英美文学笔记6
英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄
英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄I.Literature文学i)English Literature英国文学I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。
其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。
中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。
I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。
i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。
"Down off the moorlands' misting fells cameGrendel stalking;God's brand was on him.大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。
"II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服Middle English中世纪英语III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。
《英美文学选读》笔记
P3Middle English literature strongly reflects the principles (原则) of the medieval Christina doctrine (中世纪基督教学说) , which were primarily (主要) concerned with the issue of personal salvation (拯救)P4Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of this period.Chaucer characteristically( 表示特性地) regard life in term of aristocratic ideals (贵族理想) ,but he never lost the ability of regarding life as a purely(纯粹地) practical matter , the art of being at once involved in and detached from a given situation is peculiarly (特有地) Chaucer’sChaucer bore （带有）marks of humanism and anticipated ( 预期的)a new era (时代) to comeIn short, Chaucer develops his characterization (描述) to a higher artistic (艺术的,有美感的) level by presenting characters (引出人物) with both typical and individual dispositions (部署)Chaucer’s reputation (名誉) has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanityChapter 1Renaissances: The Renaissances which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated ( 刺激) by a series of historical events, In essence( 本质上) , is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers (人道主义思想家) and scholars (学者) made attempt( 努力/尝试) to get rid of ( 摆脱) those old feudalist ideas ( 封建主义) in medieval Europe , to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (新兴的资产阶级) and to recover the purity (纯度) of the earlychurch from the corruption( 腐败,堕落) of the Roman Catholic Church/P7 P8Humanism is the essence ( 本质) of the RenaissanceThomas More , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare and the best representatives of the English humanistWhen Henry VIII declared himself through the approval of the Parliament( 国会) as the supreme (极大的,最高的) Head of the Church of England in 1534 , the Reformation in England was in its full swing ( 高潮)P10The religious reformation was actually as reflection of the class strugglewaged ( 工资 )by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology ( 意识形态)The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation andassimilation ( 模仿与同化)In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben JonsonThe Elizabethan drama , in its totally, is the real mainstream( 主流) of the English RenaissanceThe most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben JonsonP12Edmund Spenserhe was born in London and received good education & left Cambridge in 1576.in 1580, he was made secretary of Lord Grey of wilton. Spenser’s masterpiece(代表作)is the “ Faerie Queene ” is great poem of its age。
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳9年elf担任造反发言人。
主要的有:《儒林外史》(1794)、《洛书》(1795)。
四祖(1796-1807)无论他想象什么，他也看到了。
作为一个富有想象力的诗人，他用视觉形象而不是抽象的术语来表达自己的观点。
布雷克在平原上写他的诗《怀伊河谷》本身，用一个细节描述了归来的流浪者思想的宁静中心，传达了一种自然秩序的感觉，立刻生动地表现了船停下来的情景；炎热的热带阳光照耀了一整天。
其他水手一个接一个地渴死了，只有水手还活着，一直被口渴折磨着(1595)，这首诗表达了诗人第二次婚姻所引起的深刻的个人感情；阿莫里蒂(1595)，一系列十四行诗。
理解他的影响spesser诗歌的主要品质(完美的旋律②罕见的美感③精彩的想象力④崇高的道德纯洁它也揭示了人类在敌对的道德秩序中实现崇高愿望的挫折。
最后一个场景，浮士德面临他的厄运，出色地呈现了一些移民到殖民地的恐惧；有些人堕落到农场工人的水平，他是一个无辜的叛逆者，时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持，这本书很快变成了一个开放的道路的伟大小说，一个\史诗般的散文\其主题是\真正荒谬的\人性，暴露在各种各样的约瑟夫悲剧:艾琳(1749)；几百篇论文出现在他编辑的两个期刊——《漫步者》，他必须取悦，但他也必须指导；他不能冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德；杜纳(1775)，喜剧歌剧；《批评家》(1779)，一部滑稽剧《水手的灵魂》中每一个相应的变化都被记录下来。
整个经历是一场极度疲劳的考验。
(2)\可汗\是柯勒律治吸食鸦片后在梦中创作的。
诗人在阅读忽必烈汗的作品时睡着了。
河流、宏伟宫殿的形象\人类想象力的产物是调和对立的装置(诗歌)；第12行到第30行是抑扬格五音步，其多样性是多节奏的；第31行到第34行是抑扬顿挫的四步抑扬顿挫，第35行是抑扬顿挫的五步抑扬顿挫。
他悲叹堕落的希腊，表达了他热切的希望被压迫的希腊人民应该赢得他们的自由；他赞美法国大革命，而在大陆上，他被誉为自由的捍卫者，人民的诗人。
(完整版)英美文学史复习笔记
英美文学复习时期划分-—Early ＆ Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period--Renaissance 文艺复兴—-Revolution ＆ Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动-—Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life， death， belief, time， youth, beauty， love, feelings of differen t kinds, reason（wisdom), moral lesson， morality。
修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵， sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵， form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步， iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格， anapest抑抑扬格, da ctyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧novel起源：Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Roma nce of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、 1、The Anglo—Saxon period(496—1066）这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）(Christ ian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》（national epic）（民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period（1066—1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon element s。
英美文学重要笔记.精华版doc
