SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague
国外权威出版社
附件四：
1.北美：Harvard University Press（哈佛大学出版社），
Yale University Press（耶鲁大学出版社），
Princeton University Press（普林斯顿大学出版社），
Stanford University Press（斯坦福大学出版社），
University of Chicago Press（芝加哥大学出版社），
Columbia University Press（哥伦比亚大学出版社）， MIT Press（麻省理工学院出版社），University of California Press（加州大学出版社），Cornell University Press（康奈尔大学出版社），
Johns Hopkins University Press（约翰·霍普金斯大学出版
社）， Duke University Press（杜克大学出版社），
University of Toronto Press（多伦多大学出版社），Legas Press（莱格斯出版社）。
2.欧洲：Oxford University Press（牛津大学出版社），Cambridge University Press（剑桥大学出版社），Routledge（路特利支出版社），Blackwell（布莱克威尔出版社），Sage（赛奇出版社），Mouton de Gruyter（莫顿·德·格鲁特出版社），John Benjamins （约翰·本杰明出版公司），Springer（斯普林格出版社），Brill（布里尔出版社）。
英语语言文学专业(学科代码：050201)
英语语言文学英语语言理论与应用方向必读书目：(1) Brown, G. & Y ule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. CUP.（话语分析，外研社￥27.90）代订购(2) Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton, The Hague.，胶印本￥5.00(3) Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press（第二语言习得研究，上外，￥49.00），胶印本￥35.00/套，2册.(4) Haiman, John. 1985. Natural Syntax. CUP ，胶印本10.00(5) Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.,1994. Reprinted by （外语教学与研究出版社，2000，￥41.91），胶印本￥30.00(6) Hurford James R & Heasley Brendan. 1983. Semantics: A Course book. Cambridge: CUP.复印本￥16.00(7) Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1999. Philosophy in the Flesh --- The Embodied Mind胶印本￥15.0(8) Levinson. S. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press（语用学，外研社￥38.90），代订购. (9) Jennifer,Hornsby &…,2006,Reading Philosophy of Language,Blackwell Publishing.胶印本￥20.00(10)Radford A. 1988/2000. Transformational Grammar: A First Course, Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press/Cambridge University Press.(转换生成语法，外研社，￥56.90)胶印本￥30.00参考书目：（1）Bal, M., 1985. Narratology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.（2）Bell, J. (1999/2004) Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-time researchers in Education and Social Science. Open University Press/外教社.（3）Carter, R. & Simpson, P. (eds.), 1989. Language, Discourse and Literature : An Introductory Reader in Discourse Stylistics. London: Unwin Uyman.（4）Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.（5）Chomsky, N. 1975. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Plenum, New Y ork.（6）Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht.（7）Chomsky, N. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use, Praeger, New Y ork. （8）Cobley, P., 2001. Narrative. London and New Y ork: Routledge.（9）Cook, G. 1989. Discourse. OUP. ★（10）Cook, V. 1993. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition.London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.（11）Coulmas, F. (ed.). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.（12）Fauconnier, Gile & Mark Turner. 2002. The Way We Think --- Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities.New Y ork: Basic Books..（13）Fillmore, Charles. 1982. Frames Semantics. In Linguistic Society of Korea (ed.).Linguistics in the Morning Calm.Seoul: Hanshin. 111—138.（14）Garman, M. Psycholinguistics. Beijing University Press(4th.), 2002.（15）Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. Cohesion in English[M]. London: Longman, 1976.Reprinted by 外语教学与研究出版社（2001）.（16）Halliday, M. A. K. and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. Construing Experience ThroughMeaning: A Language-based Approach to Cognition. London/New Y ork: Continuum,1999.（17）Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: the Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978. Reprinted by 外语教学与研究出版社（2001）. （18）Herman，David (ed.), 2003. Narrative Theory and the Cognitive Sciences. Stanford University: Publications of the Center for the Study of Language and Information. （19）Jackendoff, R. S. 1983. Semantics and Cognition.Cambridge, MA.：MIT Press. （20）Jorgensen, M. & Philips, L. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method.Sage Publications.（21）Kennedy, G. 1998. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.（22）Langacker, R, W. 1987，1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar vol. I: Theoretical Prerequisites；vol. II: Descriptive Application.Stanford,California：Stanford University Press.（23）Larsen-Freeman, D & Long, M. 1991. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. (Chinese Edition) Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. （24）Leech, G. & Short, M., 1982. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. Longman Group.（25）Nunan, D. (1992/2002) Research Methods in Language Learning .CUP/外教社.（26）Ooi, Bincent B. Y. 1998. Computer Corpus Lexicography. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.（27）Ortony, Andrew(ed.). 1979. Metaphor and Thought, CPU.（28）Prince, Gerald, 1982. Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin• NewYork • Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers.（29）Radford A. 1997/2000. Syntax：A Minimalist Introduction. Foreign Language Teaching and Rimmon-Kenan, S., 1983, 2002. Narrative Fiction. Routledge.（30）Searle, J. 1969/2001. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 北京:外语教学与研究出版社（31）Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. 1986/2001. Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M].Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& Blackwell Publishers Ltd. （32）Stubbs, Michael. 2001. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.（33）Svensén, Bo. 1993. Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making.John Sykes and Kerstin Schofield. Oxford: Oxford Universitiy Press.（34）Sweetser, Eve E. 1990.From Etymology to Pragmatics --- Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. CUP.（35）Taylor, John. 2002. Cognitive Grammar.OUP.（36）Taylor，John. 1989. Linguistic Categorization --- Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. OUP.(1995年第二版，2003年第三版)（37）Traugott, E. C. & B. Heine. 1991. Approaches to Grammaticalization.Amsterdam：John Benjamins.（38）V erschueren. J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.（39）申丹，1998.《叙述学与小说文体学研究》.北京大学出版社.，￥20.00（40）严辰松. (2000) 定量型社会科学研究方法. 西安交大出版社.翻译理论与实践方向必读书目：1、Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefevere, ed. 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London:Cassell.上外，￥12.00（祝朝伟）/ 胶印本7.00 2、Gentzler, Edwin. 2001.Contemporary Translation Theories.Second Revised Edition.Multilingual Matters.上外，￥14.00（廖七一）/ 代订购3、Harish Trivedi, ed. 1996. Post-colonial Translation: Theory and Practice. London and NewYork: Routledge.（费小平）/ 胶印本￥10.00 4、Hermans, Theo. 1999.Translation in Systems: Descriptive and Systemic ApproachExplained. St. Jerome Publishing.，上外，￥12.00（廖七一）/ 胶印本，￥6.00 5、Hickey, Leo, ed. 1998. The Pragmatics of Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd.（侯国金）上外，￥14.50 / 胶印本，￥10.00 6、Jones, Roderick. 1998. Conference Interpreting Explained. Manchester: St. JeromePublishing.（李芳琴）/ 胶印本，￥10.00 7、Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.￥11.00（祝朝伟）/ 胶印本，￥8.00 8、Simon，Sherry.1996. Gender in Translation. London and New York: Routledge.（费小平）/复印本，￥6.009、陈福康，《中国译学理论史稿》，上海外语教育出版社，2002，￥23.00（杨全红）/代订购10、谢天振：《译介学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999年￥18.00（杨全红）/代订购推荐书目：Alvarez, Roman and M. Carmen-Africa Vidal, ed. 1996. Translation, Power, Subversion.Multilingual Matters Ltd.Baker, Mona, ed. 1998. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge.Bassnett-Mcguire Susan. 1980. Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefevere. 1998.Constructing Cultur e: Essays on Literary Translation. Multilingual Matters Ltd.Bassnett, Susan and Harish Trivedi, eds. 1999. Post-colonial Translation Theory and Practice.London and New York: Routledge.Bell, Roger. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Longman.Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation.London: Oxford University Press.胶印本，￥5.00Chesterman, Andrew. 1997. Memes of Translation: The Spr ead of Ideas in Translation Theory.Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Davis, Kathleen. 2001. Deconstruction and Translation. Manchester and Northampton: St.Jerome Publishing.Flotow, Luise von. 1997.Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism. St.Jerome Publishing.Gutt, Ernst-August. 1991. Translation and Relevance, Cognition and Context. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Pearson Education Limited. Hermans, Theo. 1985. The Manipulation of Literature. Croom Helm Ltd.Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications. London and New York: Routledge.Newmark, Peter. 1981. Appr oaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Nida, E.A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill.Nida, E.A. 2001. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translation.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Reiss, Katharina. 2000. Translation Criticism—the Potentials and Limitations: Catergories and Criteria for Translation Quality Assessment. Trans. Erroll F. Rhodes. St. Jerome Publishing.Robinson, Douglas. 1997/2002. Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche. St.Jerome.Savory, Theodore H. 1957. The Art of Translation. London: Cape.Schaffner, Christian and Helen Kell-Holmes. 1995. Cultural Functions of Translation.Multilingual Matters, Ltd.Shuttleworth, Mark and Moira Cowie. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies.St. Jerome PublishingSnell-Hornby, Mary et al. 1994. Translation Studies: An Inter discipline.Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Steiner, G. 1975. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation.London: Oxford University Press.Toury, Gideon. 1995.Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Tymoczko, Maria. 1999. Translation in a Postcolonial Context. St. Jerome Publishing.V enuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge.Williams, Jenny and Andrew Chesterman. 2002. The Map. St. Jerome Publishing.Ztaleva, Palma ed. 1993. Translation as Social Action. London: Routledge.郭延礼：《中国近代翻译文学概论》，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1998年。
