制药工程专业英语课文翻译
制药工程专业英语--1单元
Unit 11.Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be splitinto three groups: Totally synthetic material (synthetics) Naturalproducts ,and Product from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products)依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料〔人工合成材料〕，II.天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品〔半合成产品〕。
2.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds ofgroups I and III-thus Drug synthesis.翻译：所以本书的重点是I和III部分的药物合成。
本书的重点是在于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类中最重要的化合物——药物合成。
3.This does not mean, however , that natural products or other agents are lessimportant.然而这并不意味着，天然产物和其他试剂不重要。
4.they can serve as valuable lead structures,and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。
5：Table1gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Production of Drugs
Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:
I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，
不顾来自某些微生物，大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides，2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。葡聚糖本身5万〜10万分子量，是用作血浆代用品。其中主要来自谷氨酸棒杆菌代谢产物和黄色短杆菌突变体的L -氨基酸特别有趣。从这些味精约35万吨L -谷氨酸（食品添加剂）生物体和L -赖氨酸（用于植物蛋白补充）约70,000吨的生产。此外重要的初级代谢产物的普瑞纳核苷酸，有机酸，乳酸，柠檬酸和维生素，例如维生素B，从丙酸shermanii 2。
vitamins A, E，and K)
2.2 Animal organs一enzymes;peptide hormones;cholic acid from gall; insulin) from the
pancreas;sera and vaccines
1. cell material (single cell protein)，
2. enzymes，
3. primary degradation products (primary metabolites)，
4. secondary degradation products (secondary metabolites).
其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天，我。大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。这样的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。
制药专业英语原文翻译
1、Digitalis is one of the most frequently used medications in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmia. It increases the contractility of the heart muscle and modifies vascular resistance. It also slows conduction through the atrioventricular node in the heart, making it useful in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and other rapid heart rhythms洋地黄是其中一个最常用的药物治疗心力衰竭和心律失常。
它增加了的心肌收缩血管阻力和修改。
它也减慢传导通过传导节点的心使它有用的治疗房颤和其他快速心律2、The formulation of a parenteral product involves the combination of one or more ingredientswith a medicinal agent to enhance the convenience，acceptability，or effectiveness of the product. Rarely is it preferable to dispense a drug singly as a sterile dry powder unless the formulation of a stable liquid preparation is not possible非肠道用产品的配方涉及一个或者更多组成部分间的结合，这些组成部分（各自）都含有一种用以提高产品方便性、可接受性或者疗效的有效成分。
制药工程专业英语 Unit 13 课文翻译
Unit 13 Sterile ProductsSterile ProductsSterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms. Principally，these include parenteral，ophthalmic，irrigating preparations. Of these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment. Thus，because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense，the skin and mucous membranes，they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally high level of purity. All components and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate，as much as possible，contamination of all types，whether of physical，chemical，or microbiologic origin.Preparations for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities，are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to contamination. Therefore，similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure，substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous membranes. Therefore，the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of large-volume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating solutions. Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，but may even be solid pellets for tissue implantation. The control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative ease. As the quantity of product increases，the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination multiply. Therefore，the preparation of sterile products has become a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical processing. The standards established，the attitude of personnel，and the process control must be of a第13 单元无菌产品无菌产品无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂剂型，其主要包括非肠道用的、眼用的和冲洗用的制剂。
《制药工程专业英语》Unit9,P96-98
所选译文位置：《制药工程专业英语》Unit9，P96-98外文文献原稿和译文原稿Throughout recorded history ，bacterial infections have periodically exacted heavy tolls on the human population .During “Black Death”bubonic plague episode of 1347-1351.Yersinia pestis killed an estimated 25 million in Asia and Europe .US PublicHeath Service statistics for 1910 and 1920 show that early in this century tuberculosis killed one in every 1000 US residents . Even today ,mainly in developing countries ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death attributable to a single infectious agent, killing over three million people worldwide every year.Within just a few decades, the availability of an anti-infective pharmacopoeia suddenly provided humans with the potential to circumvent Nature's time-tested, live-or-die evolutionary