专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷19(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷19 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this

section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice

questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should

decide on the best choice.

The problem with the nature-nurture debate is that this is an inadequate way

of understanding human freedom. Like every other organism, humans are shaped by

both nature and nurture. But unlike any other organism, we are also defined by our

ability to transcend both, by our capacity to overcome the constraints imposed both by

our genetic and our cultural heritage. It is not that human beings have floated

free of the laws of causation. It is rather that humans are not simply the passive end

result of a chain of causes, whether natural or environmental. We have developed the

capacity to intervene actively in both nature and culture, to shape both to our will.

To put this another way, humans, uniquely, are subjects as well as objects. We are

biological beings, and under the purview of biological and physical laws. But we are

also conscious beings with purpose and agency, traits the possession of which allow

us to design ways of breaking the constraints of biological and physical laws.

All non-human animals are constrained by the tools that nature has bequeathed them

through natural selection, and by the environmental conditions in which they find

themselves. No animal is capable of asking questions or generating problems that are

irrelevant to its immediate circumstances or its evolutionarily designed needs.

When a beaver builds a dam, it doesn’t ask itself why it does so, or whether there is a

better way of doing it. When a swallow flies south, it doesn’t wonder why it is hotter

in Africa or what would happen if it flew still further south. Humans do ask

themselves these and many other kinds of questions questions that have no relevance,

indeed make little sense, in the context of evolved needs and goals. What marks

out humans is our capacity to go beyond our naturally defined goals such as the need

to find food, shelter or a mate and to establish human-created goals. Our evolutionary

heritage certainly shapes the way that humans approach the world. But it does not

limit it. Similarly, our cultural heritage influences the ways in which we think

about the world and the kinds of questions we ask of it, but it does not imprison them.

If membership of a particular culture absolutely shaped our worldview, then historical

change would never be possible: If the people of medieval Europe had been

totally determined by the worldview sustained by medieval European culture, it would

not have been possible for that society to have become anything different. It would

not have been possible, for instance, to have developed new ideas about individualism

and materialism, or to have created new totals of technology and new political

institutions. Human beings are not automata who simply respond blindly to

whatever culture in which they find themselves, any more than they are automata that

blindly respond to their evolutionary heritage. There is a tension between the way a

culture shapes individuals within its purview and the way that those individuals

respond to that culture, just as there is a tension between the way natural selection

shapes the way that humans think about the world and the way that humans respond

to our natural heritage. This tension allows people to think critically and imaginatively,

and to look beyond a particular culture’s horizons. In the six million years since

the human and chimpanzee lines first diverged on either side of Africa’s Great Rift

Valley, the behaviour and lifestyles of chimpanzees have barely changed. Human

behaviour and lifestyles clearly have. Humans have learned to learn from previous

generations, to improve upon their work, and to establish a momentum to human life

and culture that has taken us from cave art to quantum physics and to the unraveling

of the genome. It is this capacity for constant innovation that distinguishes humans

from all other animals. All animals have an evolutionary past. Only humans

make history. The historical, transformative quality of being human is why the

so-called nature-nurture debate, while creating considerable friction, has thrown little

light on what it means to be human. To understand human freedom we need to

understand not so much whether we are creatures of nature or nurture, but how,

despite being shaped by’ both nature and nurture, we are also able to transcend both.

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专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷13(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷13 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this

section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice

questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should

decide on the best choice.

People are moving to cities in droves. In 1950, two-thirds of the worlds’

population lived in the countryside. New York was then the only settlement with more

than 10 million people. Today there are 20 such megacities, and more are on the way.

Most of these megacities are in developing countries that are struggling to cope with

both the speed and the scale of human migration. Estimates of the future spread of

urbanization are based on the observation that in Europe, and in North and South

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷19(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷19 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this

section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice

questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should

decide on the best choice.

The problem with the nature-nurture debate is that this is an inadequate way

of understanding human freedom. Like every other organism, humans are shaped by

both nature and nurture. But unlike any other organism, we are also defined by our

ability to transcend both, by our capacity to overcome the constraints imposed both by

our genetic and our cultural heritage. It is not that human beings have floated

free of the laws of causation. It is rather that humans are not simply the passive end

专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷150(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷150 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION

SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several

passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice

question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the

one that you think is the best answer.

