语义学课件第六章
06Chapter 6_cognition 语言学概论 教学课件

Daddy run Daddy is running
Joe push
I (Joe) pushed (the cat)
Push cat
I pushed the car
Give candy Give me the candy
Purpose Refusal Refusal Question Informing Informing Informing Informe are acquired before the child turns four.
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Factors involved in word recognition:
Frequency effect: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L.
Chapter Six Language and
Cognition
2. Psycholinguistics
Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental activity with
the use of language. Language acquisition, language production
& comprehension.
4
Related fields
Structural linguistics Cognitive psychology Anthropology Neurosciences
5
Six subjects of research
Language acquisition (L1 / L2) Language comprehension Language production Language disorders Language and Thought Neurocognition
语言学6PPT课件

• Thus the plural morphophonemic rules apply to the plural morpheme specifically, not to all morphemes in English.
Chapter 6 The Sound Patterns of Language
Hale Waihona Puke honology vs. Phonetics
• The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology
• The study of speech sounds is called phonetics
Additional example
• The patterns of Plural morph II: house /haus/ thief / i:f/ belief/bili:f/ foot /fu:t/ passer-by/pas bai/
• Morpheme of past tense • The phonological presentation
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
• Plural form of English
how to pronounce the plural morpheme?
• Allomorphs of plural morpheme
• To define the distribution of allomorphs by minimal pair
• The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in all languages of the world.
语言学第六章PartOne

One-word utterances seem to convey a more complex message.
E.g When J.P. says “down” He may be making a request to be put down, or he
may be commenting on a toy that has fallen down from the shelf. When he says “cheerios” he may simple be naming the box of cereal in front of him or may be asking for it. This suggests that children have a more complex mental representation than their language at this point allows them to express.
Purpose
Request Request Informing Warning Warning Bragging Naming
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Age in months
25 [dan it tsi]
26 [mo b ∧s go] [dædi go]
27 [do baj mi]
[aj gat tu djus]
5
Psycholinguistics
Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental
activity with the use of language.
6
Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics
语义学(讲义)

第一章语义研究的开展与现状语义是语言的一个组成局部,一个层次,也是人类社会中一个极为重要而又影响到各个方面的现象,因此不只是语言学,哲学、心理学、逻辑学、人类学、社会学等,都与语义的关系密切。
由于计算机用于语言信息处理,计算机专家也很关心语义。
这样研究语义的学科——语义学〔semantics〕,从研究角度和研究范畴来看可以分为三种:语言学的语义学〔linguistic semantics〕,逻辑学的语义学〔logical semantics〕,哲学的语义学〔philosophical semantics,即语义哲学,它是一些哲学流派,这些流派认为语言、语义是哲学分析的唯一的或主要的对象〕。
我们所说的语义学属于语言语义学。
一、语文学时期及我国的训诂学我国语文学时期的语义研究叫做训诂学。
春秋战国时期从义理辞章方面注释?春秋?的?公羊传?和?谷梁传?,是我国处于萌芽状态的训诂工作的成果。
汉朝提倡读经,为了便于人们读懂古代典籍,注释古书之风很盛,训诂学由此兴起。
到了清朝,我国语文学进入全面开展的时期,训诂学再度兴盛起来,取得了很大的成绩。
从两汉到清明延续两千年的训诂学,积累、整理了丰富的材料,也有许多很好的见解,它不但对研究古代汉语的语义和汉语语义的演变极为重要,而且能帮助我们认识汉语〔包括方言〕的语义,另外它对我们研究语义学的理论和方法也是很有帮助的。
但是训诂学只是着眼于古代的书面语,目的也只限于注释古书,还不是关于语义的独立、全面、系统的研究,还没有提出什么语义方面的理论。
二、传统语义学就世界范围来看,从语文学进入语义学〔linguistics〕是19世纪初的事。
早在1838年,德国学者莱西希〔K﹒Reisig〕就主张把词义研究建成一门独立的学科,但他的主张没有引起人们的重视。
到了1893年,法国语言学家布雷阿尔〔Michel Bréal〕首先使用了语义学这个术语,并于1897年出版了他的著作?语义学探索?。
胡壮麟语言学课件Chapter 6_cognition