英美文学重要笔记，精华版，流泪推荐！Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer 乔叟- the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父<The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集> first time to use'heroic couplet' 英雄偶句诗The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity 尊严of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets' poet 诗人中的诗人<The Faerie Queene>仙后Christopher Marlowe - University Wits大学才子最有才华的, the pioneer of English drama 英国戏剧先驱Blank verse,无韵体诗hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love激情牧人致心爱的姑娘> pastoral life田园生活William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗, King Lear 李尔王& Macbeth麦克白<Sonnet 18第十八号十四行诗> eternal or immortal不朽的beauty<The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty忠诚, to expose the insatiable贪得无厌的，不知足的greed and brutality 无情<Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated 复杂的to degrade 降低his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy独白or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the charactersFrancis Bacon - brevity,简洁compactness 紧密& powerfulness, 强有力his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose英国散文发展的重要里程碑Inductive method 归纳法in place of取代deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies论读书> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament,装饰and for ability.Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies 不同的人有不同的阅读方法-studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider.权衡和思考How studies exert施以影响influence over human character - reading maketh a full man读书使人完美, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John Donnemetaphysical poetry玄学诗歌- break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodssyllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising升引的太阳> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with 干涉other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>死神，休得狂妄whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost失乐园> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. 继贝奥武夫之后唯一的一部公认的英国文学中的史诗The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion againstGod with his unconquerable 压制不了的will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 古希腊诗剧体在英文中的完美体现Neoclassicism 新古典主义- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracy准确Enlightenment - a progressive进步的intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel哥特式小说- mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair名利场> from <The Pilgrim's Progress天路历程>, a religious allegory宗教寓言, pursue the truth追求真理Alexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism论批评> a poem written in heroic couplets英雄偶句诗, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe鲁滨孙漂流记>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satirist 讽刺大师In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed有缺陷的Proper words in proper places在恰当的地方用恰当的词<A Modest Proposal>一个温和的建议<Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput小人国, Brobdingnag,大人国Flying Island 飞岛国& Houyhnhnm 慧驷国Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, 英国小说之父Prose Homer荷马散文Comic epic in prose 散文体喜剧史诗<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯传>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language英文大辞典><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>致切斯特菲尔勋爵的信Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century英国十八世纪唯一一位重要戏剧家<The Rivals>情敌and <The School for Scandal>造谣学校are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>写在教堂墓地的挽歌Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的小男孩> from <Songs of Innocence天真之歌> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience经验之歌> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression压制with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyesChildhood, paradoxes悖论, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>老虎William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature自然崇拜者'Lake Poets'湖畔诗人- William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如行云独自游> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture oflively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical 神秘的thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge威敏斯特桥即景, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering闪闪发光的, smokeless & mildly柔和的. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways>独自幽居<The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割女> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural,超自然remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic魔力诗(supernatural) & the conversational对话诗The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古航海家之歌>, <Chrisabel克里斯特贝尔>, <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical暴君的rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>哈罗尔德游记.<Song for the Luddites路德党之歌> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece哀希腊> from <Don Juan唐璜> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem讽刺诗), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England>致英格兰人民<Ode to the West Wind西风颂> terza rima三行诗节押韵法, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful,对春天的渴望，和对未来美好世界的憧憬'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂>, <Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂>, <Ode to Psyche普塞克颂><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion,'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>骄傲与偏见The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species物种起源> and <The Descent of Man人类的由来> shook the traditional faith&everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practicedCritical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal描写is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities>双城记<Oliver Twist>雾都孤儿The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre>简爱<Wuthering Heights>呼啸山庄Alfred Tennyson - invents发明dramatic monologue戏剧独白, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break浪花啪，啪，啪> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with 与，，形成对比the carefree, 无忧无虑innocent joys of the children and theunfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar>渡沙洲we can feel his fearlessness毫不畏惧towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife后世.'