爱知大学大学院中国研究科博士课程双重学位学习简介【模板】
爱知大学大学院中国研究科博士课程双重学位学习简介爱知大学大学院中国研究科I. 课程学习1．课程设置与要求攻读“双重学位课程”的学生必须修完爱知大学大学院中国研究科以及**大学研究生院规定的课程。
（1）爱知大学的课程设置与要求①课程设置爱知大学将按照以下的课程进行教学。
②有关进修的要求甲、必须接受指导教授对博士论文的研究指导。
乙、在攻读博士课程的一年中必须修满12学分。
丙、所修科目中必须包括必修科目2学分及研究讨论课2学分。
丁、除必修科目2学分和研究讨论课2学分以外，学生在指导教授的指导下需再从其他科目中选修8学分。
（2）**大学课程安排及修完课程的规定攻读双重学位的学生将根据所属学院的规定进行学习。
2. 课程进修方法①学生入学后，在**大学第1学期至第2学期进修**大学规定的课程（根据**大学《博士个人培养计划的规定》）。
②**大学第2学期，爱知大学入学后，学生将在中日双方指导教授的指导下，可使用RMCS系统进修爱知大学的课程。
③于**大学第3学期至第4学期（爱知大学第2学期至第3学期），赴爱知大学留学，继续进修爱知大学的课程。
在此期间可利用RMCS接受**大学指导教授的指导。
④ **大学第6学期（爱知大学第5学期）可申请**大学博士学位的论文答辩。
⑤爱知大学第6学期可申请办理爱知大学博士学位的有关手续。
3. 学分认定爱知大学与**大学将互相承认学分。
但学分的认定方法以及可给予认定的学分数将遵守所属大学的规定。
4. 博士学位（1）有关申请博士学位论文①申请爱知大学博士学位时，学生必须根据爱知大学的有关规定提交博士学位的论文。
②申请**大学博士学位时，学生必须根据**大学的有关规定提交博士学位的论文。
③提交爱知大学与**大学的博士学位论文不得为同一篇论文。
④申请爱知大学博士学位前，学生必须先取得**大学的博士学位。
（中国**大学博士论文合格后才能申请）（2）有关博士学位论文的评审①提交爱知大学的博士学位论文后，将根据爱知大学的相关审查基准进行预备审查。
克劳德·麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写
克劳德•麦凯《回到哈莱姆》中的跨国书写舒进艳内容摘要：克劳德•麦凯的《回到哈莱姆》描摹了20世纪早期的黑人跨国体验。
学界主要阐释了作者个人的跨国经历与黑人国际主义思想对小说塑造主要人物的影响，而忽视了小说中副线主人公雷的国籍及其旅居哈莱姆的意义。
雷的跨国移民经历既再现了麦凯的复杂跨国情感与认同经历，又观照了哈莱姆作为流散非裔移居的理想家园与城市黑人社区所承载的空间意涵。
论文提出哈莱姆具有三个维度，作为移民唤起历史记忆的地理空间、建构跨国身份的政治空间及容纳差异的多元文化空间，并考察移民在跨国流动中历经的现代性体验，以此揭示他们通过改变既定身份与重新定义自我而竭力摆脱传统的民族、种族和阶级观念的束缚与身份认同的困惑，从而参与到美国城市的种族空间生产中。
关键词：克劳德•麦凯；《回到哈莱姆》；跨国书写基金项目：本文系国家社会科学重大项目“美国文学地理的文史考证与学科建构”（项目编号：16ZDA197）；天津市研究生科研创新项目“美国新现实主义小说的跨国空间研究”（项目编号：19YJSB039）的阶段性研究成果。
作者简介：舒进艳，南开大学外国语学院博士研究生、喀什大学外国语学院副教授，主要从事美国文学研究。
Title: Claude Mckay’s Transnational Writing in Home to HarlemAbstract: Claude McKay’s Home to Harlem depicts the black transnational experience of the early 20th century. Academics mainly studied the influence of McKay’s personal transnational experience and black internationalist thinking on his main character, but neglected the minor plot’s protagonist Ray and his nationality, and the significance of his sojourn in Harlem. Ray’s transnational migration experience not only embodies McKay’s complex transnational feeling and identity experience, but also reflects Harlem’s spatial significance as an ideal home for African diaspora and urban black community. The paper aims to examine Caribbean immigrants’ experience of modernity in Harlem which is interpreted as the geographic space for immigrants to evoke historical memories, the political space for constructing transnational identities and the multicultural space for accommodating differences. It is to prove that they manage to extricate themselves from the shackles of traditional concepts of nation, race and class and their confusion of identity by changing their established identity and redefining themselves, and thus participate in the production of racial space in American cities.60Foreign Language and Literature Research 2 (2021)外国语文研究2021年第2期Key words: Claude Mckay; Home to Harlem; transnational writingAuthor: Shu Jinyan is Ph. D. candidate at College of Foreign Languages, Nankai University (Tianjin, 300071, China), associate professor at School of Foreign Studies, Kashi University (Kashi 844000, China). Her major academic research interest includes American literature. E-mail: ******************1925年，阿伦•洛克在《新黑人》选集中将哈莱姆描述为一个国际化的文化之都，视其重要性堪比欧洲新兴民族国家的首都。
初二英语阅读理解文学常识题单选题40题
初二英语阅读理解文学常识题单选题40题1. In "Oliver Twist", who is the main character?A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. Oliver TwistD. Robinson Crusoe答案：C。
Oliver Twist 是《雾都孤儿》的主人公，A 选项Tom Sawyer 是《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的人物，B 选项Huckleberry Finn 也是《《汤姆·索亚历险记》中的人物，D 选项Robinson Crusoe 是《《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的人物。
2. Who wrote "Pride and Prejudice"?A. Charles DickensB. Jane AustenC. Mark TwainD. Leo Tolstoy答案：B。
《傲慢与偏见》的作者是简·奥斯汀，A 选项查尔斯·狄更斯的作品有《《雾都孤儿》等，C 选项马克·吐温的作品有《《汤姆·索亚历险记》等，D 选项列夫·托尔斯泰的作品有《战争与和平》等。
3. In "Jane Eyre", what is the relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester?A. Teacher and studentB. Employer and employeeC. Brother and sisterD. Husband and wife答案：B。
在《《简·爱》中，简和罗切斯特先生是雇主和雇员的关系。
A 选项不是他们的关系，C 选项错误，D 选项是后来才成为夫妻关系。
4. Which novel features a young boy named Pip?A. "Great Expectations"B. "Wuthering Heights"C. "The Scarlet Letter"D. "Moby Dick"答案：A。
哈利波特书英文介绍课件
Ronald Billius Weasley
Hermione Jean Granger
help Harry to finish this justice and evil battle. At the same time they are also the best friend of Harry.
difficulity
【The other important roles】
Some famous sayings of 【Harry potter】 To show our real self, is our own choice, this is what we have ability is more important. - Dumbledore
guards of Azkaban have been called in to guard the school...
[Harry potter and the goblet of fire] :
Brief introduction
A seemingly ordinary a cup Deep and remote blue flame, Its mystery is self-evident. And all black and blue background Blue light may suggest that the us the beginning of the tragedy, Also be a dark is about to begin
[Harry potter and the order of the phoenix] :