(1)So Roger Chillingworth—a deformed old figure, with a face that haunted

men’s memories longer than they liked—took leave of Hester Prynne, and went

stooping away along the earth. He gathered here and there an herb, or grubbed up a

root, and put it into the basket on his arm. His grey beard almost touched the ground,

as he crept onward. Hester gazed after him a little while, looking with a half fantastic

curiosity to see whether the tender grass of early spring would not be blighted beneath

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷4 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.jpg />d’Orsay, a former railroad station with crystal palace

stylishness. Now it is again a pleasure to walk in its airy hails, admiring the great

works of art that are the heritage of the French nation. Another nice touch was added

to the collection, but don’t look for it inside the museum; you have to visit the places

where the artists lived and worked. Along the course of the Seine, poster-size

reproductions of works by the Impressionists have been set up at the spots the artists

had chosen as their vantage points for painting the view and contemporary life. In the

past, an art book in hand, you had to search with patience for these locales where

Monet, Renoir and Sisley created many of their masterworks. Now, to experience

where this open-air painting took place, you need only travel to the outskirts of Paris,

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷10(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷10 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this

section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice

questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should

decide on the best choice.

What impact can mobile phones have on their users’ health? Many people

worry about the supposed ill effects caused by radiation from handsets and base

stations, despite the lack of credible evidence of any harm. But evidence for the

beneficial effects of mobile phones on health is rather more abundant. Indeed, a

systematic review carried out by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College,

London, rounds up 150 examples of the use of text-messaging in the delivery of

health care. These uses fall into three categories : efficiency gains, public-health gains,

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷27(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷27 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 2. READING COMPREHENSION

PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)Directions: In this

section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice

questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should

decide on the best choice.

“What’s done cannot be undone,” moaned Lady Macbeth in her famous

sleepwalking scene. If she woke up in the 21st century, she would be pleased to

discover that whatever can be done can be undone, too. Or perhaps it just seems

that way in the new social spaces we are carving for ourselves online. On popular web

sites devoted to social networking, innovative verbs have been springing up to

describe equally innovative forms of interactions: you can friend someone on

Facebook; follow a fellow user on Twitter; or favorite a video on YouTube. Change

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）练习试卷1 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.44% required hospitalization. Based on that data, published in PLoS

Medicine, Lipsitch anticipates far fewer deaths from 2009 H1N1than was initially

believed. By the end of the flu season in the spring of 2010, Lipsitch predicts,

anywhere from 6,000 to 45,000 people will have died from H1N1 in the U.S., with the

number most likely to end up between 10,000 and 15,000. Those estimates are far

below the death toll of the 1957 flu, which killed 69,800 people in the U.S., according

to government figures, and smaller also than the early predictions for the2009 H1N1

flu deaths, which ranged from 30,000 to 90,000. It is not clear, however, that past

pandemics are an appropriate gauge for evaluating the current flu or that the new

projections are based on complete data. The eventual death toll of 2009 H1N1 may be

专业英语八级(阅读)模拟试卷149(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（阅读）模拟试卷149 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1.

B．Para. 4.

C．Para. 7.

D．Para. 8.

正确答案：D

解析：篇章题。文章第一段首先对当前毕业生就业现状进行描述，随后通过数据介绍对比了不同专业毕业生的就业和薪酬水平。第三段和第四段通过两位专家的观点指出很多人对大学教育的看法。接着作者在第五段和第六段介绍了美国社会目前存在的“大学无用论”，并由此引到第七段，作者对大学教育价值的分析。紧接着，作者在第八段用伦敦大学哲学教授的事例进行阐述，提出自己的观点，当具有职业导向的学位不再是就业的敲门砖时，学生们求学过程中的功利主义色彩就会被消解。全文最后一段是作者申明主题思想的段落，因此[D]为答案。如上所述，第一段仅是起始段，引出话题，故排除[A]；第四段阐述的是专家的观点而非作者的观点，故排除[B]；第七段讨论的是大学教育的价值，作者尚未表明自己的观点，故排除[C]。知识模块：阅读

(1)They make some of the world’s best-loved products. Their logos are

instantly recognisable, their advertising jingles seared in shoppers’ brains. For

investors, they promise steady returns in turbulent times. They seem to be getting ever

bigger: on June 30th Mondelez International made a $ 23 billion bid for Hershey to

create the world’s biggest confectioner: and on July 7th Danone, the world’s largest

专业英语八级(阅读)练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 2