular to its sender, we must optimize each user-core path. Therefore, the total bandwidth consumption of these paths is minimized when the core is located at the 1-median of the users. The second problem is
ELAN 使用手册说明书
ELAN for NAIJA. A small manualB. CARON23/06/2012This small manual is a revision of the commands that have been introduced and practiced during the IFRA-Nigeria workshop (Ibadan, June 19-22, 2012)Setting the parameters of a new file with 1 speakerOpen Elan.In the left-hand top corner, click on “FILE – OPEN” Select the Elan file you want to work on (it has an .eaf extension). Click and open.Move your index arrow to the left-hand part of the transcription, where you can see the name of the tiers. Right-click and select SORT BY TIERS and then SORT BY HIERARCHY.Go to the top left part of the screen. Click on the INTERLINEARIZE button. This will open a new working area. Inside this new area, in the top left part, click on the LEXICON tab. In the menu that will open, select “OPEN”. Select your dictionary (it has an .eafl extension) and open it.In the same area as you have found the LEXICON tab, click on the PARAMETER tab. Select INTERLINEARIZE TIER PARAMETERS, then CREATE INTERLINEARIZE TIERS. In the window that opens, click on the down arrow to select the MOT tier. The first time you use Elan, a new window will open with the default parameters. These are mb, ge and rx. Click on OK.If you have used other parameters with Elan before, you should restore them to the original default values : mb for the Segmentation tier; ge for the Annotation tier (gloss); rx for Annotation Tier Name. Click on OK. The new tiers you have created will appear in the right order.Now it’s time to save the parameters you have created before you start interlinearizing. Setting the parameters of a new file with 2 speakersOpen ElanIn the left-hand top corner, click on “FILE – OPEN” Select the Elan file you want to work on (it has an .eaf extension). Click and open.Move your index arrow to the left-hand part of the transcription, where you can see the name of the tiers. Right-click and select SORT BY TIERS and then SORT BY HIERARCHY.Go to the top left part of the screen. Click on the INTERLINEARIZE button. This will open a new working area. Inside this new area, in the top left part, click on the LEXICON tab. In the menu that will open, select “OPEN”. Select your dictionary (it has a .eafl extension) and open it.In the same area as you have found the LEXICON tab, click on the PARAMETER tab. Select INTERLINEARIZE TIER PARAMETERS, then CREATE INTERLINEARIZE TIERS. In the window that opens, click on the down arrow to select the mot@SP1 tier. The first time you use Elan, a new window will open with the default parameters. These are mb, ge and rx. These are meant for files with 1 speaker. You must modify them to fit your 2 speakers file: mb@sp1 for the Segmentation tier; ge@SP1 for the Annotation tier (gloss); rx@SP1 for Annotation Tier Name. Click on OK. The new tiers you have created will appear in the right order.Now it’s time to save the parameters you have created before you start interlinearizing themot@SP1 tier.When you have finished interlinearizing the mot@SP1 line, you will set the parameters for themot@SP2 tier. In the same area as you have found the LEXICON tab, click on the PARAMETER tab. Select INTERLINEARIZE TIER PARAMETERS, then CREATE INTERLINEARIZE TIERS. In the window that opens, click on the down arrow to select the mot@SP2 tier. Click on OK. In the window that opens, you must change the parameters to work on the mot@SP2 tier: mb@sp2 for the Segmentation tier; ge@SP2 for the Annotation tier (gloss); rx@SP2 for Annotation Tier Name. Click on OK. The new tiers you have created will appear in the right order.Now it’s time to save the parameters you have created before you start interlinearizing themot@SP2 tier.InterlinearizingFirst, select the first word in the first cell of your mot tier (the line at the bottom of the cell will turn blue). Click on the INTERLINEARIZE button of your working space, on the right-hand side (NOT the INTERLINEARIZE tab, with the same name as the button, which you used to open the working space). Different things may happen, depending on whether the word in the mot tier is recognized or not by the programme:-The word is recognized by Elan. It will appear, highlighted in blue under the INTERLINEARIZE button. Elan will select in the lexicon the word(s) that match the word in the mot line, andlist it/them on the left-hand side. Double-click on the word that satisfies you, and Elan willinsert the corresponding annotations in the text.-Elan recognizes the word, but the gloss and Tier x labels don’t satisfy you. Right-click on the word under the INTERLINEARIZE button, select INSERT RECORD and insert it into the lexicon.Then click again on the INTERLINEARIZE button, select the word you like in the list appearing on the left-hand side by double-clicking on it, and Elan will insert the correspondingannotations in the text.