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses>尤利西斯not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life,无法忍受平和平凡的日常生活old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book指环与书> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess我前一位公爵夫人> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited,自负的cruel and tyrannical 残暴的man<Meeting at Night>夜晚幽会<Parting at Morning>清晨告别George Eliot:乔治艾略特As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny 命运of women<Middlemarch> 米德尔马契a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer Local-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝> experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 持续American Romantic Period美国浪漫主义时期Started with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book见闻札记> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass草叶集>, alsocalled 'the American Renaissance'美国文艺复兴文学特点Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, 美国短篇小说之父the American Goldsmith美国的金匠Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced完善了美国文学古典主义风格First novel <A History of New York>纽约外史<The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van winkle>, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement新英格兰超验主义运动<The American Scholar>美国学者, <Self - Reliance>,论自助<The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic （美学的）problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> 论经验a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, 美国请教European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature>论自然is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior内部的of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse 唤醒it to activity<The Scarlet Letter>红字<Young Goodman Brown>小伙子布朗Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse自由体诗, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth有个孩子在长大> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry 骑兵Crossing a Ford浅滩> 渡河的骑兵a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself>自我之歌Whitman is a man （bubbling with）充满着energy and（laden with ）充满着ideas, spontaneous自发的expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory隐喻and symbolism象征主义, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick>白鲸the first American prose epic,散文史诗Ishmael both as a character and a narrator 叙述者, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac狂热者Realistic period 现实主义时期- the Gilded Age镀金时代, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism地方主义色彩, social Darwinism社会达尔文主义, bestiality兽性, beyond man's controlMark Twain 马克吐温- the true father of American literature真正的民族文学之父Local colorist, vernacular方言, simple sentence, 'the damned human race该死的人类' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James -按国际标准考虑自己职业的美国作家international theme, psychological realist 心理现实主义Stream of consciousness,意识流interior monologue,内心独白free association自由联想<Daisy Miller黛西米勒> the narrator is an American expatriate,移居国外的人named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing 动物质化it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death -因为我不能为死神停下> personify 拟人化death and immortality 不朽（so as to）以便make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛- America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism 决定论(heredity biological生物遗传& environment), survival of the fittest适者生存, the jungle law 丛林法则Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲- <The Financier>金融家, <The Titan巨头>, <The Stoic斯多葛><Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹> 'who shall cast the first stone?'An american tragedy :美国悲剧The social pressure that marks clyde's downfall inevitable.Style: lack of concision不简练，his writings appear more inclusive ,and less selective.Language: communication rather than an art form.Borke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.The modern period现代时期- the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement移民潮, the Lost Generation迷惘的一代, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present,现实享乐主义spiritual wasteland, 精神荒原collective unconscious,集体无意识psychoanalysisImagist movement意象运动, Jazz Age爵士时代Ezra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'意象主义运动代表<The Cantos>诗章<In a Station of the Metro在地铁车站> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim 昏暗的light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.湿漉漉黑色粗枝上的花瓣<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter长干行><A Pact契约> agreement with Whitman's free verse惠特曼的自由体诗Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking>摘苹果之后<The Road Not Taken>未选择的路<Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>雪夜林边停Eugene O'Neill尤金奥尼尔：唯一获过若贝尔文学奖的戏剧作家- founder of the American drama, 美国喜剧之父won thePulitzer Prize four times 普利策奖<The Hairy Ape>毛猿F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, 爵士时代代表Dollar Decade, 金钱堕落1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>了不起的盖茨比Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style冰山风格, Code hero,：the lost generation, 迷失的一代grace under pressure压力下的尊严<Indian Camp印第安人营地> from <In Our Time在我们的时代里> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth,南方imprisonment in the past对过去的沉湎Stream of consciousness, 意识流multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country 约克纳帕塔法县<A Rose for Emily给艾米丽的玫瑰> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.历史遗迹。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
《英美文学选读》笔记(简单版)
《英美文学选读》笔记（简单版）Thomas More: Utopia 《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays 《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledge is power"----BaconEdmund Spencer: Faerie Queen 《仙后》"Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings."--- SpencerWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. 23rd, April 1564, Stratford-on-Avon2. His Father, a leather merchant 皮货商3. His school, a local Grammar school for 6 years4. His life, dramatist, actor, poet, proprietor5. His first son, Hamnet6. 