2.3 Language production
A: Would you like a coffee?
B: Yes, please.
… B: No and no. A: Right.
Ambiguity
More than one interpretation.
1. 2. 3.
Lexical / semantic ambiguity Grammatical / syntactic ambiguity Pragmatic ambiguity
Three-word-utterance stage
Give doggie paper.
Put truck window. Tractor go floor.
Fluent grammatical conversation stage
Embed one constituent inside another
John painted the car in the garage.
Reasons for ambiguity
expected patterns of things.
[RESTAURANT] Schema:
Entering, ordering, eating and exiting.
Entering Scene:
The customer enters a restaurant,
looks for a table, decides where to sit, walks to the table…
Chapter Six Language and Cognition
1. What is Cognition?
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition课件

语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
(1) Access to words
• Steps involved in the planning of words: • 1. processing step, called conceptualization,…… • 2.to select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept. • 3.morpho-phonological encoding • Generally, morphemes are accessed in sequence, according to
• 1). Serial models…… • 2). Parallel models…… • Structural factors in comprehension of sentences • 1). minimal attachment which defines “structural simpler” • 2).“Garden path” • Lexical factors in comprehension • Information about specific words is stored in the lexicon.
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
6.2.3 language production
• Language production involves…… • 1. generation of single words • 2. generation of simple utterances • Different mappings in language comprehension and in language production • Discussions: • A. production of words orally, • B. production of longer utterances, • C. the different representations and processes involved in spoken production
对外汉语词汇教学 第六章 偏误产生的根源及教学对策 PPT课件

他没有带我们去那家餐厅吃饭,因为___________________。
二、偏误教学对策 (三)偏误的讲解
大多数学习者都不能补充完整。 教师给出正确的形式:“他没有带我们去那家吃饭,因为他嫌那 家的味道不怎么样(服务不太好/价格太高)。” “嫌”的使用格式是:嫌(+名词性成分)+谓词性成分。 教师介绍一句俗语,写在黑板上,但删掉其中的目标词,让学习 者填写出来:儿不____母丑,狗不____家贫。 教师再进一步问:“这句话是什么意思呢?”接着把对这句俗语 的解释写在下面,同样删除目标词,让学习者填写: 无论母亲有多丑,孩子都不会______他的母亲,无论家里有多穷, 狗都不会______它的主人。 这样学习者便会很好地体会到“嫌”和“嫌弃”的用法之别。
谢谢!
嫌+谓词性成分√
跟……见面√
嫌+名词性成分×
见面+宾语×
“见面” 是不及物动词
本章小结
词汇偏误在第二语言习得的偏误中占有相当大的比重,在很大 程度上反映了中介语的状态。汉语的词汇偏误类型表现在各个方面, 从中也可以看出词汇教学的核心地位。偏误的产生有内因也有外因。 内因包括母语或目的语的负迁移,学习者的学习策略因素;外因是 指由教师、教材、词典等导致偏误的外部园素。纠正偏误或对偏误 进行预警是减少偏误率、提高正确率的两条必由之路。
一、偏误产生的根源 (二)目的语的负迁移
第二语言学习者受母语干扰的程度随着目的语水平的逐渐提高而 减弱,相应地,受目的语影响的程度却随着语言水平的提高而增强。 学习者把有限的目的语知识不适当地进行类推而造成偏误的现象,称 为目的语的负迁移,也叫过度泛化(over generalization)。
语义学 语言学课件(共45张PPT)