paradigm for enhancing their survival prospects under constant microbial barrage. Those members that previously would have succumbed could now survive longer with the help of vaccines and antibiotics - auxiliary agents which work alongside the immune system to fight infection. In effect, humans' employment of these auxiliaries can be looked upon as exemplifying a self-contrived evolution in their immunological defense system.Once the usefulness of Sir Alexander Fleming's penicillin discovery had been demonstrated, a flurry of other antibiotics unearthed from natural sources followed. Some of these proved suitable for treating disease, usually after chemical modification to improve the natural compound's potency, safety or pharmacokinetic profiles.For most of the past 50 years, it seemed that medical science had gained a strong upper hand over bacterial disease. Some pharmaceutical houses and funding agencies decided to cut back on antibiotic discovery efforts, as it appeared that the physician's antibacterial arsenal was well stocked. But the nature of the diseases has proved otherwise.The rapid escalation in the incidence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant pathogens is now raising very serious concerns worldwide.This development underscores thepowerful evolutionary capabilities of bacterial populations under the selective pressure imposed by antibiotic therapy .Antibiotic resistance Resistance problems are seen with both Gram-negative(for example Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus), but most of the concerns are with the latter group of pathogens.Streptococcus is a respiratory Gram-positive pathogen responsible for 40,000 deaths a year in the US alone. A rapidly rising prevalence of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae infections is now problematic in many countries. One of the worst situations is in Hungary, where 70%of the S. from children tested in 1988-1989 were resistant to penicillin.Bacteria have evolved numerous ploys for defeatng antibiotic action——they inactivate the antibiotic by hydrolysis, acylation , phosphorylation or nucleotidylation reactions; aitre the antibiotic’s target site; or reduce the intracellular drug concentration by decreasing membrane permeability and/or actively pumping the drug out of the cell . With improved understanding of these mechanisms of resistance through molecular biology and biochemical techniques, medicinal chenmists have been provided with the targets for attempting to circumvent some of the resistance problems.A predominant resistance mechanism against the B-lactam drugs (such as Penicillin) involves enzymatic cleavage of the B-lactam ring. While the drug Methicillin was developed because it could withstand such action, strains of Methicillin-resistance S.ayreus (MRSA) emerged in 1961 , jusr two years after the drug first went into wide use . MRSA strains evolved so that they had an additional drug-target protein involved with cell wall biosynthesis, and this altered protein has a very low affinity for virtually all B-lactams. To make matters worse, mose MRSA strains are also resistant to many other classes of antibiotics,with the exception of the glycopeptide Vancomycin. Now seen around the globe, MRSA strains are very problematic in Japan ( where in some hospitials 60% of S. Aureus isolates are MRSA ), as well as in Spain , France , Italy and the US , each with a greater than 30% incidence.A particularly disturbing milestone was the 1988 emergence of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Some VRE now don’t respond to any available antibiotics. The enterococci have become the second mose frequently encountered hospital acquired pathogne in the US, where the incidence of VRE strains is now about15% of all clinical enterococcal isolates . Resistance to Vancomycin arises because a D-alanine-D-lactate residue ( which vancomycin binds to only poorly) has been substituted for the D-alanine-D-alanine residue normally found at the rerminus of a pentapeptide precursor involved in the bacteria’s cell wall biosynthesis.There is now a great concern that the genes conferring resistance in VRE to glycopeptides like Vancomycin will be naturally transferred to S.aureus, has been experimentally demonstrated feasible by William Noble at St Thomas' Hospital, London. As Vancomycin is the drug of last resort for treating MRSA infections, the anticipated natural acquisition of Vancomycin resistance in this virulent pathogen would result in the sobering return to pre-antibiotic era therapeutic failures, should no alternate effective therapy become available.ConclusionsMan's use of antibiotics has rapidly accelerated the dynamic evolutionary interplay between humans and bacteria. The recent rapid rise in multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections worldwide has sounded a loud claxon for the need of new, effective therapies. The newer agents described here may provide physicians with a refurbished arsenal.The discovery of new bacterial drug targets through genomic research, as well as improvements in our understanding of bacterial resistant mechanisms, hold promise for the discovery of new means of treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Given enough time, bacteria will eventually be able to develop resistance to any new antibacterial agent. Those drugs that can attack the pathogen through a novel mechanism may have reduced propensities to rapid resistance development.译文纵观历史记载，细菌感染的人口定期付出沉重的收费。
制药工程专业英语翻译
Distillation columns are vertical, cylindrical vessels containing devices that provide intimate contacting of the rising vapor with the descending liquid.蒸馏塔是垂直的，可以提供给上升的蒸汽与下降的液体直接接触的圆柱形容器控制设备。
This contacting provides the opportunity for the two streams to achieve some approach to thermodynamic equilibrium.这种接触为两个流体实现热力学平衡提供了机会。
Depending on the type of internal devices used, the contacting may occur in discrete steps, called plates or trays, or in a continuous differential manner on the surface of a packing material.取决于使用的内部设备的类型，能使接触出现分离的叫塔板或者分流塔盘，或者是在一个能连续差分方式的包装材料的表面上。
The fundamental requirement of the column is to provide efficient and economic contacting at a required mass-transfer rate.蒸馏塔的根本要求，是为客户提供高效和经济的同时要与必要的质量传输速率相联系。
Individual column requirements vary from high vacuum to high pressure, from low to high liquid rates, from clean to dirty systems, and so on.个人塔的要求各不相同从高真空至高压力，从低到高的液率，从清洁到不清洁的系统，等等。
制药工程专业英语翻译吴达俊
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
制药工程专业英语详细Unit1.3.6详细翻译
Unit 1 Production of Drugs根据其生产或来源不同药物制剂可以分为三类:Ⅰ。
人工合成材料（全合成材料）Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ.半合成天然产物（半合成药物）.本书的重点是这些第一组和第三组化合物都是合成药物。
然而这并不意味着那些天然药物和其他药物就不重要.他们可以作为很有价值的先导结构，并经常被用为重要合成药物的原料或中间体。
表1概述了获取药物制剂的不同方法。
Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugs表1药物制备的可能性几种最初来自于天然原料有治疗意义天然产物如今用更有效也就是经济的全合成法制备。
这样的例子包括L—氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因,多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素,前列腺素,D —青霉胺，长春蔓胺，以及几乎所有的维生素.在过去的几年里发酵（即微生物处理)变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和遗传选择的结果产生了高效能微生物突变株,发酵已成为广泛的底物（物质)都可以选择的一种方法.真核微生物（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核微生物(单细胞细菌和放线菌)用于微生物。
可以得到以下产品类型：1.细胞原料(单细胞蛋白）2.酶3.主要降解产物（初级代谢物)4.次要降解产物(次级代谢物）.除了某些微生物（如肠膜明串珠菌）的黏膜所合成葡萄糖以外第2类和第3类都是与药物的制备相关的物质。
分子量为5万到10万的葡萄糖可以作为血浆替代品。
在这些初级代谢物中谷氨酸棒状杆菌和黄色短杆菌的突变体产生的L —氨基酸是特别有意义的。
利用这些生物体大约可以生产35万吨味精（食物添加剂)和7万吨L —赖氨酸（用于植物蛋白补充）。
更重要的初级代谢产物有嘌。
呤核苷酸，有机酸,乳酸，柠檬酸和维生素，例如谢曼丙酸杆菌产生的维生素12其中首先要提到的次级代谢物是抗生素.以下五类抗生素每年全球销售额170亿美元：青霉素（黄青霉）头孢菌素（假头状孢子头枝顶孢属)四环素(金色链霉菌)红霉素（红霉素链霉菌)氨基糖苷类抗生素(灰色链霉菌）微生物已经分离出大约5000种抗生素的，但其中只有不到100种应用于临床治疗。
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Unit 1 Production of DrugsAbout 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。
必须记住，但是，许多衍生工具已被用于治疗使用部分合成修改;约50,000剂已被semisynthetically取得户内酰胺在过去十年孤独。
发酵都是在不锈钢发酵罐出来的量高达400立方米。
为了避免与噬菌体等微生物污染的全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。
由于更重要的发酵只发生在有氧条件下的氧气或空气好电源（无菌）是必要的。
二氧化碳的来源包括碳水化合物，大肠杆菌克糖蜜，糖和葡萄糖。
另外必须提供的微生物在与含氮如硫酸铵，氨水或尿素化合物生长介质，以及与无机磷酸盐。
此外，不断最适pH和温度是必需的。
在青霉素G的情况下，发酵完成200小时后，细胞的质量是由过滤分离。
所需的活性剂是隔离的滤液吸收或提取工艺。
大规模的细胞，如果不理想的产品，可进一步用作动物，由于其蛋白质含量高的饲料。
By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation，and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals.Other important peptides，hormones，and enzymes，such as human growth hormone (HGH)，neuroactive peptides，somatostatin，interferons，tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)，lymphokines，calcium regulators like calmodulin，protein vaccines，as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics，are synthesized in this way.利用现代微生物重组技术已获得这也让其中不是在原来的基因编码多肽的生产。
改性大肠杆菌从而使可能产生A型和B -人胰岛素或胰岛素原类似物链。
二硫键形成的选择性分离后，最终由色谱净化工序的影响。
通过这种方式获得的人类胰岛素完全独立采取任何从动物胰腺材料。
其他重要肽，激素和酶，如人类生长激素（hGH），神经活性肽，生长抑素，干扰素，组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA），淋巴因子，如钙调节钙调蛋白，蛋白疫苗，以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体是合成了这种方式。
The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone，a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch，and the isomerization of glucose to fructose，They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness，and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy.A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin，pepsin，and trypsin)，amylases and lipases，mostly in combination with synthetic antacids，promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics，and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia.这些酶或微生物在一个单一的酶系统，目前可用于立体定向和regiospecific化学反应。
这个原则是有用的，尤其是在化学类固醇。
在这里，我们只能引用的微生物十一水电黄体酮xylation至11人羟，一个关键的产品在可的松合成。
隔离酶是重要的，不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术重要性的今天，和葡萄糖异构果糖，他们也都在无数次试验在诊断疾病所用的程序显着，在酶的分析，在使用监测治疗。
数量的酶本身作为活性成分。
因此，含有蛋白酶制剂（如糜蛋白酶，胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶），淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在与抗酸药相结合，促进消化。
链激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的，是天冬酰胺酶在治疗白血病细胞生长剂。
Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where theirL-amino acids to give L-amino acids，the production of 8-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic acid.最后必须提到的，作为他们在那里`biocatalysts'in化学stereospecificity和选择性反应的酶可用于制造重要的用途。