4 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)7. Main works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets , 2 narrative plays戏剧 14行诗叙事诗Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维罗纳二绅士》Love's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》King John 《约翰王的生平和逝世》Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》Julius Caesar 《朱力叶斯·凯撒》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》8. Carl Marx: "Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two greatest dramatic genius the world has ever known."9. His friend: "He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times."William Shakespeare's writing feature1. A play in the play.2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.3. Several threads running through the play.4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare's writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invent words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare's humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare's sonnets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: PetrachSelected Reading of Shakespeare:1. [P37] Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameterc. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: "your" beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: "your" beauty will live in my poem. à Immortalize beauty2. [P39] An Excerpt from The Merchant of Venicea. How does Shylock justify himself according to the accusation of Duke and Bassanio?[P40-41] There are 3 reasons.b. Why does Shylock stick to his bond instead of taking twice his principle?He hates the Christians and is determined to revenge on them because his daughter elopes with a Christian.c. What do you think of Shylock in the early court scene? What about him later?In the early court scene, Shylock is cruel, eloquent, stubborn, tricky, isolated from law and friendship.In the later court scene, Shylock is greedy, sympathetic and oppressed by Christians.d. What is Shakespeare's attitude towards Shylock?He sympathizes those who are oppressed. Antonio is oppressed by Shylock. Shylock is oppressed by Christians.e. The whole play is a tragi-comedy. In the scene, Shylock is the tragic side. Antonio and his friends is the comic side.John Donne (1572-1631)1572 Born in a merchant family1591 Learn law at the Inns of Court in LondonPrivate Secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.1601 29y. Married Egerton's niece, Ann More. He worked hard to fight against poverty. However, it's a secret marriage. When the marriage was exposed, he was put into jail. The Egertons regarded the marriage as an offence.1617 His wife died. He devoted his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.1621 Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's and kept the post until his death.John Donne's major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others' wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, sexual life, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching. John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers. John Donne's conceit can be seen from his "Go catching the falling star" in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman's faith and heart.Metaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life.The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of "metaphysical school".Selected Reading of John Donne1. [P66]The Sun Rising2. [P68]Death, Be not Proud (1)John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. His father was both a scholar and a businessman.1620 Educated at St. Paul's School1625 Educated in Cambridge1643 Married a 17y. girl younger than him1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell's Council of State1652 Became totally blind. His wife died. He married again.3 periods in John Milton's life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the "Fall of Man", i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can't win God by power, so he wins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.In Paradise Lost, Satan is the rebel who never bows down to God even when he failed. He is a good military leader. He refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He is determined to continue the battle. He feels sorrow at the sufferings of those angels. He has led to so terrible a punishment, but he is very cruel. He has indomitable pride, unconquerable rebellion, and the will to evil and power. He said, "Only do evil, no good". He tries to be as equal as God.Selected Reading of John Milton1. [P73] An Excerpt from Paradise LostChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment. It's a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II's daughter Marry and her wife William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.1798 The publication of Lyrics by WordsworthIndustrial Revolution --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- "Act of Enclosure". The landless and homeless peasant began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment Movement:Voltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.Gothic Novel1. Content: magic, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters.2. Setting: old castle, graveyard, dark forest3. Atmosphere: horribleJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)1628 Born in a poor tinker's family. He received little education in a GrammarSchool1647 Married a Christian woman and became interested in Christianity.1660 Bunyan began to preach, but he didn't have a preaching license so he was put into jail for 6 years.1665 Great Plague in England, he was released from jail. Few months later, he was in jail again for another 6 years.1672 Declaration of Independence, he was released again.1675 His license of lay preacher was temporarily cancelled and he was in prison again.Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim's Process.Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Process1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsThe content of The Pilgrim's Process is about Christianity. The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim's Process: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever - concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level - your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.Selected Reading of John Bunyan: [P85]"The Vanity Fair" from The Pilgrim's ProcessWhy "The Vanity Fair" is a satire on the ruling class of Egnland?1. It's a symbolic picture of London at the time of Restoration2. In Vanity Fair, everything can be sold and bought, daily necessities, but also honor, kingdom, lust, pleasure and even lives.3. Evil things such as cheating, roguery, and adultery are normal in the Vanity Fair where there is no moral. It's a satire of the non-moral English ruling class.4. Faithful is put to death for his despising of the Vanities. It's a parallel of Bunyan's experience of imprisoned for preaching. John Bunyan's writing style --- moded after the BibleLanguage --- easy to read, colloquial, concrete and conciseForm --- allegorical form, realistic, true to life.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1688 Born in the year of Glorious Revolution in a merchant Roman Catholic family.Because of his ill health, he didn't go to university. He received his education from a learned preacher. Because he is a Catholic, he can't do thing for the government.Pope is a deformed person. He suffered severe illness in his childhood.Illness accompanied him throughout his life.Alexander Pope's major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It's expressed Pope's aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients likeHomer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet. Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her, esp. a young man name. A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina's hair. In Bellina's opinion, it's an offence. Baronjust cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satires the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad is consisted of 4 books. It's the best satire of Pope. It's a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlgitener.Selected Reading of Alexander Pope: [P93] An excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)He was born in a butcher's family (wealthy but low social status). Defoe never went to university, but received good educationin a Dissenting Academy. Defoe has two interests: interest in business and interest in politics.Interest in business. He started from small business to become rich. He is a gifted man in business.Interest in politics. His political stand swang between the Whigs and the Tories. He wrote political pamphlets to attack the Whigs, but both of the two parties thought the pamphlets insulted them. So Defoe was sent to jail and pillory. He negotiatedwith the Prime minister to become a spy to Scotland. He tried to make the union of Scotland and England.1704, he issued a periodical The Review, on which he voiced his concerns for woman's right, economy, children and parents relationships, politics and other hot issues of the time.1718, he began to write novel.1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It's based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero's life on the island. The first part is aboutthe career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson's Crusoea. man's struggles against natureb. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson's Crusoea. realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.1720, Captain Singleton is sent to Africa when he was 3 months old. In Africa, he experiences many adventures. With good luck, he wins much gold. Back to England, he goes bankrupt and becomes a pirate.1722, Moll Flanders is the daughter of a woman thief. She is born in the Newgate Prison. In her life, she married 5 times with over 12 children. However, she never nurses a single child. She becomes a thief herself. She is transferred to the American colony as a criminal. She accumulates a wealth and buys a fare plant there. At the age of 30, she comes back to England. 1722, Colonel Jack is deserted by his parents at a very young age. He becomes a pickpocket. He is kidnapped and sent to the American colony. He is very clever and finally becomes a rich plant owner.1724, Roxana is the daughter of a Protestant refugee. She is beautiful and clever. She marries an English merchant. Because the merchant deserts her, she becomes a famous international prostitute. In Holland, she married a Dutch merchant. After his death, she finds that he was in great debts. She can't pay off the debts and is put into jail and died in jail.Daniel Defoe's satirical poems.1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England's legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Selected Reading of Daniel Defoe: [P98] An excerpt from Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift (1667-1745)He was born in Dublin, Ireland, of an English family. His father died before he was born. A rich uncle sent Swift to the Trinity College. His most deed is against the ruling class of England.1689-1699, he worked as a private secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat. On the post, Swift made many famous politician friends and came to know many dirty and dishonest politicians of the day.1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books, which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - "bring honey"; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift's name as a satirist.1705, he became a clergyman.1707, he moved to London and became a politician. He tries to speak for the Irish people. He was the editor of The Examiner, a Tory's periodical.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.1716, Swift married a woman.1724, there were 2 great events in England.a. Wool industry --- English Congress passed the persuasion of developing wool industry in England. Irish people can't make money from wool because they have to return the land. Irish people had to live a miserable life. A famous slogan in Ireland at that time is "Burn everything that come from England except the coal" which voiced Irish people's determination of refusing England.b. Coin event --- A minister suggested and permitted to make new coins. The exchange rate between Irish coin and the new English coin was unfair. The minister and King got profit from the exchange.1724, Swift published the satireThe Drapier's Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.1726, his wife died. It's a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver's Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end - Roman Church. Small end - English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.Part IV. It's the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It's a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It's a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Selected Reading of Jonathan Swift: [P107] An excerpt from Gulliver's TravelHenry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount 子, Baron男) He received his education in the Eton Public School1728 21y. He published his first play in London, but failed.1729 Fielding quarreled with his father, so his father cut off financial support. He had to make a living by himself.1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were alsovery successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)1734 He got married.1737 30y. The promulgation of Licensing Act restricted the publication of plays. So Fielding took up law. He spent 3 years to finish a 7-year course.1740 Fielding became a bar, but the money he earn couldn't support his familyHenry Fielding wrote 4 novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as "Father of English Novel".1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B's uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B's mother is very found of here and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr.B as a noble man seduces her, doesn't allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous. Henry Fielding's aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsPart I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela's chastity ispretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted "comic epic in prose"--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great , Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child. He is adopted by a kind man who has his own child Blifil. The two children fell in love with the same girl Sophia. Tom is kind and he is truly in love with Sophia. Blifil loves Sophia for her beauty and money. Sophia's father knows that Tom is a deserted child so he wants Sophia to marry Blifil. Tom wants to see the outside world andmoves to London. Sophia wants to see the world too. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c's English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It's showed Fielding's view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- "comic epic in prose", displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London1750 Amelia marries a poor solider. Her husband goes to London to seek fortune. He fights with other people in the street so he is put into jail. She is very faithful to her husband. When her husband is in prison, other officials try to seduce her. In the end, Amelia reunites with her husband and live happily.Henry Fielding's aim of writing Ameliaa. To condemn the moral degeneracy of the officials. To praise Amelia.b. To reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich.Henry Fielding's writing style1. Comic epic in prose: the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is "comic epic in prose"?1. The description in a grand style of classic epic. "Classic epic" has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSelected Reading of Henry Fielding: [P122] An excerpt from Tom JonesSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1708 Johnson was born in a bookseller's family, in Richfield. His eyesight was very poor like John Milton1715 8y. He went to a Grammar School for 8 years which provided him a solid knowledge of Latin1728 He went to Oxford University1731 22y. His father died. He quit Oxford without a degree.1735 26y. He married an old rich widow who was 20years older than him. Hemarried her for money.1738 29y. His first poem1747 He compiled English dictionary1752 His wife died. He was in great debt and was arrested.1755 The first publication of English dictionary brought him fame and money.1762 The British government gave him an annual pension of £300, which freed him from the burden of "writing for a living". His life before 1762 was very difficult.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet诗人, dramatist 剧作家, prose romancer散文传奇小说作家, biographer 传记作者, essayist 随笔作家, critic 批评家, lexicographer 词典编纂者and publicist 政治评论家. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18c. His point of view:1. He concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.2. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showed his dislike and fondness.3. He insisted that a writer should adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.4. He was particularly found of moralizing 道德教化and didacticism 教训主义.Johnson's writing style.1. His language is characteristically general, of Latinate 从拉丁文衍生来的and frequently polysyllabic多音节的2. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven 交织with parallel words and phrases but clearly expressed.3. He tends to use "learned words", uses words accurately.Selected Reading from Samuel Johnson: [P132] "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"Richard Brinkley Sheridan (1751-1816)1751 Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was an actor and theater manager. He was educated at Harrow (Eton, 2 public schools). His works are mainly plays. In fact, Dublin is the cradle of many famous writers, like Jonathan Swift.1770 Sheridan moved to Bath, the most fashionable place in 18c's England.1772 He was in love with a beautiful lady who is a singer and actress. He fought two duels and finally married her.1774 The appearance of his first play The Rivals won him an immediate success and fame.1776 He became a part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theater, so it's easy for him to stage his plays.1777 The appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal.1780 His play-writing career ended. He was elected M.P. of the Parliament and became an orator.1809 The Drury Lane Theater was burn in a fire. His financial support was cut off.1812 His political career ended. He had no money to afford the election.1816 Sheridan died in poverty and neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.The first English writer buried in Westminster Abbey was Chaucer. Samuel Johnson was also rested there.