Brief introduction
Harry Potter is due to start his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizadry.
SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague A
Landscape Ecology vol. 4 nos. 2/3 pp 83-97 (1990)SPB Academic Publishing bv, The Hague A polygon-based spatial (PBS) model for simulating landscape changeand Fred H.Laboratory, P.O. Box 1630, University of South Carolina, Georgetown,84Lake PontchartrainHectares of WetlandLoss Map of the LaBranche Wetland study area along the eastern coastline of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Wetland loss has been getting progressively worse in this area as subsidence produces increasing hectares of open water as illustrated in the small plot on theright from Pierce et al. (1985).cumulative impact of all these parameters have fo-cused on multivariate regression analyses (Scaife etal. 1983; Deegan et al. 1984) and process-basedsimulation models with fixed grid cells (Sklar et al.1985; Costanza et al. 1988). We continue this analy-sis by designing a spatial model of land loss whichuses irregularly shaped grid cells that conform to thenatural hydrological “mini-basins” in a landscape.The use of polygons in a spatial ecosystem modelis new. Previous models with spatial detail weremostly ofthe fixed grid type (Costanza and SklarStorm Water Management Model (1975). The poly-gon approach has the advantage of being less con-strained by artificial boundary conditions andhence the “more natural” way to subdivide a land-scape. The LaBranche wetland in Louisiana waschosen to test this approach because it had been dis-sected into five separate sub-basins by attempts atflood control and agriculture early this century.We approached simulation of habitat successionwithin a polygon-based model differently than ear-lier fixed grid models. In a fixed grid design thesimulation of habitat succession is a simple process85 Fig. 2. Internal polygons (1 to 5)and external drainage basins (6 to 11) were chosen to represent the different hydrological drainage units found in the study area. The arrows represent the direction of water flow between the polygons. The numbers in the boxes (1 to 12) represent the coding used to designate the proportional flow coefficients (Res,).because each cell is composed of only one habitat and the rules governing change are implemented on a cell basis (Sklar et al. 1985; Costanza et al. 1986; Sklaret(1972). These equations were used in the PBS model because the temporal interactions of the three major habitat types within a polygon (swamp, marsh, and open water) appear to mimic competitive exclusion processes; that is, open water habitats give way to marsh habitats and marsh habitats give way to swamp habitats as deltas and coastal marshes prograde, and vice versa as deltas and marshes degrade (Gagliano and van Beek 1970; Baumannetimpounded and drained) for an basins. Each polygon and each boundary condition was given a name and number to facilitate discus- sion and simulation. Borders along interconnected cells were registered in the model as numbers 1 -12 and for each border a flow parameter, indicative of the degree (0- 100%) of impoundment in each cell, was assigned. Polygons completely impounded, with no exchange with surrounding cells, were as- signed flow values, RES, (x = border number), ofzero for each border.86Table=0.10=0.40 =0.00=0.20year (Fig. 3). This bimodal distribution was de - scribed as:LAKE = 3.81+ where, LAKE equals the water levels (cm) in Lake Pontchartrain and Day equals the time of year. Water inside the polygons accumulates as a func - tion of lake water inputs, rainfall and each poly - gon's ability todrainClimate and incorporated into aThornthwaite and Mather (1 955) water budget pro - gram (Yoshioka 1971). The annual average distri - bution of this runoff (Fig. 3) was used by the PBS model as fresh water inputs according to the sinfunction:8feb m r t apr may jun jul augsept. where, WL(,) is the waterlevel in polygon (a) and i s the water level in polygon (b), RES, is a flow coefficient indicative of the degree of connec - tivity between polygons (a) and (b), and i s the area of polygon (a). Flows of sediment -poor water from urban runoff were simulated as inputs into the Trapagnier, LaBranche, Walker, and Piquant polygons through flood -control pumping stations(RES,,SIN(Day -0.0175)Flow,= RUNOFFRES, Area,where, RUNOFF equals the water level in the poly - gon due to surplus rain and Day equals the time ofHabitat succession in the LaBranche PBS model87 was simulated with a population sub-model suchthat each polygon “evolved” separately as a func-tion of elevation. We choose this approach becausepolygons were large and composed of multiple ha-bitats. The original May and McArthur (1972)equations described how the niches of species canoverlap in a fluctuating environment. We use thesame principle in the form oflandscape elementsa20Elevation stepsinmodified to simulate the