• 义素分析法的缺乏(quēfá): • 第一,主观色彩较浓。例如:
第二十六页,共45页。
• 第二,义素数量较多。 • 第三,缺乏周遍性。只适合于局部(júbù)实
词,很难对全部实词做义素分析。比方, 打、搞、为、爱、恨等等。
第二十七页,共45页。
三 语义的聚合(jùhé)
第二十二页,共45页。
动词(dòngcí)模式〔例3〕
• 炒:把食物放在锅里加热并反复翻动使熟或使干。 • 熘:烹调方法,把菜肴油炸、水煮或清蒸后,参加用作料、淀粉等调好的卤汁,
使卤汁均匀(jūnyún)地裹在菜肴上并加热。 • 炸:把食物放在沸油里使熟。 • 煎:烹调方法,把食物放在少量的油里炸到外表变黄。 • {炒}=[-用水、-油量大、+不断翻动、-加淀粉汁] • {熘}=[-用水、-油量大、+不断翻动、+加淀粉汁] • {炸}=[-用水、+油量大、-不断翻动] • {煎}=[-用水、-u)及其分析
• 1、定义:述谓结构,是指由一个谓词和假设干 谓项组成。谓词是句义的核心成分,一般(yībān) 就是句子的谓语动词〔或形容词〕。
• 2、谓词类型:根据谓词需带谓项〔一般(yībān) 只包括施事、受事、结果、与事,不包括时间、 处所、工具等〕的数目,谓词可以分为
第三页,共45页。
• 2. 事物的非重要属性及对它的理性评价。比 方:
• ①木头 • 无灵性 • ②石头 • 不通人情 • ③家 • 温馨 • ④妇女(fùnǚ) • 柔弱
第四页,共45页。
• 3. 理据义。比方汉语的“青蛙〞又叫“田 鸡、水鸡(shuǐ jī)、长股〞等。再来看向日 葵:
• 汉语的“向日葵〞:是“朝向+太阳+葵花 〞
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Instrument
They signed the treaty with the same pen.
(p.140)
location
Goal Source
Percept Recipient
……
The monster was hiding under the bed. Pat told the joke to his friends. We got the idea from a French magazine. The general inspected the troops. He sold me this wreck.
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while actor doesn’t.
• E.g. John took the book from Bill in order to read it. • *John received the book from Bill in order to read it.
• Foley & Van Valin (1984) • Agent < Actor • E.g. The car ran over the hedgehog (刺猬).
We have seen that there is a tendency for subjects to be agents, direct objects to be patients and themes, and instruments to occur as prepositional phrases, this need not always be the case: ➢ the first is where roles are simply omitted, and the grammatical relations shift to react to this. ➢ the second is where the speaker chooses to alter the usual matching between roles and grammatical relations, a choice often marked by an accompanying change of verbal voice.
Such roles have some labels in semantics: participant roles, deep semantic cases, semantic roles and thematic roles.
➢题元角色主要是动词所表示的活动或事件中的相对恒 定的参与者角色。角色由谓项指派,谓项与题元角色之 间的关系是谓项与谓项所表达的活动或事件的参与者之 间的关系。
➢我们可以这样理解,所谓的题元角色,就相当于某一 个句法成分(主要是名词或者名词词组)在一个句子中 担当的语义角色。
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2. Classificaton
常见的和公认的题元角色介绍:
Agent Patient Theme Experiencer Beneficiary
David cooked the rashers. The sun melted the ice. Roberto passed the ball wide. Kevin heard the door shut. They baked me a cake.
Jackendoff (1990)
One nominal might fulfill more than one role is ela•bAocrtaiotendtiienrtoroaletsh:eAocrytoor,fAtigeersnto, fEthxpeemraietniccreor,les: a tPheamtieantitc, Btieerneafnicdiaarny,aIcntsiotrnumtieern. t.
Sentence Semantics 2: Participants
Framework
Thematic roles
❖Basic knowledge
definition classification tests
❖Further discussion
•one NP fulfil one thematic role?
What happened to the golf club was that Robert snapped
it in half.
What Robert did to the golf club was to snap it in half.
1. One NP fulfil only one thematic role?
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omission
•grammatical relations & thematic roles
•verbs & thematica rolesvoicepassive voice
•problems/challenges
middle voice
•motivations/significance
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• Jackendoff (1972)
• A test for Agent: whether the phrases like deliberately,
on purpose, in order to can be added to the sentence. • Agent displays animacy (生命度) and volition(意志力),
E.g. Sue
hit
Fred.
•ThTehmemateic tier roles: TGhoealme,(tGheomaal,tiSc otieurr)ce,
LocAactioor n.
Patient (ac(ptio. n1t4ie4r)
2. Grammatical relations and Thematic roles
Agent > Recipient/Benefactive > Theme/Patient > Instrument > Location (P.146)
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E.g.
➢Sylvie bought him a sports car. beneficiary
➢Mr Wheeler jumped off the cliff. Agent ? theme? or both?
Chomsky’s Theta-Criterion (1988) One-to-one correspondence between noun phrases and thematic roles. (Theta-theory)
1. Definition
E.g. Gina raised the car with a jack.
Gina carries out the action. Car has its position changed by the action. Jack is the means by which Gina is able to cause the action.
Actor (X) vs. Patient (Y) (p. 142)
Jackendoff (1990)
What did X do? a.What happened to Y was… b.What X did to Y was…
Actor vs. Patient
E.g. Robert snapped the golf club in half.
(1) Thematic role omission
•Ursula broke the ice with a pickaxe. •The pickaxe broke the ice. •The ice broke.