基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：电子信息工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文及原文院（系）：职业技术学院专业：电子信息工程基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计技术分类：测试与测量| 2008-05-08来源：微计算机信息| 郑耀添1引言2气体检测系统表是工矿企业、社会公用事业、环境保护等领域必备的安全装备。
经过几十年的发展，在可测气体种类、测量范围、精度、稳定性、寿命等主要技术指标方面均有明显提高，随着大规模集成电路技术的发展，仪表向微型化、多参数组合与智能化方向发展。
新型甲烷气体检测系统应具有智能化的特点，能在一定其他气体干扰的情况提下工作，可以采用电子鼻。
系统的结构，通过模式识别方法辨识甲烷气体。
以小型化的电子系统为基础的甲烷气体检测系统，在设计上应考虑减小系统的体积、简化气体的进样装置和改进电路以满足低功耗要求等问题；另外便携式检测系统的操作者通常情况下是现场人员，属于非专业人员，系统的操作不能复杂，因此对于系统的人机交互功能在设计上也应得到重视。
传统的基于金属氧化物气体传感器存在气体选择性不高、抗干扰性差的问题，采用单个传感器的检测系统在检测中如果有其它气体干扰，容易出现相似的响应而出现误判。
本文所讨论基于单片机的高灵敏度甲烷检测系统是以微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列为敏感元件，结合模式识别技术进行甲烷气体检测的便携式系统。
整个系统由四单元传感器阵列器件、气体进样装置及高速单片机为核心的信号处理电路组成，具有体积小、准确度高、抗干扰能力强等优良性能。
本文要介绍该检测系统的工作原理和设计，着重于低功耗电路的设计。
2 检测系统基本结构由细导管、微型抽气泵和小气室组成的气体进样部分，以单片机为核心的控制、信号采集处理电路以及显示、键盘、PC接口电路，还有在PC机上运行的用于人工神经网络训练的应用软件，如图2-1所示。
检测系统进行气体检测的工作步骤是，单片机控制抽气泵将待检测的气体抽入气室，同时采集气体传感器阵列的响应信号，并进行转换，储存在数据存储器中，然后单片机从保存的数据中提取特征值，由识别网络进行气体识别，并将结果输出到LCD显示屏幕上。
针对便携式系统的特点，检测系统设计了具有较小的体积、较低功耗的处理电路。
图2-1 甲烷检测系统的组成原理图低功耗传感器阵列的制备技术: 采用由MEMS工艺制造的微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列作为检测系统的气体敏感元件。
微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列的特点在引言中有讨论。
选用的阵列器件体积小，器件面积3 X 3 mm2，在同一膜片中集成了2X2个传感器单元，每个单元的工作功耗小于50mW，并用掩模溅射的方法在每个单元镀上相应的敏感薄膜，各单元膜电阻在一定的工作温度下能对特定气体浓度的变化产生程度不同的变化。
传感器单元敏感薄膜的膜电阻变化能迅速的反映气室中气体组分和浓度的变化情况，将其转变为电压信号后，可由单片机通过A/D电路采集量化为可以进行模式识别的数据。
此外由于便携式系统采用电池供电，对设备各部分电路的功耗要求较严格，因而在电路中采用低工作电压、低功耗的元器件，并且优化设计了电源管理功能，保证在电池供电的情况下能工作较长时间。
3检测系统电路3.1 Cygnal C805lF020单片机介绍图3-1 甲烷检测系统电路框图内置A/D电路的Cygnal C805lF020是采用8052内核的8位单片机1201，属于高速混合信号系统级芯片。
它能很好的满足甲烷检测系统的设计要求，所以系统采用它作为处理控制核心。
图3-1是检测系统电路的组成原理框图。
下面就电路的各部分功能在下面展开具体的描述。
3.2电路设计3.2.1 信号采集、控制电路4首先阵列各单元的工作温度需要由加热电压进行调节，以保证在较好的响应特性。
C8051F020的一路12位D/A通过模拟开关4052选通循环输出传感器阵列各单元所需的加热电压，并直接通过高电流输出运放芯片MAX4069驱动输出到各单元，减少了功率输出电路。
在传感器阵列各单元加热到工作温度并稳定后，由单片机通过气泵控制电路控制微型气泵抽入待检测的气体。
传感器阵列和系统电路的信号采集接口电路与前一章中的数据采集电路类似，只是信号隔离跟随电路中采用的是单电源低功耗运放OP491，四路传感器单元的响应信号由单片机内的A/D定时采集，采集到的数据存储在SRAM芯片IDT71V124SA中。
IDT71V124SA是低功耗3.3V工作电压静态CMOS随机存储器芯片，能保存128K 字节的数据。
它作为单片机的扩展数据单元，大大弥补了单片机RAM空间的不足。
但是该器件在进行读写操作时需要100mA的电流，而在非片选状态仅为l0mA，因此从降低功耗考虑，在单片机不进行数据的读取时要释放片选控制信号以降低功耗。
3.2.2 输入输出接口电路其次，良好的显示、操作界面是便携系统所必需的。
本系统中采用具有122X 32分辨率的图形点阵液晶模块HS12232作为显示屏幕，显示提示和处理结果。
显示界面设计成多层选择菜单的模式，主菜单中有甲烷检测、传感器工作电压设置，采样数据上传和识别网络更新等选项，通过键盘输入进行菜单选择的方式进行各种操作。
同时由单片机的另一路D/A输出提示音信号，驱动蜂鸣器发出提示音。
根据检测系统的设计要求，方便灵活地与计算机通信也是很重要的。
目前USB标准已经得到了普及，因此选择采用USB通讯方式。
USB是一种通用串行总线，具有使用可靠、即插即用和成本低廉的特点。
检测系统电路中使用的USB接口芯片是支持USB1.1协议的Philips公司的PDUSBDI2芯片。
单片机通过并行I/O口向PDIUSBD 12发命令和数据以实现对USB接口读写，由于在本系统中数据量传输不是很大，采用的是中断方式非同步传输。
在USB协议中，USB总线分有主机和设备两部分，计算机上的USB控制器是主机器件，PDIUSBD 12是设备器件。
图3-2是PDIUSBDI2与单片机的接口图。
图3 -2 PDUSBDI2的接口电路原理图3.2.3 系统电源管理电路最后还需考虑电源的选择。
作为便携式系统，甲烷检测系统的电源供电方式是电池供电，供电电压约在5V。
而电路中的有的器件工作在较低的电压下，如单片机、SRAM 和USB芯片等是3.3V的工作电压，这就需要在电路中设计5V-3.3V的电压转换电路。
通过对比，采用DC-DC器件LM2S74进行电压转换(图4)，将5V供电电压转换为3.3V，即可以满足低电压器件的工作要求，减少了额外的功耗，而且通过设计合理的滤波电路，还获得了较好的稳压线性输出。
在降低功耗方面，在系统设计中均选用了CMOS器件、低功率表贴元器件，不仅使得系统体积较小，而且电路功耗也得到降低:此外在软件设计上，系统使用了等待和掉电的节电运行机制，而有的器件是带Shutdown功能的，可以在空闲的时候进入省电模式，进一步降低了功耗。
4 检测系统电路调试在确定了系统电路硬件总体和各部分的设计方案后，制作了实验电路板，对电路进行了初步的调试。
电源是采用4节镍氢充电电池串连，经过调试，每路加热电压驱动电路可以输出最高4.5V的电压，在对传感器进行加热的情况下，同时进行数据的采集保存，总电流可以控制在250mA以内，其中单片机电路部分约120mA，传感器阵列加热电流不高于80mA，抽气泵工作电路低于50mA，满足了设计中的低功耗目标。
检测系统硬件电路调试完成后，通过编写单片机程序和计算机应用程序，可以在检测系统中实现气体识别等功能。
5 甲烷检测系统软件设计检测系统电路调试通过后，需要结合识别软件才能进行气体的检测。