distribution of swamp, marsh, andopen water habitats within a polygon, as a function of wetlandelevation. The equations for the three habitat curves are givenin the text. The “real” data points for swamp, marsh and waterpercentages are the values measured for each polygon in 1952,1956, 1965, 1972, and 1978 by Pierceetand5 respectively). Proportionswere converted to hectares in each cell based uponthe size of each cell.The maximum correspondence between the theo-retical and actual habitat distributions were foundby adjusting the coefficients of the May-MacAr-thur equations and by moving the actual habitatdata sets88subsidence, sedimentation, and biological produc - tion according to the following equation:~-- Subsidencedtwhere:= Contribution of organic matter to themaintenance of relative elevation (cm) in cell c.relative to average sea level due to: 1) Dewatering and compaction of deltaic sedi -ments (Berner 3) Eustatic sea level rise (Nummendal 1983). The elevation equation responds to community composition as a synergistic loop where primary production increases with elevation and elevation increases with organic deposition. If this were the only synergism however, it1988). Marshes and swamps mustcapture suspended sediments to enhance the fertili - ty of the sediments and adjust for erosion and sub - sidence (Baumannetof swamp,marsh, and water, respectively, in polygon c. = Coefficients for the accumula - tion of soil due to primaryproduction inswampsThe P values were based on the swamp productiondata of Conner and DayHatton (1984).Relatively little suspended sediments enter the marsh or swamps via runoff because the entire LaBranche study area is semi - impounded with a closed levee on the upland side. Although urban runoff can contain significant quantities of sus - pended sediments, we assume that most, if not all, of the inorganic sediments available for sedimenta - tion in the LaBranche Wetlands comes from Lake Pontchartrain and that the exchange of suspendedsediments asd(ss),-where:(ss), = Concentration of inorganic suspendedsediments= v, =ss,= The number of polygons that share an in - terface with polygon c.The input of water into polygonc asThe watervolumeof each polygon withflowof polygon c. Suspendedsediment concentration89ofpolygon c with flow,g ;0.001-andI-ResultsWaterThe hydrologic forcing functions RUNOFF andLAKE (Fig. 3) were repeated annually producing a steady state water level variation in each polygon. The impact of this hydrologic averaging on the water levels in each polygon are shown in Fig. 5. Seasonal water level variations were stable over the 28 years that the PBS model was run. However, differences between areas were significant. The Walker polygon had relatively large annual water - level variations(14.91.8 cm). TheTrapagnier,is a more moderated process) by thelack of suspended sediments during Summer andFall and high flow rates (resuspension and erosion) during Winter and Spring.We conducted a sensitivity analysis to see how the seasonal variation ofsuspended sedimentTrapagnier20c30SuspndedSedimentsled to high sus -pended sediment loads in all polygons, with the highest daily concentrations found in the Walker90F i g . 7.0 en 10 4864322 10 010 4864 120 03212243610 20 30AMonthsBMonthsSensitivity of the PBSmodel to changingluring 3-year runs of the PBS model. (B) Daily deposition of suspended sediments, as elevation measurements, during 3-year runs PBS model.polygonWith a Ksed value of0.1-gon to a minimum of0.0007accretion)was estimated by multiplying Ksed by the daily changes in suspended sediment concentrations (Fig. 7B). A comparison of the model’s response to different Ksed values indicated that the most accretion occurred in the Walker polygon when sedimentation Ksed was set at the maximum value911000 36 72 108144 288 324time in monthsFig. 8. Decrease in wetland elevations for each of the five poly-gons simulated by the PBS model from 1952 t o 1980 (daily timesteps over a 28-year period).of 1 cm/g/l. The accretion in the Walker polygonvaried seasonally, going from a high of 12.7xcm/d during summer. Interestingly, with a highKsed the least amount of accretion occurred inMarksville when in reality, we have observed highsedimentation potential in this area as evidenced bythe formation of several flood deltas. This differ-ence occurs because the PBS model is only simulat-ing the past net landloss trends while current trendsappear to be reversing due to increasing lake waterlevels and sediment inputs. When the Ksed valuewas set verylow the highervalues for deposition (0.8xOur selec-tion of afinal Ksed value of 0.1cm/d in the Walker, Piquant and Marksville poly-gons, and between 2.1xin the Trapagnier and LaBranchepolygons.The PBS model predicted a significant decline inelevations for each polygon after 28 years (Fig. 8).The rate of the decline in wetland elevations wasfound to be inversely related to the degree of waterlevel fluctuations. The Spearman Rank CorrelationCoefficient