-Elan does not recognize the word. The word will appear, preceded by an asterisk, highlighted in blue under the INTERLINEARIZE button. Right-click on it, select INSERT RECORD and insert it into the lexicon. Then click again on the INTERLINEARIZE button, select the word on theleft-hand side by double-clicking on it, and Elan will insert the corresponding annotations in the text.Glossing and inserting records in NaijaLexical items:These are: nouns, verbs adverbs, adjectives, (minor) prepositions1, ideophones, etc.1)In the Gloss area (/g tier): All nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and prepositions,ideophones, etc. are translated, using small letters.2)In the Tier x (/rx tier) area:∙Verbs are labelled V± depending on their ±stative nature; then, if they appear in a verbal series, their order of appearance in the series will be indicated : V-.1 ; V-.2 ; V-.3, etc.∙Nouns are labelled N, followed by a dot and their syntactic status if they are subject, object or modifier: N.SBJ; N.OBJ; N.MOD. Optional: nouns that are objects ofprepositions can be labelled : N.OBJ in Tier x.∙Adjectives = ADJ ; Prepositions = PREP ; Ideophones = IDEOPH (see below, under “Special words”MorphemesMorphemes belong to a closed set. They typically include TAM (verb conjugation), pronouns, particles, etc. They should be glossed with capital letters (e.g. PST; 3SG; REL, etc.) and their part of speech put in the Tier x line (e.g. TAM; PRO.SBJ; PTCL, etc.).Creating a variant in the lexiconWhen you come across a word that you consider to be a variant of another word which you would like to appear as the main entry in the dictionary, you must first create the main entry before you can add the variant.After having clicked on the INTERLINEARIZE button, Right-click on the word that has appeared under the same INTERLINEARIZE button, but instead of keeping the transcription that appears in the window, change it to the transcription of the main entry. Save the main entry. Click again on the INTERLINEARIZE button, but instead of selecting INSERT RECORD, select INSERT VARIANT. Click on the down arrow, choose the main entry in the list of words that appears, and save to create the variant. Click again on the INTERLINEARIZE button, and double click on the word on the left-hand side to annotate.Creating a suffix in the lexiconIf you find a word that has been derived with the help of a suffix (e.g. –is): when the word with an arrow appears under the INTERLINEARIZE button, go to the left-hand side, click on INSERT RECORD, and create the suffix in the lexicon, e.g. (I’m inventing this form)Lexeme -isGloss PLTier X suf1 The « general preposition » for should be glossed, not translated in the “gloss” area. Use labels like DIR (directional), LOC (locative) in the “gloss” area, etc. ; write PREP in the “Tier x” area.Save the new entry. Click again on INSERT RECORD to insert the stem if it does not exist yet.Then click again on INTERLINEARIZE, double-click on the word in the list, then on the suffix in the list and your word should be glossed in the text.ReduplicationNB: reduplicated items should be transcribed as 1 word in the tx tier, and in the mot tier. It you need to create or delete cells on the mot tier, see below under “Editing a transcription”.Examples : plentiplenti, shitishitiProceed as you did for the suffix. After clicking on the INTERLINEARIZE button, go to the left-hand side, click on INSERT RECORD, and create the entry ~ for words with bare reduplication (e.g. ~ for plentiplenti) and ~ followed by a suffix for reduplication with a suffix (e.g. ~i for shitishiti):∙Lexeme ~∙Gloss INT (for intensive); IT (for iteration), etc.∙Tier X red (for reduplication)∙Lexeme ~i∙Gloss INT (for intensive); IT (for iteration), etc.∙Tier X red.suf (for reduplication & suffix)Save the new entry. Click again on INSERT RECORD to insert the stem if it does not exist yet, eg. plenti or shiti:∙Lexeme plenti∙Gloss plenty∙Tier X ADJ∙Lexeme shiti∙Gloss defecate∙Tier X V-Click again on INSERT RECORD, then click on INSERT UNDERLYING FORM. Fill the fields by clicking on the down arrows and selecting in the list the forms you have created, e.g. (1: plenti ; 2: ~) or (1: shit ; 2: ~i). Save your entry.Then click again on INTERLINEARIZE, double-click on the word in the list, then on the suffix in the list and your word should be glossed in the text.Special WordsIdeophones should be glossed using general semantic categories, e.g. ACTION; ATTITUDE; NOISE; COLOUR; MOVEMENT; SHAPE; TASTE; LIGHT; SMELL; RHYTHM; TEMPERATURE, etc. In Tier x, write IDEOPH.NB: the gloss is written in capital letters because these are hyperonyms, not translations.Exclamations (Eng. ouch!; Naija kai!) are roughly translated into English for the gloss and labelled EXCL in Tier x.Interjections (Eng. Hello! Yes! No!) are translated into English for the gloss and labelled INTJ in Tier x. Editing a transcriptionIf you have changed your transcription in the tx tier, and this means either separating a word into 2, or fusing two words into one, this should be reflected in the number of cells in the mot tier.To delete a cell on the mot tier: select the cell (the bottom line of the cell will turn blue). Right-click and select DELETE ANNOTATION.To add a cell on the mot tier: select the cell (the bottom line of the cell will turn blue). Right-click and select INSERT ANNOTATION AFTER or INSERT ANNOTATION BEFORE. Edit the new annotation(s).Provisional list of Naija glossesMeaning GE RX de Continuous (former Incompletive) CONT TAM bin Past PST TAM dɔn Perfect (former Completive) PFV PFVCONS TAM kɔm Consecutive (succession of events in narration;former Realis)go Future (Former Irrealis) FUT TAM nɛva Negative Completive PFV.NEG TAM fo Past Deontic (should have done…) DEON.PST TAM wɛrelative clause introducer REL PTCL se noun clause introducer (e.g. in reported speech) COMP PTCL if conditional clause introducer COND PTCL sha Topic particle TOP PTCL kwanu Topic particle TOP PTCL sef Emphasis particle EMPH PTCL o Emphasis particle EMPH PTCL she ; abi Question particle Q PTCL na Initial focus particle FOC PTCL na copular verb COP.EQ V+ bi copular verb COP.QLT V+ dé copular verb COP.LOC V+ di singular definite article DEF.SG ART dem plural definite article DEF.PL ARTwon singular indefinite article INDEF.SG ART som plural indefinite article/pronoun INDEF.PL ART/PROich each QNTevri every QNTany any QNT both both QNT meni many QNT plenty plenty QNTɔda other QNTdis proximal singular demonstrativePROX.SG DEM/PRO modifier/pronoun;dat distal singular demonstrative modifier/pronoun DIST.SG DEM/PRO diz proximal plural demonstrative modifier/pronoun; PROX.PL DEM/PRO doz/dos distal plural demonstrative modifier/pronoun DIST.PL DEM/PROfor general preposition DIR, DAT, etc PREPfrɔm (yɔ hand) minor preposition from PREPwit minor preposition with PREP。
DS2208数字扫描器产品参考指南说明书
-05 Rev. A
6/2018
Rev. B Software Updates Added: - New Feedback email address. - Grid Matrix parameters - Febraban parameter - USB HID POS (formerly known as Microsoft UWP USB) - Product ID (PID) Type - Product ID (PID) Value - ECLevel
-06 Rev. A
10/2018 - Added Grid Matrix sample bar code. - Moved 123Scan chapter.
-07 Rev. A
11/2019
Added: - SITA and ARINC parameters. - IBM-485 Specification Version.
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(完整版)国际私法英文专业词汇对照表
索引词表中文索引英文索引AADR解决方法Alternative Dispute ResolutionB巴托鲁斯Bartolus 本地法说Local Law Theory 本国法lex partriae 比较损害方法comparative-impairment approach 并入或采纳adoption 跛脚婚姻limping marriage BOT投资方式Build-Operate-Transfer 部分裁决partial award 布鲁歇Brocher 不歧视待遇non-discriminate treatmentC常设仲裁机构permanent arbitration agency 场所支配行为locus regit actum 承认与执行外国法院判决recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments 程序规范procedure rules 重叠适用的冲突规范double conflict rules 冲突法the conflict of laws 冲突规范conflict rules 船舶抵押权ship mortgage 船舶留置权possessors lien on vessel 船舶碰撞collision船舶所有权ownership of ship 船舶优先权maritime lien 垂直的法律冲突vertical conflict of lawsD达让特莱D’Argentre 代理agency 戴赛Dicey 单边冲突规范unilateral conflict rules 单式运输分合同sub-contracts 单一反致single renvoi 单一破产制unitary bankruptcy 当事人合意选择的法律lex voluntatis 当事人意思自治autonomy of will 德帕涅Despagnet 地理标准geographic criterion 地域效力terr ito ria lity 定期租船合同time charter 定性qualification 东道国法律law of host country 动态连结点variable point of contact 杜摩兰Dumoulin 独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对人诉讼管辖权in personam jurisdiction 对物诉讼管辖权in rem jurisdiction多式运输经营人combined transport operatorE二级识别secondary characterization法定继承intestate succession 法定住所sta tu tor y do mic ile 法定管辖sta tu to r y ju r isd ic tio n 法官知法jura novit curia 法律关系本座说Doctrine of the Seat of Particular Legal Relationships法律规避e v a s i o n o f l a w 法律适用规范rules of application of law 法律选择规范choice-of-law rules 法人legal person 法人的国籍nationality of legal person 法人的住所domicile of legal person 法域law district 法院地法lex fori 法则区别说Statutist Theory 反致r e n v o i 非当地化de-localization非国内化d e-n at i o n al i se 非内国裁决标准non-domestic award test 非政府组织nongovernmental organization 非自执行条约non-self-executing treaty 废除豁免论The Doctrine of Abolishing Immunity分割方法choosing and picking, depecage 分类classification 分析法学与比较法说the Theory of Analytical Jurisprudence and Comparative Law 附带问题incidental question 复合破产制pluralism bankruptcy 夫妻关系matrimonial relationship 伏特Voet个案识别说qualification case by case 公共秩序保留reservation of public order 公共政策public policy 共同海损general average 管辖权选择方法jurisdiction-selecting rules 光船租船合同bareboat charter 国籍的积极冲突positive conflict of nationality 国籍的消极冲突negative conflict of nationality 国际保理international factoring 国际贷款协议international loan agreement 国际法律冲突international conflict of laws 国际股票international shares 国际惯例International Usages 国际交往互利Mutual Benefit in International Communication国际礼让说C o m i t y T h e o r y 国际贸易术语解释通则Incoterms 国际民商法International Civil and commercial Law 国际民商事关系International Civil and commercial legal relations 国际民事案件管辖权international civil jurisdiction国际民事诉讼程序international civil litigation 国际民事诉讼法International Civil Procedure Law 国际破产international bankruptcy 国际商会仲裁院Court of Arbitration，ICC 国际商事仲裁international commercial arbitration 国际私法Private International Law 国际私法规范rules of private international law 国际司法协助international judicial assistance 国际条约International Conventions国际统一冲突法条约conventions on conflict of laws 国际统一实体法条约conventions on international uniform substantive law 国际债券international debentures 国际证券international securities 国际仲裁international arbitration 国际组织international organization 国家豁免state immunity 国家及其财产豁免immunities of states and their property 国民待遇National Treatment 国有化nationalizationH海难救助salvage at sea 海事赔偿责任限制limitation of liability for maritime claims 《海牙规则》Hague Rules 《海牙—维斯比规则》Hague-Visby Rules 《汉堡规则》Hamburg Rules 航次租船合同voyage charter 合理的方法rational solution 合同contract 合同缔结地法lex loci contractus 合同自体法理论the proper law of the Contract 横向冲突horizontal conflict 胡伯Huber 互惠说reciprocal 汇票bill of exchange 混合法则statuta mixta 婚姻举行地法lex loci celebrationis继承succession既得权说the Theory of Vested or Acquired Rights监护custody 间接代理indirect agency 间接反致indirect remission间接管辖权indirect international jurisdiction间接送达indirect service abroad 简易陪审团审判Summary Jury Trial交互式ODR模式Interactive ODR Venues结果选择方法result-selecting rules结婚Marriage解决投资争端国际中心International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID “借用”法规”borrowing” statute 禁治产制度interdiction静态连结点constant point of contact居所residence绝对豁免论The Doctrine of Absolute ImmunityK卡弗斯Cavers 康恩Kahn 客观标志原则the Objective Contacts Doctrine客观连结点the objective point of contact柯里Currie肯塔基方法Kentucky Method空间法律冲突inter-spatial conflict of laws库克Cook库恩K uh n拉贝尔Ra be l 离婚Divorce 离线仲裁调解机构National Arbitration and Mediation 里斯Reese 立遗嘱能力capacity 连结点point of contact 连结对象object of connection 连结因素connecting factor 临时仲裁、特别仲裁ad hoc arbitration agency 领事裁判权consular jurisdiction 领事代理consular agency 领事途径consular mechanism 领域标准territorial testM美国仲裁协会AAA American Arbitration Association 孟西尼Mancini 民法施行法EGBGBN内国裁决domestic awardOODR Online Dispute ResolutionP票据negotiable instruments 聘请法官Rent-a-Judge 平等豁免论The Doctrine of Equal Immunity破产bankruptcy 普遍的效力universality 普遍优惠待遇Treatment of Generalized System of PreferenceQ旗国法law of the flag 起作用的事实operative facts 戚希尔Cheshire 侵权行为t o r t 侵权行为地法law of the place of wrong 侵权行为地法lex loci delicti 亲子关系parent-children relationship 区别制separate system 区际私法private inter-regional law 区际法律冲突inter-regional conflict of lawsR人的法则statuta personalia 人际法律冲突Inter-personal conflict of laws 任意性惯例non-exclusive usages 任意管辖权non-exclusive jurisdiction 瑞典斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院The Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of CommerceS萨维尼Savigny 商标trade mark 涉外私法Foreign Private Law 涉外因素foreign elements时际法律冲突Inter-temporal conflict of laws 实际国籍nationalitéeffective 实体规范su b st a n t i v e r u l es 世界知识产权组织仲裁中心WIPO Arbitration Center 时效问题Limitation of actions, statute of limitation 实质性连结因素标准material connecting factors criterion 首席仲裁员chief arbitrator 收养ad o pt i o n 属地管辖权territorial jurisdiction属人法lex personalis 属人管辖权personal jurisdiction 属人理由的豁免immunity ratione personae 属物理由的豁免immunity ratione matrriae 双边冲突规范bilateral conflict rules 双重反致double renvoi 双重可诉原则rule of double actionability 司法标准juridical criterion司法管辖豁免immunity from jurisdiction 斯托雷S t o r y 诉讼代理litigation agency 诉讼费用担保security for costT特殊管辖权specific jurisdiction 特征性履行方法Characteristic Performance 提单Bill of Lading, L/B 调解mediation or conciliation 挑选法院fo r um shopp ing 同一制unitar y syste mW瓦赫特尔Waechter 外国裁决foreign award 外国法的适用application of Foreign Laws 外国法内容的查明ascertainment of foreign law 外国法院说foreign court theory 外交途径diplomatic mechanism 魏斯Weiss 问题的分类classification of issues 物的法则statuta realia 物权Real Rights 物之所在地法lex rei sitae; lex situsX系属公式formula 狭义的反致r em i ssi o n 先决问题preliminary question 限制豁免论The Doctrine of Relative or Restrictive Immunity香港仲裁中心Hong Kong International Arbitration Center, HKIAC 协议管辖jurisdiction by agreement 小型审判Mini Trial 协商negotiation 信托trusts 行为地法lex loci actus 虚假冲突false conflicts 宣告死亡declaration of absence 选择适用的冲突规范alternative conflict rules 选择住所domicile of choiceY一般管辖权general jurisdiction 一般趋势general trends 依功能分析方法functional analysis approach 依规则选择方法Rule-selection Techniques 一级识别primary characterization 意思自治原则Party Autonomy 遗嘱w i l l s 遗嘱方式有效性formal validity 遗嘱撤销revocation 隐存的法律冲突potential conflict of laws 英国伦敦国际仲裁院London Court of International Arbitration 友好仲裁amiable composition 优惠待遇Preferential Treatment 有利益关系的州interested state 有效控制effective control 域外送达service abroad 域外调查取证extraterritorial discovery and taking evidence abroad 原始住所domicile of originZ真实冲突true Conflicts 争议的国际性质标准the international nature of dispute test 政府利益分析说Governmental Interests Analysis 政府间组织inter-governmental organization直接管辖权direct international jurisdiction 直接送达direct service 直接调整方法direct approach 殖民地间的法律冲突intercolonial conflict of laws 支票c h e q u e知识产权intellectual property 治外法权说exterritoriality 执行豁免immunity from execution 仲裁a r b i t r at i o n 仲裁裁决arbitral award 仲裁程序arbitration procedure 仲裁地的主张lex loci sever 仲裁地place of arbitration 仲裁条款arbitration clause 仲裁员异议challenge to arbitrator 仲裁协议arbitration agreement 仲裁协议书submission to arbitration agreement 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会China International Economic and Trade ArbitrationC o m m i s s i o n,C I E T A C 中国海事仲裁委员会China Maritime Arbitration Commission, CMAC 中间裁决in te r lo cu to r y awa r d 中央机关途径central authority mechanism 重力中心说the Center of Gravity Test 重力中心地Center of Gravity 纵向冲突ve r tic al c on f lic t 主观连结点subjective point of contact 住所domic ile 住所地法lex domicile 著作权c op yr ig ht 专利权p at ent 专属管辖权excusive jurisdiction 转化transfor mation 转致transmission 准据法applicable law, lex causae 准据法说lex causae准正legitimation 自动执行条约self-executing treaty 自然人权利能力Legal capacity 自然人的行为能力Disposing capacity 自体法说the Proper Law Doctrine 自助式ODR模式Automated ODR Venues 最惠国待遇the Most Favored-nation Treatment, MFN 最密切联系说Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship 最密切联系地法law of the place of the most significant relationship最密切联系原则the Most Closest Connect Doctrine 最真实联系说the Most Real Contact Doctrine 最终裁决final award。
计算机专业英语试题及答案
计算机专业英语试题及答案1. 选择题1. Which of the following is not a programming language?a) Javab) HTMLc) Pythond) CSS答案: b) HTML2. Which protocol is used for sending and receiving email?a) HTTPSb) FTPc) SMTPd) DNS答案: c) SMTP3. What does the acronym CPU stand for?a) Central Processing Unitb) Computer Processing Unitc) Control Processing Unitd) Central Power Unit答案: a) Central Processing Unit4. Which programming language is commonly used for web development?a) C++b) Javac) JavaScriptd) Swift答案: c) JavaScript5. What does HTML stand for?a) Hyperlinks and Text Markup Languageb) Hyper Text Markup Languagec) Home Tool Markup Languaged) Hyper Text Modeling Language答案: b) Hyper Text Markup Language2. 填空题1. The process of converting high-level programming code into machine code is called ___________.答案: compilation2. HTTP stands for ___________ Transfer Protocol.答案: Hyper Text3. The process of testing software by executing it is called ___________.答案: debugging4. Java is an object-_____________ programming language.答案: oriented5. DNS stands for Domain Name ___________.答案: System3. 简答题1. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?答案: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol, which means it establishes a connection between the sender and receiver before transferring data. It ensures that all packets are received in the correct order and provides error checking. UDP (User Datagram Protocol), on the other hand, is a connectionless protocol that does not establish a direct connection before transmitting data. It does not guarantee packet delivery or order but is faster and more efficient for time-sensitive applications.2. What is the purpose of an operating system?答案: An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services forcomputer programs. Its primary purpose is to enable the user to interact with the computer and provide a platform for running applications. It manages memory, file systems, input/output devices, and multitasking. The OS also handles system security and resource allocation to ensure optimal performance.4. 解答题请参考下文并给出自己的解答。
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TestOn the Problem of Selecting InteractionObjectsFran¸c ois Bodart&Jean VanderdoncktInstitut d’Informatique,Facult´e s Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix,Rue Grandgagnage21,B-5000Namur,Belgium.Tel:+32(0)8172.50.06/72.49.75Fax:+32(0)8172.49.67EMail:fbodart,jvanderdonckt@info.fundp.ac.beThis paper surveys and critically examines the literature dealing with selectionrules for interaction objects.This analysis permits the definition of:i.the premises of selection rules in terms of attributes from an object-oriented data model;ii.the conclusions in terms of abstract interaction objects from an object-oriented model;andiii.a generalized definition of selection rules.Finally,it endeavours to provide a more complete set of selection rules forelementary,composite,and specific data.Keywords:interaction tools and techniques,interaction objects,design process,model-based interface tools,selection,object-oriented programming,user interface management systems.1.IntroductionThe problem of selecting interaction objects arises when all the application data already defined by a designer needs to befitted to a counterpart in the future user interface.The problem involves the selection of interaction objects(e.g.edit box,slider,dial,list box) that are appropriate to the users specifications,the specifications of application data,and the character of the physical environment.The purposes of this paper are:1.to highlight and examine the results of research conducted on selection rules andtools in order to automate this process(Section2);2.to propose a generalized definition of a selection rule(section3):2Fran¸c ois Bodart&Jean Vanderdonckt the premises are expressed according to an object-oriented data model(Section3.1).This model is made up of a user profile,application datafeatures and physical characteristics;the conclusion is expressed according to an object-oriented model of abstractinteraction objects(Section3.2);the generalized definition of a selection rule is therefore a logicalcombination of these premises and conclusions(Section3.3).3.to provide a complete and detailed series of selection rules that are in turn summarizedin decision tables(Section4).This corpus of decision tables could be incorporated into a graphic user interface styleguide,could be used for teaching and referencing purposes as well as potentially providing a foundation for automatic tools.The conclusion highlights some limits of this body of research which demand closer attention, among other things the need for improved formalization,continuous extension,and user validation(Section5).2.Related WorkMac IDA(Petoud&Pigneur,1990)generates windows according to an entity-relationship model.Its selection rules are fairly straightforward:a window is selected for each entity,a simple edit box is selected for each attribute of an entity,a table is selected for each repetitive aggregate of attributes and a pushbutton is designated for each function.These selection rules are independent of the semantic data since they do not vary.There are also non explicit since they are code embedded,and therefore unmodifiable and invisible.Selectors(Johnson,1992)seem to be a good example of where selection rules are explicitly given in terms of application semantics.It is correctly argued that,“semantic considerations play a role in the categorization and choice ofwidgets(interaction objects):designers work at a higher level than arrangingbuttons,textfields,and relations between them.”(Johnson,1992)DON(Kim&Foley,1990)introduced such selection rules after listing important factors for defining conditions:the data constructor type(e.g.enumerated,subrange),a spatial relationship(i.e.horizontal,vertical,or circular),selectability information(i.e.mutually exclusive,mutually compatible),editability information(i.e.writable or read-only),precision (i.e.high or low).DON’s selection rules are consequently semantic dependent and explicit, but still(apparently)unmodifiable and invisible to the eyes of the designer.In the same class,IBIS(Seligmann&Feiner,1991)applies an Intent Based Illustration System to the area of electronic engineering.It automatically generates front panels of electronic devices by using design rules that map intent to stylistic choice and style rules that map stylistic choices to visual effects.GENIUS(Janssen,Weisbecker&Ziegler,1993;Weisbecker,1993)on the other hand,employs nine selection rules which are detailed in Table1for generating a user interface for database-oriented interactive applications.On the Problem of Selecting Interaction Objects3 Type Selection Interaction objectvaluesalphanumeric unlimited reador writenumeric[1,6]selectionselectionsimple list boxnumeric[1,60]>60readwriteTable1:Decision table of selection rules in GENIUS.4Fran¸c ois Bodart&Jean VanderdoncktCircumstancesin dialog boxes,4choices,choose one,attributesin dialog boxes,4choices,choose many,attributesin dialog boxes,>4choices or dynamically changingdrop down list boxesnumber offixed choices,attributesin dialog boxes,dialog control actionsin application windows,data attributes3.A Generalized Definition of Selection Rules3.1.A Data ModelThe data model consists of an object-oriented model(Figure1)where application data can be divided into seven data types(i.e.hour,calendar,boolean,graphical,integer,real, and alphanumeric).These data types are considered to be the most frequent in business-oriented applications(Bodart et al.,1993)(e.g.office automation,administration,database applications).However,they are also considered to be incomplete when working with other dedicated applications(e.g.graphical editors,engineering laboratories).Each piece of general data is composed of several attributes:a data name:this is an identifier(e.g.PersonSize);the data length:the number of characters,if relevant(e.g.2);an identification label:this unique label identify the data to input/output and its nature(e.g.Size of the person:);a description label:this label specifies some constraints that must be verified by thedata in order to be valid,such as a unit measure,a valid domain or interval;the type of domain(as the limits in UIDE):whether the domain of the data is unknown, known,or mixed(that is a known domain with some unknown values the user can supply);the mandatory status:whether the data is required or not;the interaction(as introduction in GENIUS and content in UIDE):whether data is to be used as input,as display or used in both ways;the number of possible values(Npo for short)(as the range of values in GENIUS): this number can be1,2,or N if infinite(V anderdonckt&Bodart,1993);the number of principal values(Npv for short):the number of values which are most frequently used(V anderdonckt&Bodart,1993);the number of secondary values(Nsv for short):the number of values which are less frequently used such that the sum of principal values and secondary values is equal to the number of possible values(Npo=Npv+Nsv);On the Problem of Selecting Interaction Objects5Figure1:The object-oriented data model.6Fran¸c ois Bodart&Jean Vanderdonckt the number of values to be chosen—as in(Mayhew,1992),GENIUS and UIDE: this can be1,2,or N if infinite.If this number is equal to1,the data followsa simple course:after having chosen a piece of data,the user can only select onevalue at a time to manipulate that data.If the number is greater than1,the data follows a multiple path course:the user may wish to select two or more two values simultaneously;the selected interaction object:a pointer to a suggested entry in the abstract interaction model(see below).Different data types inherit the above mentioned attributes either by specialization(for example,the AlphanumericData object add the ExpandableDomain slot)or redefinition(for example,the domain is known for the GraphicalData objects,Npo=Npv=2,Nsv=0, Nvc=1for the BooleanData object).Specialization attributes include:domain expandability(Exp for short):whether the user can add own values;the precision(as in UIDE):whether the number of digits,or decimals is important;the continuity of the domain(Cont for short):whether all values are spread in a continuous range of values(e.g.x>7,[110]);the data orientation(as in DON):whether the data is more conveniently represented horizontally,vertically,circularly or in an undefined way;the screen density:whether the amount of data measured by presentation unit is high,low;the user level:whether the user experience level is beginner,novice,intermediate, expert or master;the selection preference:whether the user has a preference(or physical skill)for typing in data rather than selecting it.The last three attributes normally do not belong to the specification of application data,but they are provided apart.They are still inserted in the case of hour and calendar data types because the semantics of these cases are better known than the others.Some attributes(e.g. the identification label,the mandatory characteristic)will not serve for selection.They are introduced here for specifying the data model and forfinal generation of user interface.3.2.An Abstract Interaction Object ModelAn Abstract Interaction Object(AIO)Model(V anderdonckt&Bodart,1993)rather than a Concrete Interaction(CIO)Model is introduced to address three problems:1.different AIO can be used for input/display a same class of application data;2.several presentations(or CIO)can be found for one particular AIO:for instance,asame check box can have a lot of different presentations(Figure2);3.the AIO classification should be free of presentation considerations:behaviouralconsiderations should be abstract across different platforms(Johnson,1992).Defining an AIO involves abstracting the behaviours of CIO in order to be independent of a particular physical toolkit or library of interaction objects.Six sets of AIO have been identified:action objects,scrolling objects,static objects,control objects,dialog objects and feedback objects(V anderdonckt&Bodart,1993).These sets have been arranged in a hierarchical object-oriented model where each AIO is identified by a name,by general andOn the Problem of Selecting Interaction Objects7Figure2:Different CIO for one AIO.AIOname]Attribute=V alue AIO=[AIOname is the the designation for any AIO in the AIO model.4.A Corpus of Decision TablesA corpus of decision tables has been developed according to a hierarchy of types of selection rules(Figure3).Selection rules fall into two categories:rules for input data and rules for displaying data.Similar types of selection rules are found in both categories:rules for input/displaying elementary data(7supported data types),rules for taking into account the physical environment,rules for input/displaying specific kinds of data,group of data,and list of data(elementary and composite).Selection rules for window and dialog box are included in the‘display’division.Discussing every decision table that might be applied would be impossible.Therefore we refer to the technical report where all tables are explained(V anderdonckt,1993).We would rather focus on some decision tables and examples in order to illustrate the main ideas which prevail in the creation of the tables.These ideas are expressed in the form of underlying principles for selection rules.In order to introduce,to define and to illustrate these principles, we propose to show decision tables for input of integer data(elementary).8Fran¸c ois Bodart&Jean VanderdoncktFigure3:Hierarchy of selection rules.Nsv Cont Precision AIO>0list boxyesno[2,3][4,7][8,Tm][Tm+1,2Tm]>2Tmyes low scroll barscalepie diagramscaleverticalhorizontalcircularundefined[11,Tm]low scalehigh spin buttonverticalhorizontalcircularundefinedpropose to select a radio button if the number of possible values(Npo)is bounded by2and3 (Table3,Row3).A group box is then added if Npo is between4and7in order to clearly build a visual group(Table3,Row4).If the domain is expandable,an edit box is placed beneath the known values(Figure5)(Table6,Row2).Beyond the limit of8items,a list boxExp AIOno check boxescheck boxes+group boxlist boxScrolling list boxScrolling drop-down list box>0Table4:Selection rules for the input of an integer where domain is known and the choiceis multiple.DomainunknownTable5:Selection rule for the input of an integer where domain is unknown.Npo[2,3][4,7][8,Tm][Tm+1,2Tm]>2TmTable6:Selection rule for input an integer if domain is mixed.is recommended.The use of list box is also limited by Tullis’constant Tm=50so that if the Npo exceeds this constant,a scrolling list will be preferred instead.Figure5:A group box surrounding a radio button and an edit box.Figure7:(a)A dial;(b)A spin button.Figure8:A list box replaced with a drop-down list box.Figure9:Some scrolling cursors.4.2.8.Principle of Data GroupingThe goal of data grouping is to define selection rules when considering the input/display of data groups.This is often the case where semantically related data have to be grouped in an appropriate AIO whose definition support aggregation of data.For example,multiple group boxes can be selected for surrounding all AIO selected for elementary data.Figure10depicts a user interface where group boxes group data about the person,about his/her job,about his/her skills/orientation.4.2.9.Principle of Data ListingThe goal of this principle is to define selection rules used in the consideration of data list input/display.A common applicable case arises when the user provides multiple instances of a same aggregation of data.For example,a repetitive dialog box can be selected to enter a data-series whose type and definition are the same(Figure11).A normal table can be selected to input/display aggregates of data arranged in rows and columns on the condition that all data are elementary and can be expressed in simple edit boxes(Figure12).5.ConclusionDespite extensive research activity and experience in the selection of AIO,this work still suffers from several intrinsic drawbacks:Figure11:A repetitive dialog box for a list of data.a great number of selection rules(257for input and63for display)have been defined and detailed to increase the precision and the appropriateness of selection rules. However,this number becomes so high that the range of values become cumbersome to manipulate and master;the ergonomic richness of the selected AIO only becomes to be realized in cases where data are sufficiently specific.Given precisely limited circumstances,the most appropriate AIO can in such cases be deduced.Thus,the power of semantic formalization of the data model stops where selection rules for specific data begin. Therefore,the significance of these rules is not maximized.We believe that human perception of real world and these limits constrain the efficiency of the selection rules.On the other hand,a human actor who is an expert in a givenfield and thus is conversant with thefields’difficult-to-formulate tacit knowledge,this expert might be able to recommend the AIO that is most appropriate to specific circumstance. In other words,the time and effort to formalize this knowledge into selection rules would outweigh the benefits;our corpus of selection rules was mainly based on results,conventions and assumptions gathered from the experimental study mentioned in our different references(Mayhew,1992).The consistency between these selection rules is not always clear.A trade-off has been chosen when necessary;the selection rules have been expressed according to a strict production scheme: applying the set of selection rules therefore leads to one particular AIO.Sometimesalternative AIO should be considered equally.Fuzzy thinking should be added to express the likelihood of selecting a particular AIO rather than another one under particular circumstances;selection rules will always remain incomplete since they are based on existing AIO.If new AIO are born,new selection rules have to be defined;selection rules heavily depends on user habits and preferences:selecting the most appropriate AIO according to experimental criteria sometimes does not lead to a rational result.Experimental criteria are formal,but psychological preferences are not.It is not always explicit about the criteria used to judge how well the selection rules meet users’needs at different points in the interaction dialog;selection rules really need afinal user validation even though they are basically founded on proven theoretical and experimental results;selection rules strictly for business-oriented application have been studied.If they are to be extended to otherfields,recent research in the visualization of information according to the complex information types and structures should be considered. For our limited purposes,we can say that those selection rules have in most cases been proved sufficient.We do not get the impression that new rules would substantially improve the usability of a selected AIO,except under particular circumstances(e.g.for multimedia data). 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