本文主要在软件设计方面进行研究，提出了适合单片机系统的网络识别算法，在单片机软件和PC机6软件两个方面进行了网络构建、网络训练等的讨论，同时对系统的其它功能程序也做了说明。
由于单片机具有完整的内核，与指令完全兼容，可采用标准的805x编译器进行软件开发。
在本检测系统的单片机软件设计中，采用了Cygnal S52IDE的开发环境，通过电路中预留的JTAG接口调试程序，依据检测系统的不同功能的需要，采用模块化的设计，将程序分成几个主要的功能模块，图5-1是单片机程序的模块图。
图5-1 检测系统单片机程序模块图从图5-1中可以看到，单片机的主程序在经过系统初始化后进入主菜单界面，将等待键盘的输入操作。
当检测到有按键输入时，读出键值并判断出需要进行的操作，而后调用相应的子程序模块。
本文作者创新点本文设计的基于单片机的低功耗高灵敏度甲烷检测系统采用集成的微型传感器阵列提取阵列单元交叉响应信号。
通过具有不同响应特性的传感器组成的阵列提取的气体响应特征，可以迅速可靠地检测甲烷气体，可以在许多复杂场合大大改善检测系统的分辨能力。
参考文献:[1] 师宝山. 基于AT89S51的多参数气体检测仪的研制[J]. 微计算机信息, 2007,.7.1: 190-191[2] 沙占友.智能传感器系统设计及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社，2004.[3] 刘长春,崔大付.电化学传感器及其在芯片实验室中的应用[J].传感器技术.2003.7[4] 何立明.单片机应用系统设计[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1996.Based on MCU's low-power design methane detection systemTechnology Category: test and measurement | 2008-05-08Source: micro-computer information | Tim Zheng1 IntroductionGas detection system is a form of industrial and mining enterprises, social utilities, environmental protection and other areas of the necessary safety equipment. After several decades of development, can be measured in the gastype,range, accuracy, stability, life expectancy, and other major technicaindicators have markedly improved, with large-scale integrated circuit technology, to the miniaturization of instrumentation, the combination of multi-parameter And intelligent direction. New methane gas detection system should have the characteristics of intelligence, can interfere with other gases in certain circumstances, can use electronic nose. The structure, through pattern recognition method to identify methane gas. To the small electronic nose-based methane gas detection system, the design should consider reducing the size of system, simplify the injection of gas installations and improve the circuit to meet the low power requirements and other issues; other portable detection system Under normal circumstances the operator is the scene, a non-professional staff, the operating system can not be complex, the system functions in the human-computer interaction design should also receive attention.The traditional metal oxide gas sensors based on the existence of gas selectivity is not high, the problem of interference of the poor, a single sensor detection system in the detection of gas if there are other interference, prone to a similar response and a misjudgment. Based on SCM in this paper to discuss the high sensitivity of methane detection system is micro-structure of metal oxide gas sensor array of sensitive components, the combination of pattern recognition technology for the portable methane gas detection system. The entire system is four units sensor array device, the gas sampling devices and high-speed microcontroller as the core of the signal processing circuit, a small volume, high accuracy, and strong anti-interference capability excellent performance. In this paper, to introduce the detection system works and design, focused on low-power circuit design.2 Detection System basic structureFrom small catheter, micro-pump and stingy pumping the gas into the room of some kind, to SCM as the core of control, signal acquisition and processing circuit and display, keyboard, PC interface circuit, running on a PC for Artificial neural network training, software applications, as shown in Figure 1. Gas detection system detected the work of steps, MCU control pump out the gas detection will be pumped into the chamber, while the acquisition of8gas sensor array response signal, and conversion of data stored in memory, and then SCM From the preservation of the characteristics of data to extract value from the network to identify gas identification, and the results output to the LCD display screen. Features for portable systems, detection systems designed with a smaller volume, low-power processing circuit.Figure 1 methane detection system components schematicsThe low-power sensor array of technology: from the manufacture of MEMS micro-structure of metal oxide gas sensor array as the gas detection system sensitive components. Micro-structure of metal oxide gas sensor array of features are discussed in the introduction. Optional array devices are small, the device area of 3 X 3 mm2, in the same patch of integrated 2 X2 sensors unit, each unit of power consumption is less than 50 mW, and the methods used mask sputtering in each unit plating On the corresponding sensitive film, the film unit of the resistance to a certain temperature to work on specific changes in gas concentrations have different degrees of change. The sensor unit sensitive film membrane resistance to rapid changes in the gas chamber in the composition and strength of the changes, will change its voltage signal, the MCU can be passed A / D circuit can be collected to quantify the pattern recognition Data.In addition because of a battery-powered portable system, the equipment part of the circuit's power requirements more stringent, thus circuit in the use of low-voltage, low-power components, and optimization of power management features designed to ensure that the battery-powered Circumstances can work longer period of time.3 circuit detection system3.1 Cygnal C805lF020 introduced SCM。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
基于单片机甲烷浓度监测的研究
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基 于 单 片机 甲烷 浓 度 监 测 的研 究
朱高 中
（ 渭南师范学院 物理与电气工程学院 ， 渭南 ７４ ０ ） １００
基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统设计
基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统设计作者：赵亚丽来源：《无线互联科技》2017年第10期摘要：以双波长单光路差分检测技术和谐波检测技术为基础，以MSP430单片机为核心控制部件，设计了一个甲烷浓度检测系统，实现了甲烷浓度的实时检测，给出了系统的硬件结构和软件流程图。
同时，利用光子晶体光纤和全返直角棱镜优化了气室结构，使气体吸收光程更长，提高了检测系统的灵敏度。
关键词：甲烷浓度；单片机；检测系统近年来，随着全国各行业的迅速发展，人们的生活水平得到了明显提高，但是经济迅速发展的同时带来了日益严重的环境污染问题。
其中，甲烷是主要气体污染源之一，它能加剧全球的温室效应，使空气中的氧气浓度迅速降低，从而使人窒息死亡。
此外，它又广泛存在于沼气、天然气以及煤矿当中，当其浓度达到爆炸极限后就有可能引发爆炸，极大地威胁着人身和设备安全。
因此研制一个精度高、响应速度快且能实时检测的甲烷浓度检测系统，对有效预防环境污染和瓦斯爆炸有着重要意义。
目前，常用的甲烷浓度检测方法主要有接触催化燃烧法、电化学测量法、光电离检测方法、气敏半导体检测法、红外光谱光吸收法等多种方法[1-2]，其中红外光谱吸收检测法灵敏度高、选择性强且便于维护，所以本文将其作为甲烷浓度检测系统的基本方法，以廉价的宽光谱红外热辐射光源（IR55）作为系统光源，采用差分检测和谐波检测技术相结合的方式构建了一个甲烷浓度检测系统，优化了气室结构，以期提高检测系统的灵敏度和分辨率。
1 系统硬件设计1.1 系统结构甲烷浓度检测系统主要由宽光谱红外光源、光源调制电路、气室、滤光片、光电探测器、偏置放大器、锁相放大器、单片机，射频发射模块、射频接收模块等主要部分组成，其整体框架如图1所示。
单片机通过调制电路控制宽带光源发出中心波长为1.66 μm，且正好扫描甲烷在这附近的整个吸收峰的光。
光线经气室后再经过滤光片得到中心波长相近的λ1和λ2两束光，其中λ1对应甲烷气体的吸收峰，为测量光；波长为λ2的光则不被气体吸收，为参考光。
基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器设计
电子设计工程Electronic Design Engineering第28卷Vol.28第22期No.222020年11月Nov.2020收稿日期：2019-12-25稿件编号：201912211作者简介：贾亮（1971—），男，辽宁大石桥人，硕士，副教授。
研究方向：信号与信息处理。
在对地下矿区、污水厂等地进行甲烷浓度测量时，检测人员经常需要在一些狭小空间内作业。
由于大型检测设备难以携带，一般利用吸管抽取待测气体，再利用设备测量并记录[1]。
这种测试方法存在很大的误差，且操作繁琐。
为解决这一问题，文中采用新型的红外甲烷浓度传感器作为检测探头，设计一种基于单片机的便携式小型甲烷浓度检测器。
检测器不仅可以采集现场的甲烷浓度含量，还有简洁的交互界面方便操作，提高了工作效率，降低了人工成本，具有很好的应用市场。