between water level fluctuations andelevations was - .90 with a significance level of .05(one-tailed test). The Walker polygon had thegreatest water level variations and the smallestdecrease in wetlandelevations (16.9-Branche and Piquant polygons had moderate de-creases in wetland elevations in comparison to theother two sites (27.0, 20.9,and 25.73.1x1985).These initial values for swamp, marsh, and watercan be seen at year one in Fig. 9. The predictedhabitat changes in each polygon indicate whichareas were most susceptible to decreasing wetlandelevations, suspended sediment supplies,andTable 2. Linear regressions of 3-year runs of the PBS model showing the change in wetland elevations and the buildup of wetland eleva - tions due to biomass accumulation in the sediments as a function of three sedimentation parameter values. PolygonKsedElevation(cm/d)(cm/d)Trapagnier.1 1LaBranche.1 1Walker.1 1Piquant-- -- ---3.7x3.7x3.9x0 0 0 3.0x5.5x-2.3x-2.2x- 3.6*E B M=Wetland elevation buildup (accretion) due to biomass production.ganic matter accumulations (Fig. 9). Trapagnier, the cell with the most swamp area, was stable for 25 years. After 25 years the wetland elevation of Trapagnier dropped rapidly and was affected by the water level fluctuations in Lake Pontchartrain. At this point in time swamps began to flood and were replaced by marsh. This replacement by marsh proceeded very rapidly. It took only three years for the simulated swamp area to decrease by 25 per - cent. Although this is probably an unrealistic rate of decline for any individual tree it was realistic at this landscape level model because we assumed that loss of viability was sufficient for reclassification (i. e., persistent flooding prevents cypress regenera - tion), that time -delay mortality wasunimportant93I1500 1000500150050013inin anindicated thatthe PBS model could account for-moment correlations, in terms of hectares, suggest that the PBS model captured the observed temporal habitat and landloss trends(Table 3). For each habitat type, large positive correlations were found between the number of hectares simulated and the number of hectares ob - served. There were significant negative correlations between swamp and water hectares indicating thatlandloss orelevation) de -termination for habitat succession. Thethesubsidence, accretion, wetland productivity, and habitat dynamics reasonably well. As a result, we can discuss the significant ecological p atterns which94(1985).PBS PBS PBS SwampMarshWaterSwamp Marsh WaterPBS Swamp 1PBS Marsh .054 1Swamp-.111-1Water -.691-1emerged. That is, accretion from suspended sedi - ment deposition is proportionally more important in those areas where biomass deposition is lowest (Table 2), suspended sediment deposition is non - linear (Fig. 6), and habitat change is a function of spatial differences in the apparent subsidence rates (Fig. 9). These simulated relations shed light on what we observe in nature. For years, local fisher - men and hunters have noticed that the marsh plants in the Marksville area died very early in the fall while other marshes stayed green through Decem - ber. According to The Soil ConservationServiceville polygon sedimentation rates are not keeping up with subsidence (increasing Ksed had little im - pact). This means that during the Fall dry period, when runoff is at a minimum (Fig. 3), the hydrolog -ic head on the marshs o that during highwinds and high tides the lake water has more of a chance to enter the area. Although the incorpora - tion of wind into our model would increase its real - ism and its validity, it was not included because the positive effects ofwindis to a degree balanced by thenegative effects ofwindspoillevees and railroads).The elevations decreased at different rates in the different polygons. The polygons with the most marsh area (LaBranche and Walker) decreased the least. The polygons with the most water area (Pi - quant and Marksville) decreased the most. The marsh dominated polygons were able to compen - sate for subsidence better than the other areas be - cause the higher productivities of marsh grasses95added to the elevation as organic deposition (EBM). For this marsh dominated landscape, the correla - tion between elevation change and biomass deposi - tion (EBM), in three year runs of the model, was found to be more significant (r = 0.825, p < 0.01) than the correlation between elevation change and elevation built by suspended sediments (ESS)(r =.03). It seems that as marshes disappearthe landscape’s ability to compensate for subsi - dence is significantly reduced.Elevation change was also related to water level fluctuations. The greater the annual water level v ari - ation the smaller the decline in the elevation curve (Fig. 8). This is consistent with the subsidy -stress hypothesis of Odumetet al. 1981) a nd animal density (Sklar 1983) in other Louisiana wetlands.The PBS model is a potential tool for the explora - tion of generalized wetlands