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright. Two plays: The Rivals, The School of Scandal.The Rivals (1774)The heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia's aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute's father makes a proposal to Lydia's aunt. The father reveals the real identity of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.Theme of The Rivals.1. Sheridan ridicules the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of the young woman of the upper class.2. Sheridan presents a true picture of the aristocratic-bourgeois world where money talks. (like the arranged marriage)The School of Scandal (1777)The school of scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneerwell.Lady Sneerwell: She often laughs at people, esp. underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it's an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade man.Joseph Surface and Charles Surface: Surface means superficial. You can't judge the brothers by their appearance.Theme of Sheridan [P136]In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.Writing style of Sheridan [P136-137]1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage.2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
英美文学教程笔记
English LiteratureChapter OneEnglish Literature in the Middle Age (5 th -15th )Main points:I.Background information of the Anglo-Saxon period.II.Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.III.Background information of the Anglo-Norman period.IV.Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Norman period.V.Important literary works and men of letters of the Anglo-Norman period.VI.Geoffrey ChaucerI . Background information of the Anglo-Saxon periodThe period can be roughly divided into two stages: the Anglo-Saxon period and the Anglo-Norman period.1.The making of the nation.1.1The inhabitants of the nationThe native Celts 凯尔特人 (they inhabit in what is now Ireland, Wales and Scotland ) ------ the Roman Conquest ( this conquest was led by Julius Caesar in 55B.C., which lasted 4 centuries, but it made little influence on the nation 's literature ) the Anglo-Saxon Conquest in about 449 bythree Teutonic tribes 条顿部落 --- the Anglos, the Saxons, the Jutes.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century, which influenced the literature in two aspects: one is the great number of Christian poetry which forms an important part of English literature of this period; the other is Christian color in pagan works, for the monks recorded the oral literature with their Christian ideas. (The ideas usually do not go with the content of the whole being.)1.2The languageIn the 7 th, the three tribes mixed into a whole people called English and the language spoken by them is generally called Anglo-Saxon, that is the Old English.II.Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.The main literary form of the period is poetry and there are two groups: pagan poetry and religious poetry, and often Christian one.The most important works left is Beowulf《贝奥武甫》or《贝尔武夫》The introduction to BeowulfIt is the earliest complete epic in English literature and it is regarded as the national epic of the English people.-- Definition of epic or national epic 史诗: it is a poetic account of the deeds of one or moregreat heroes, or of a nation's past history.-- 3182 lines, two parts with an interpolation between the two.-- The theme of the poem: Beowulf is one of the nation 's heroes of the English people. With the descriptions of his heroic deeds, the song reflects events taking place on the Scandinavian peninsula at the beginning of the 7th century.-- The significance of the poem: The story represents 1) the fight of the ancient people against beasts and natural forces ( e.g. flood, volcano ); 2) it reflects the features of tribalsociety of ancient time; 3)Beowulf 'sdeeds presents the ideal virtues of ancient Anglo-Saxons.( courage,prowess, devotion to his people )Characteristics of the poem: an alliterative verse 头韵体诗歌 ; pagan in spirit and matter,yet with visible Christian marks.III.Background information of the Anglo-Norman period.3.1The Norman ConquestThe beginning of the Anglo-Norman period is marked by the Norman Conquest in 1066. The influences of the conquest on the English society are: 1) the nation turned from the tribal society to the feudal society; 2) the conquest brought for the nation French civilization and the French language.3.2The languageAt first, French was the language of the upper class or the oppressor and Old English was the language of the oppressed. Then Old English was combined with French to form a new language Middle EnglishIV.Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Norman periodThe main literary forms of the period are poetry and prose. ( romance in the form of prose ) Literary characteristics-- 中古英诗呈现法国诗风与英格兰本土传统交融的情景。
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Jack London’sLife
•(1)name: John Ariffith London; born in San Francisco
•(2)lived in the lowest part of society in his youth
•Ruth Morse: the young bourgeois woman who captivatesEden. Theybecome engaged but not without condition: they cannot marry until her parents approve of his financial and social status
American Naturalism
•Representatives:
•Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
•These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.