1硬件设计系统整体的硬件设计框图如图1所示，整个系统以STM32F407（以下简称F407）为控制核心，外围电路由复位电路、晶振电路、电源电路和4个功能模块组成。
复位电路通过外置按钮触发整个系统复位。
晶振电路向F407提供8MHz 的时钟频率，通过内部倍频的方式转换为168MHz 的系统正常工作时钟频率。
电源电路为整个系统提供5V 和3.3V 的直流电压，使用7.5V 的锂电池组进行供电。
系统的功能模块主要分为4部分：甲烷气体浓度采集、数据存储、LCD 屏显示和图像采集。
下面分别对4个模块进行分析。
1.1浓度检测模块电路设计浓度传感器主要用于检测甲烷气体浓度，传感器采用英国Clairair 公司的高分辨率红外甲烷传感基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器设计贾亮，张武臣（沈阳航空航天大学电子信息工程学院，辽宁沈阳110136）摘要：针对传统甲烷浓度检测器体积大，不易在狭小空间操作的问题，设计了一种基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器。
系统程序设计基于实时多任务操作系统μC/OSⅢ进行开发，利用卡尔曼滤波算法进行数据处理。
基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统的设计
基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统的设计摘要：本文使用红外传感器捕获甲烷浓度信息，然后将其传输到A/D转换器，该转换器再将模拟信号转换为数字信号，然后传输到单片机。
当浓度高于预设定值时，液晶显示屏显示当前甲烷浓度，LED指示灯亮，蜂鸣器开始响动，换气扇开始换气，从而降低甲烷浓度，无线模块将数据传输给远端的上位机。
关键词：单片机；红外传感器；液晶显示屏；甲烷浓度检测1、引言为了解决热催化燃烧法与热导元件法进行测量存在的安全隐患的问题，本设计充分利用STC89C51单片机作为转换器核心的甲烷浓度检测系统控制器，使用红外线传感器进行甲烷浓度检测，利用红外测量的方法，既解决了热催化燃烧法无法进行甲烷浓度高于4%的测量，又解决了热导元件法只适用于甲烷浓度高于5%的检测，完成了全浓度量程检测，且使用寿命长，不易照成元件损坏，在很大程度上既节约了成本，又保证了人员安全。
2、系统总体设计甲烷浓度检测系统方案如图1。
单片机作为核心控制单元，采用电源供电模块给整个系统供电，按键输入模块设定报警预定值，该系统的基本工作方式是：通过利用红外探测器收集沼气和矿洞中的甲烷气体的密度，将模拟值传送到A/D变换器，通过A/D变换器把该模拟值变换成数字值，然后发送到MCU。
图1 甲烷浓度检测系统方案设计3、系统的硬件设计甲烷浓度检测系统中硬件部分设计，主要按照系统的结构框图和设计要求进行设计，并且要结合设备参数进行电路设计，使各个模块都能完整的表现在电路上，发挥其应有的作用。
3.1甲烷浓度检测模块电路设计甲烷浓度检测模块电路如图2，由于NDIR红外传感器输出的是模拟量，因此需要把检测结果通过芯片ADC0832转换为数字量，再传给单片机进行处理。
NDIR红外传感器的“2”口的连接主要是为甲烷传感器的正常运作提供一个额定电源，VCC操作时接+5V电源。
NDIR红外传感器1口与A/D转换器的GND引脚相连，起到一个接地保护的作用。
NDIR红外传感器3口的连接主要是将传感器得到的模拟信号传输给ADC0832然后进行模数转换。
基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计
基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计
郑耀添
【期刊名称】《微计算机信息》
【年(卷),期】2008(0)5
【摘要】本文开展了作为电子鼻硬件平台的气体传感器阵列测试系统和高灵敏度甲烷检测系统的研究.研制成功的低功耗高灵敏度甲烷检测系统具有低功耗、智能化的特点,采用电池供电,LCD显示和USB接口,操作方便.检测仪硬件由微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列、气体进样装置及高速SOC单片机为核心的信号处理电路组成.在硬件设计中,着重于低功耗电路的设计,采用低功率器件和省电管理模式,使整个系统的工作功率低于1.5 W.
【总页数】3页(P76-78)
【作者】郑耀添
【作者单位】521041,广东潮州,韩山师范学院物理与电子工程系
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP126
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2.基于单片机的超低功耗压力检测控制系统设计 [J], 黄维洪;王勇;魏明强
3.基于ARM7的甲烷检测器及其低功耗设计 [J], 部凡; 钱问发
4.基于ARM7的甲烷检测器及其低功耗设计 [J], 部凡; 钱问发
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基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计
甲烷是一种常见的天然气体，广泛应用于工业生产和生活用途中。
然而，高浓度的甲烷气体对人体健康和环境造成严重危害，因此及时准确地检测甲烷气体浓度至关重要。
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统可以实现对甲烷气体浓度的监测和报警，为人们提供安全保障。
首先，一个高效可靠的甲烷检测系统需要具备快速响应的能力。
在空气中甲烷气体浓度超过一定阈值时，系统应能够迅速发出警报，以便人们及时采取措施。
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统通过优化传感器与单片机之间的通信协议，实现了对甲烷浓度的实时监测，并能够在瞬间作出响应，保障了系统的高效性。
其次，甲烷检测系统的准确性也是至关重要的。
传统的甲烷检测方法可能存在误差较大的情况，影响了检测结果的可靠性。
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统采用了先进的数字信号处理技术和智能算法，通过对传感器采集的数据进行精准分析和处理，提高了检测结果的准确性和稳定性，确保了系统的可靠性。
此外，甲烷检测系统的实用性也是需要考虑的因素之一。
在实际应用中，系统需要具备便捷操作和良好的用户体验，以便用户能够轻松地使用和维护系统。
了简洁直观的用户界面，提供了多种操作方式和报警设置，方便用户根据不同需求进行调整和管理，增强了系统的实用性和用户友好性。
梳理一下本文的重点，我们可以发现，基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计充分考虑了系统的响应速度、准确性和可靠性，为用户提供了全方位的安全保障。
未来，我们还将进一步优化系统的性能和功能，提升系统的智能化水平，以满足不同用户群体的需求，促进甲烷检测技术的发展和推广。
基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：电子信息工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文及原文院（系）：职业技术学院专业：电子信息工程基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计技术分类：测试与测量| 2008-05-08来源：微计算机信息| 郑耀添1引言2气体检测系统表是工矿企业、社会公用事业、环境保护等领域必备的安全装备。
经过几十年的发展，在可测气体种类、测量范围、精度、稳定性、寿命等主要技术指标方面均有明显提高，随着大规模集成电路技术的发展，仪表向微型化、多参数组合与智能化方向发展。
新型甲烷气体检测系统应具有智能化的特点，能在一定其他气体干扰的情况提下工作，可以采用电子鼻。
系统的结构，通过模式识别方法辨识甲烷气体。
以小型化的电子系统为基础的甲烷气体检测系统，在设计上应考虑减小系统的体积、简化气体的进样装置和改进电路以满足低功耗要求等问题；另外便携式检测系统的操作者通常情况下是现场人员，属于非专业人员，系统的操作不能复杂，因此对于系统的人机交互功能在设计上也应得到重视。
传统的基于金属氧化物气体传感器存在气体选择性不高、抗干扰性差的问题，采用单个传感器的检测系统在检测中如果有其它气体干扰，容易出现相似的响应而出现误判。
本文所讨论基于单片机的高灵敏度甲烷检测系统是以微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列为敏感元件，结合模式识别技术进行甲烷气体检测的便携式系统。
整个系统由四单元传感器阵列器件、气体进样装置及高速单片机为核心的信号处理电路组成，具有体积小、准确度高、抗干扰能力强等优良性能。
本文要介绍该检测系统的工作原理和设计，着重于低功耗电路的设计。
2 检测系统基本结构由细导管、微型抽气泵和小气室组成的气体进样部分，以单片机为核心的控制、信号采集处理电路以及显示、键盘、PC接口电路，还有在PC机上运行的用于人工神经网络训练的应用软件，如图2-1所示。
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计
基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计摘要：本文提出了一种基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计。
该系统主要由甲烷检测传感器、电路、51单片机控制芯片和LCD显示屏组成。
该系统能够快速、准确、稳定地检测甲烷气体的存在并进行报警提示，广泛应用于工业生产、矿山开采、油气运输以及市政环保等领域。
关键词：51单片机、甲烷检测、传感器、LCD显示屏引言：随着工业生产、矿山开采、油气运输以及市政环保等领域的不断发展，在这些领域中存在着大量甲烷气体的存在。
甲烷是一种具有易燃性和爆炸性的气体，如果不能及时检测和处理，将给生产、运输和城市居民生活带来极大的安全隐患。
目前市场上已经有许多甲烷检测系统，但是这些系统存在成本高、检测准确度低、使用寿命短等缺点。
所以，设计一种低成本、高精度、长寿命的甲烷检测系统具有重要意义。
一、系统设计：本文设计的基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统主要由甲烷检测传感器、电路、51单片机控制芯片和LCD显示屏组成。
其中，甲烷检测传感器是检测甲烷气体的重要部分。
电路主要是对传感器的输出信号进行处理，从而转化为可以被51单片机处理的信号。
51单片机控制芯片是整个系统的主要控制部分，通过对传感器信号进行分析和处理，能够实现甲烷气体的检测和报警提示。
最后，LCD显示屏用于显示甲烷气体的检测结果。
二、甲烷检测传感器：本文选用一种高灵敏度、高响应速度、高选择性的甲烷气体传感器模块。
该模块采用普通电化学传感器作为检测元件，具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、响应时间短等特点。
同时，该传感器模块还具有高稳定性、低功耗、抗干扰能力强等优点。
三、电路设计：电路主要包括前置放大、滤波处理、A/D转换和51单片机输入输出等部分。
在前置放大部分，将传感器输出信号放大，使其能够达到51单片机可以处理的电平。
在滤波处理部分，对放大后的信号进行滤波处理，去除高频噪声，保留低频信号。
在A/D转换部分，将滤波后的信号数字化，便于51单片机进行处理。
在输入输出部分，实现51单片机与LCD屏幕、蜂鸣器等外围设备的连接。
基于单片机的居室安全报警系统设计外文参考及翻译
本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原文：Microcontroller Based Home Automation System With Security译文：基与单片机的智能家居系统与安全性指导教师：职称：副教授学生姓名：学号： 1002120106专业：电气工程及其自动化院（系）：机电工程学院2014年3月20日Microcontroller Based Home Automation System With SecurityAbstract:With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. This unit talks about the basic definitions needed to understand the Project better and further defines the technical criteria to be implemented as a part of this project.Keywords-component; Automation, 8051 microcontroller, LDR,LED, ADC, Relays, LCD display, Sensors, Stepper motorI.NTRODUCTIONA home automation system integrates electrical devices in ahouse with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a computer network to allow control by apersonal computer, and may allow remote access from the internet.Typically, a new home is outfitted for home automation during construction, due to the accessibility of the walls, outlets, and storage rooms, and the ability to make design changes specifically to accommodate certain technologies. Wireless systems are commonly installed when outfitting a pre-existing house, as they reduce wiring changes. These communicate through the existing power wiring, radio, or infrared signals with a central controller. Network sockets maybe installed in every room like AC power receptacles. Although automated homes of the future have been staple exhibits for World's Fairs and popular backgrounds in science fiction, complexity, competition between vendors, multiple ncompatible standards and the resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to homes of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists.II.HOME AUTOMATIONHome/office automation is the control of any or all electrical devices in our home or office, whether we are there or away. Home/office automation is one of the most exciting developments in technology for the home that has come along in decades. There are hundreds of products available today that allow us control over the devices automatically, either by remote control; or even by voice command. Home automation (also called domotics) is the residential extension of "building automation". It is automation of the home,housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HV AC (heating,ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems,to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care. Earlier, we looked into the face of future when we talked about automated devices, which could do anything on instigation of a controller, but today it has become a reality.III.NEED OF AUTOMATIONWith advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscularrequirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual ystem. Through this project we have tried to show automatic control of a house as a result of which power is saved to some extent.a) An automated device can replace good amount of human working force, moreover humans are more prone to errors and in intensive conditions the probability of error increases whereas, an automated device can work with diligence,versatility and with almost zero error.Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities,underwater, etc)Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.Economy improvement. Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humankind. For example, when an enterprise that has invested in automation technology recovers its investment, or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.b) This is why this project looks into construction and implementation of a system involving hardware to control a variety of electrical and electronics system.IV.SUPPY UNITA.Transformer:The main source of power(Fig 1) supply is a transformer. The maximum output power of power supply is dependent on maximum output power of transformer .We determine power from its current and voltage rating. e.g.: if there is a transformer of 12V, 500mA then maximum power delivered by transformer is 6Watt.It means we can drive a load from this transformer up to 6w. In our project our maximum power requirement is 1watt. So to provide this power we use 12V/250mA transformer. The maximum output power of this transformer is 4watt.it means it can easily drive load up to 4 watt.B.RectifierRectifier is a circuit which is used to convert ac to dc.Every electronic circuit requires a dc power supply for rectification. We have used four diodes.C.Input filter:After rectification we obtain dc supply from ac but it is not pure dc it may have some ac ripples .To reduce these ripples we use filters. It comprises of two filters –low frequency ripple filter and high frequency ripple filter. To reduce low frequency ripples we use electrolytic capacitor. The voltage rating of capacitor must be double from incoming dc supply. It blocks dc and passes ripples to ground.D.RegulatorInitial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply system which provides required power to drive the whole system. The specification of power supply depends on the power requirement and this requirement is determined by its rating. The main components used in supply system are.Regulator is a device which provides constant output voltage with varying input voltage. There are two types of regulators(a) Fixed voltage regulator(b) Adjustable regulatorWe have used fixed voltage regulator LM78XX last two digits signify output voltage. The voltage for our system is 5V that is why we have used 7805 regulator which provides 5V from 12V dc.E.Output filter:It is used to filter out output ripple if any.F.Output indicationWe use LED to observe the functioning of our system. If he LED glows it confirms proper functioning of our supply.We have used four power supply units.This supply is for the microcontroller,display and relay unit.The microcontroller requires 5 volt supply to perform any desired task.G.Control UnitTwo control units were used one for internal system and one for external system and these control unit based on ATMEL’sAT89S52 microcontroller(Fig 2). The given capture shows the pins and basic requirement of microcontroller to make it functional. Detailed description of the controller is 100uf / 50v.In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software electable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPUwhile allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.The Downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from unless Lock Bit 2 has been activated.H.FeaturesCompatible with MCS-51™ProductsI.8KbytesofIn-SystemDownloadable Flash MemoryReprogrammableSPI Serial Interface for Program DownloadingEndurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles4.0V to5.5V Operating RangeFully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz56 x 8 bit Internal RAM32 Programmable I/O LinesThree 16 bit Timer/CountersEight Interrupt SourcesUll Duplex UART Serial ChannelLow Power Idle and Power Down ModesI .AdvantagesLess power consumptionLow costLess space requiredHigh speedFig 2-Chip BoardAT89S52 is an ATMEL controller with the core of Intel MCS-51. It has same pin configuration as give above. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash programmable and erasable read only memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two Data Pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vectorJ .Pin DescriptionVCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground., Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table .Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52.RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,however,that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.H. Display UnitFig 3-Display UnitLiquid crystal displays (LCD) is an alphanumeric display and widely used in recent years as compared to LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for characters and graphics. We have used JHD162A advanced version of HD44780 based LCDs.V.WHAT CAN BE AUTOMATEDA.Virtually anything in the home/office that is powered by electricity can be automated and/or controlled. We can control our electrical devices. The password is given with the help of controller and can be changed by simply making a small change in the program and then burning the program in the controller.B.Counter dependent automatic switching system of roomAfter opening the lock when the person enters the room the counter gets incremented.Now if it is a day then the lights would not be switched on but if it is dark then the lights will automatically switch on. Now whatever may be the number of people entering the room the counter will automatically get incremented by itself and on leaving the room the counter will get decremented but the system will keep on working .Once the counter is zero in other words once everyone leaves the room the switching system will automatically stop working.C.Temperature controlled cooling systemOnce the person has entered the room he would not require to switch on anything everything will just happen automatically. Like if the temperature is high then the fan will switch on, on its own. Else it will remain in off state. This temperature is predefined by us in the controller. But this system will only work if there is a person in the room in other words if the counter is not zero.D.Light saving systemThis light saving system is used in two places for internal section and external section. If a person is not at home or sitting inside the room and it is dark outside then the lights will automatically get switched on and when its day the light will get switched off. This ensures power saving.Fire and Smoke sensorThis part detects any fire or smoke from a fire and set an alarm or an indication.VI. FEATURESPassword Based Locking SystemIn this system we have ensured a safe locking system. On seeing from outside the lock would not be visible but this inbuilt locking system ensures security. This lock can be opened and closed with the help of a password which we will give using a keypad. The door will only open or close only if the password is correct else it will remain in its original state. The lock cannot be broken because to the person standing Future of Automation: Future will be of Automation of all products. Each and every product will be smart devices that we use daily and that will be controlled through a smart chip called microcontrollers. Each and Every home appliances will be controlled either by PC or hand held devices like PDA or mobile handsets. Some examples of it are when you want you can switch on/off Fan of your home by mobile handset or PC.Smart Grid: Home automation technologies are viewed as integral additions to the Smart grid. The ability to control lighting, appliances, HV AC as well as Smart applications(load shedding, demand response, real-time power usage and price reporting) will become vital as Smart Grid initiatives are rolled out.VII. CONCLUSIONAn automated home can be a very simple grouping of controls, or it can be heavilyautomated where any appliance that is plugged into electrical power is remotelycontrolled. Costs mainly include equipment, components, furniture, and custom installation.Ongoing costs include electricity to run the control systems, maintenance costs for the control and networking systems, including troubleshooting, and eventual cost of upgrading as standards change. Increased complexity may also increase maintenance costs for networked devices.Learning to use a complex system effectively may take significant time and training.Control system security may be difficult and costly to maintain, especially if the control system extends beyond the home, for instance by wireless or by connection to the internet or other networks.基与单片机的智能家居系统与安全性摘要：随着技术的进步的东西变得更简单，更容易为我们服务。