processes at the land - scape level. Simulating long term trends using a polygon -based spatial model, has management and ecological utility because the model can address cumulative impacts (Gosselink andLee 1987;(1989) is a case inpoint. The CELSS model has over 2400 cells, 2000 lines of programming code, and over 100 parameters controlling only eight state variables. In general, an increase in the number of cells and parameters will increase the degree of uncertainty ifthe data requirements are not met. On the other hand, the PBS model has only 130 lines of code, five polygons and 20 parameters controllingfive state variablessupercom -puter. The difference was a better goodness -of -fit between the real and simulated data for the CELSSmodel (Costanza al. 1986) than for the PBS model (0.89 and 0.56, respectively). The trade -off appears to be more rapid simulation time at the ex - pense of model accuracy and realism. Although the correlation and regression results for the PBS model were not as high as those reported for the CELSS model they did however, indicate that the long term trends and spatial ecological processes in a wetland can be captured by a relatively simple program based on exchanges across polygons. This is a significant finding because it opens the door to the development of dynamic CIS (geographic infor - mationsystems).96Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research.ReferencesAdams, R.D., Barrett, B.B., Blackmon, B.W.andBaton Rouge. Baumann, R.H., Day, J.W. and Miller, C.A. 1984. Mississippi deltaic wetland survival: sedimentation versus coastal sub- mergence. Science 224: 1093-1095.Baumann, R.H. 1987. Physical variables. In The ecology of Barataria basin, Louisiana: an estuarine profile. Edited by W.H. Conner and J.W. Day. Fish and Wildlife Service.Report 85 (7.13).Berner, R.A. 1980. Early diagenesis, a theoretical approach. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Boesch, D.F. 1982. Proceedings of the conference on coastalerosion and wetland modification in Louisiana: Causes, con-sequences, and options.in coastal Louisiana (USA). Environmental Management 32: Cramer, G., Day, J.W. and Conner, W.H. 1978, Productivity of four marsh sites surrounding lake Pontchartrain. Loui- siana. American Midland Naturalist.Conner, W.H., Gosselink, J.G. and Parrondo, R.T. 1981. Comparison of the vegetation of three Louisiana swamp sites with different flooding regimes. American Journal for Bota- ny 68: 320-331.Conner, W.H. and Day, J.W. 1986. The impact of rising water levels on tree growth in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Inter- national Wetlands Conference, Charleston SC. Costanza, R. and Sklar, F.H. 1985. Articulation, accuracy, and effectiveness of mathematical models: a review of freshwater wetland applications. Ecological Modeling 27: 45-68. Costanza, R., Sklar, F.H. and Day, J.W. 1986. Modeling spa-tial and temporal succession inthe Atchafalaya/TerreboneDankers, N. and Wolff, W.J. 1985. Cumulatievan ecologischenatuurbeheer, Texel Rapport 85/13.Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. Storm Water Man-agement ModelUser’s Manual, VersionOhio.morphic aspects of deltaic processes, Mississippidelta system,Hydrologic and geologic studies of coastal Louisiana, reportLouisiana State University, BatonRouge.Gosselink,J.G. and177-180.Gosselink, J.G. and Lee, L.C. 1987. Cumulative impact assess-ment in Bottomland hardwood forests. Center for wetlandresources,Louisiana StateHopkinson, C.S. and Day, J.W.-324.Hopkinson, C.S. andDay, J.W.-335.Joenje, W. 1978. Plant colonization and succession on em-banked sandflats. Proefschrift Universiteit van Groningen.Kamps, L.F. 1962. Mud distribution and land reclamation in theeasternR.H. 1972. Niche Overlap as afunction of Environmental Variability. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Science US 69: 1109-1113.Maynard Smith, J. 1974. Models in ecology. University press,Cambridge.Mendelssohn, 1983. Loui-siana’s eroding coastal zone: Management alternatives. Jour-nal ofthe Limnological Society of South Africa97Mentha, A.J. 1984. Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Dynamics. Springer -Ver lag, Berlin.Nummendal, D. 1983. Barrier islands, In CRC Handbook of coastal processes and erosion. pp. 77-121. Edited by P.D. Komar.Odum, E.P., Finn, J.T. and Franz, E.H. 1979. Perturbation theory and the subsidy -stress gradient.wetland,R.T. 1984. LandscapeEcology: Directions and Approaches. Special Publication Number 2. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign. Scaife, W.W., Turner, R.E. and Costanza, R. 1983. Coastal Louisiana recent land loss and canal impacts. EnvironmentalManagementLouisiana State University,Baton Rouge.Sklar, F.H., Costanza, R. and Day, J.W. 1985. Dynamic spatial modeling of coastal wetland habitat succession. Ecological Modeling 29: 261-281.Sklar, F.H., White, M.L. and Costanza, R. 1989. The Coastal Ecological Landscape Spatial Simulation (CELSS) Model: Users Guide and Results for the Atchafalaya -Terrebonne Study Area. Report to US Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooper - ative Agreement No. 14-16-0009-84-921, (in press).Soil Conservation Service. 