•Martin Eden:
•a rough, uneducated sailor from a working class background
•the Morses:
•a bourgeois family
•a union between them would be impossible
•until he reaches their level of
Themes
1. Walcutt identifies survival, determinism, violence, and taboo as key themes.
2.The "brute within" each individual, composed of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe. The conflict in naturalistic novels is often "man against nature" or "man against himself" as characters struggle to retain a "veneer of civilization" despite external pressures that threaten to release the "brute within."
Martin Eden
•1.Major Characters
•2. Summary
•3. Major themes
Main characters
•Martin Eden : a former sailor from a working class background, then become a famous writer
Newsboy报童(at 10)
↓
Oyster pirate (16)
↓
A hard laborer(muscle seller)
↓
A tramp流浪者, beggar (at 18)
A knowledge pursuer
↓
A successful writer
↓
A rancher (大农场主)
His Major Works
•The People of the Abyss(1903)深渊中的人们
•The Call of the Wild(1903)野性的呼唤
•The Sea Wolf(1904)海狼
•White Fang(1906)白牙
•The Iron Heel(1908)铁蹄
•Martin Eden(1909)马丁.伊登(autobiographical) (Arthur Morse, Ruth Morse) (disillusionment and broken American Dream)
3. The forces of heredity and environment as they affect--and afflict--individual lives.
4. Nature as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings.
1.Summary
•inOaklandat the dawn of the 20th century
•Martin Eden is an impoverished sailor who pursues, obsessively and aggressively, dreams of education and literary fame.
•The Valley of the Moon(1912)月谷
•The Star Rover(1915)星游人
•The Little Lady of the Big House(1916)大屋里的小妇人
Theme of Jack London’s Works
primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy, biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism
Hope for human civilization.
Father of American proletariat（工人阶级）literature
Realist, spokesman of socialism
Great thinker
Writing Style
•Forceful, and colorful;
5. An indifferent, deterministic universe. Naturalistic texts often describe the futile attempts of human beings to exercise free will, often ironically presented, in this universe that reveals free will as an illusion
•As his education progresses,Edenfinds himself increasingly distanced from his working class background and surroundings.
•the main driving force:
•his love for Ruth Morse
•Subjectivity and enthusiasm
•His characterizations were often stiff and his dialogue stereotyped.
•Jack London is considered as“Father of American Proletarian Literature
我愿做一颗华丽的流星，愿我的每一颗粒都呈现那动人的光辉，而不做那沉睡并永远不灭的行星。
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.
I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them.
I shall use my time.”
•(3)decided to change his life by intellectual effort
•(4)his works were rejected many times
•(5)at last succeeded and became a millionaire
•(6)fame and upper class life made him feel boring; committed suicide
•Lizzie Connolly: the cannery worker, loveEdendeeply for who he is, not for money and fame
•Joe Dawson :Eden's boss at the laundry
•Russ Brissenden:Eden's sickly writer counterpart
美国文学史及选读（第二册）笔记
The Literature of Realism
陈银2014/4/5
Lecture 6（Jack London）
Naturalism
DefinitionNaturalismwas a new and harsher realism in the late 19th century . Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classesห้องสมุดไป่ตู้who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. In American literature, Jack London ,Stephen Crane, Frank Norrisand Theodore Dreiser are representatives of naturalism.