1987. Marsh management plan for-420.Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1960. Principles and Proceduresof Statistics.coastal marsh waterlevel. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf science Thornthwaite, C. andFinal report.Submitted to the Minerals Management Service, New Or - leans. Louisiana.OCSenough Community College, Tampa, FL.Weinstein, D.A. and Shugart, H.H. 1983. Ecological modeling of landscape dynamics. In Disturbance and ecosystems. pp. 29-45. Edited by H. Mooney and M. Godron.15-27.24 599-609.。
剑桥大学出版社学术期刊介绍
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In long term studies the following climatological characteristics were measured or calculated: air and soil temperature, sunshine, wind speed, vapor pressure, saturation deficit, precipitation, humidity, incoming and reflected solar energy, energy emitted by active surfaces and primary production. Taking into account the relationships between climatological characteristics, the growth stages of vegetation, and relations between heat balance components, the fluxes of energy used for evapotranspiration, air, and soil heating were estimated in various ecosystems composing the agricultural landscape. The energy contained in biomass production of various crops was estimated also. Aggregate estimates of energy flow connected with evapotranspiration, and soil and air heating were calculated for eight model landscapes which differed by the plant cover structure. A higher variability of energy fluxes was observed for individual ecosystems than for agricultural landscapes. It was shown that the structure of the plant cover has an important bearing on energy flow and water cycling both by direct and indirect influences. Shelterbelts are especially important in their influence on energy flow and water cycling.
86 8°C. The plant growth season, with an air temperature above 2.5"C, lasts 225 days. On the average, it begins on March 21 and ends on October 30. Average mean annual precipitation, for the years 18811985, is 527 mm (Madany et al. 1972). Although the amount of precipitation in the spring-summer period is more than twice that in winter, a shortage of water takes place during the growing season. The landscape is composed of 69% arable field ecosystems, 14% shelterbelts, and small forests, and 12% meadows, and pastures, with the remainder villages, roads, small lakes, channels, and water logged areas. Generally the crop structure of arable fields consists of 50% cereals (rye, wheat, barley, and oats), about 25% row crops (beet, potato, and rapeseed), 10% perennial foddercrops, and 15% others. This crop rotation is similar to the Norfolk rotation (Russell 1973) which assures maintenance of soil fertility. Shelterbelts are characteristic components of the Turew landscape. They were planted on the initiative of Dezydery Chlapowski, in the twenties of the previous century. Chlapowski understood the usefulness of shelterbelts as field enclosures, in changing the microclimate for cultivated plants, for wood production and for their esthetic and protective values. Shelterbelts consist of false acacia (Robinia pseudo-acacia), poplars (Populus spp.), oaks (Quercus spp.), pines (Pinus spp.), spruces (Picea spp.) and a small number of other tree species. ing calculated empirically in equation 1. The energy flux of ecosystems in the landscape was determined by the relationships between the climatological characteristics of the region, the growth stage of vegetation, and the heat balance components (LE - latent heat used for evaporation, A - sensible heat used for heating air and S - soil heat) (Kqdziora and Olejnik, in press, Kqdziora and Olejnik 1984, Tamulewicz and WoS, in press). The relationships used in the paper consist of the following site-specific, empirical equations (Kqdziora et al. 1987): R, = (1 - a) * R * (0.22+0.54.u) - 5.67.10-8-(t+273)4 (1) * (0.56-0.08*e0'5).(0.1 +0.9-u)
'Studies carried out within the project CPBP.04.10.03
rolling plain made up of a slightly undulating ground moraine, with many drainage valleys. The differences in elevation, between higher and lower parts of the area, do not exceed a few meters. Light soil, with favorable water infiltration conditions, is found on higher parts of the terrain. Peat soils, having a relatively high water retention value, occur in small depressions. The depth of the ground water table is related to elevation and ranges from 0.5 to 4.0 m below the soil surface. Its depth also fluctuates during the year depending on the annual water regime. The climate of the area is one of the warmest in Poland, with a mean annual air temperature of
Landscape Ecology vol. 1 no. 2 pp 85-94 (1987) SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague