英国社会与文化思考题共33页文档
英语国家社会与文化(英6)
10. The presence of superpower bases in Britain
（在英国存在超级大国的军事基地） 11. Its participation in NATO
[积极参与北约(北大西洋公约组织)的活动]
apartheid assign attribute axis baking bloc budget Burma bustling Ceylon commercial complicated contributor conventional
* How many today?
1) There are still 16 overseas possessions under the jurisdiction of the British: 2) Overseas Territory (9): Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, St. Helena and its subsidiary Island, Turks and Caicos Islands .
The UK --British Foreign Relations
Part I Warm-up questions
1. The Second World War, which country was the largest military power in Western Europe? Great Britain 2. What countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council? Russia, P.R. China, the US, France and the UK.
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
Book1 Unit 11.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england.(4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: V oters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. V oting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protectingindividual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones.(5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979:A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on thesepurposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? Is Britisheducation moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So with the help of thechurch and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year.And this has improve the equali ty in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire;while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of the mostpowerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Brita in’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreign policyrepresent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy. The main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.2)Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government’s foreign policy intheory represented the desires of its electorate , but in fact british citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home. On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence the direction of Britain’s foreign policy. There are a number of different interest groups however, and it is interesting that rare occurrences of civil disobedience in the UK often involve foreign policy issues.4.Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remainscontroversial in Britain?1)It is an important psychological decision for the nation because traditionallyBritain had looked beyond its European neighbors felling that really it had more common with the United States on the one hand and the commonwealth on the other. To many Britons, membership in the European community meant turning its back on these “old friends”.。
英国社会与文化知识点试题
chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcity NationalEmblemEngland London roseScotland Edinburgh Thistle蓟花Wales Cardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIreland Belfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlake inBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountain inBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarch oftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppo siteendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2nd SaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope ---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope .totheeastbytheNorthSea .tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean 7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britain multiracial societyand1in20peopleareof non-European ethnicity 8、Climate :a Favorable MaritimeClimate （海洋性气候） Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather .mild （温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable （稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer) AndFactor 影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters Q:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift （北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth Officialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland) -----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerly Eire) -----Numerous smallerislandsernment1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy 君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy 议会民主制 2、Monarch 君主:QueenElizabeth Ⅱ Born:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952 Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215 Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave? -Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers: .anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches .thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown .”supremegove rn or”oftheChurchofEnglan d4、Parliament :Legislativebody Locatedin WestminsterQ:Parliamentconsistsof theSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons Parliament （aFrenchwordforatalking-place) .Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918 BritishIslesUnitedKingdomIreland RepublicNorthern OfIrelandIreland GreatBritainScotlandWalesEngland WalesEngland.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLord chancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsa majority oftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleader asPrimeMi nster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18orover havetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21orover withthedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’s First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010The ConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseat sshort.Thisresultedina hungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11M ay,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.Thiswas acceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMiniste r2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19th centuryand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’s NationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentChapter4Economy Introduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’s economicdecline afterthewars.(2)Britain’s slowgrowth ofproductivity,soaringinflation,and largeunemployment3.a majordeveloped capitalistcountry4.6th largesteconomyin20125.3periodsofBritain economicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominant intheworld,*onethirdof thewo rld’smanufacturedgoods*half itscoalandiron*half itscotton.By1900,overtakenby USandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrent PrimaryIndustriesUKeconomy SecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(decline since1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rd largestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4th largestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestin EuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,asw ellasaspecific poetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)teMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)✓TheCanterburyTales．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories) Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldby pilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17th century)Staredin ItalyTheRenaissance-a Frenchword whichmeans rebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)✓Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白✓HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ✓Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)✓Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根✓Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特✓Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福✓RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父✓TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic) *RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯✓ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud✓“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦✓DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈✓OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克✓SongsofInnocence天真之歌✓SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)✓Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-class✓SenseandSensibility理智与情感✓PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见✓Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯✓OliverTwist雾都孤儿✓ATaleofTwoCities双城记✓GreatExpectations远大前程TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronte✓JaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronte✓WutheringHeights呼啸山庄*AnneBronte✓AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷✓VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代✓TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德✓TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集✓TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰7.TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧✓SaintJoan圣女贞德✓Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admit bothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidays atChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followthe NationalCurriculumguide-lines setdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythe government andfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtothe parents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalled NurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSE Examination2)16-18years A-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthe centralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedon itssize,thenu mberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisof Alevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.The oldestuniversity intheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.2)TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest (1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.a federation ofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonly independent university5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityfor part-time higherChinese&BritishEducationSystemChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissuffering IntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation1.---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits 地缘政治特点 2.HowForeignPolicyismade? ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet →Governmentdepartments3.Whenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.4.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKorea 5.WhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce? ---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower. YearChina Age Britain Year5PrimarySchool1 1 Elementary School6 2 27 3 38 4 49 5 5 106 6 11 SecondarySchool7 7 JuniorMiddle School12 8 8 139 9 14 GCSECourseGCSEExaminations10 10 SeniorMiddleSchoo l15 11 11 16 A-LevelCourse A-LevelExaminations12 1217 136.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,France7.MemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince19738.MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefense9.TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地10.TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×11.Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Common wealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMedia1.Whatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.providepeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues.provideweatherreports.carryadvertising.usedforeducationalpurposes.provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitor2.Newspaper(types)(1)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严肃类大版面报纸(2)Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸3.SomequalitynewspaperinUK(1)Times《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaper(2)TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右(3)TheGuardian《卫报》(4)TheObserver《观察家报》oldestSundaynewspaper4.SometabloidsinUK(1).TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党(2)DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党(3)TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9Sports1.Football1)FootballAssociation(FA)2)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.2.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿3.GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯4.HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会5.Equestrianism马术Chapter10Festival1.Religionsholiday:Christmas/Easter2.Nationalholiday:Queen'sbirthday3.Regionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Scotland:Hogmanay除夕12.31Wales:Eisteddfod诗歌音乐比赛会Chapter4.2作家作品时代作者作品OldEnglishPeriod Beowulf《贝奥武夫》LateMedieval(中世)EnglishLiterature( 1066-14thcentury)RobinHood《罗宾汉》GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》EnglishRenaissancePer iod(15thcentury-early 17thcentury) WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:RomeoandJulietHamletOthelloKingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlaysRichard3,Richard2Henry4,Henry5Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNightTheTempestTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗抑扬格五步格诗ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia乌托邦JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost失乐园FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》TheNeoclassical新古典主义Period(1660-1798) AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论，人性本恶SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguageLondonJonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰AuldLongSyne往昔时光WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集IWanderedLonelyasaCloudSamuelTaylorColeridgeTheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan唐.璜JohnKeats约翰.济慈OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂PersyByssheShelley雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott斯科特爵士Ivanhoe艾凡赫JaneAusten简.奥斯丁SenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma艾玛TheVictorianPeriod(18 37-1901) CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前程CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱EmilyBronte WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)。
英国社会与文化第一单元自测
B.lowlands
C.uplands
你的答案：
B正确
标准答案：
B
解答过程：
17.
13. The two main islands of the UK are _______
A.Great Britain and Ireland
B.Great Britain and Scotland
B错误
标准答案：
A
解答过程：
8.
3. The north and west of Britain are mainly_______.
A.lowlands
B.highlands
C.uplands
你的答案：
B正确
标准答案：
B
解答过程：
9.
17. Which part of UK lies in the north of the country?
一、单选题（共有题目33题）
1.
14. ________ is the Scottish flag.
A.The Saint George's cross
B.Union Jack
C.The Saint Andrew's cross
D.The Saint Patrick's cross
你的答案：
C正确
标准答案：
C.Great Britain and Wales
D.Great Britain and England
你的答案：
A正确
标准答案：
A
解答过程：
18.
30. The official London residence of the British royal family is _________
英国社会与文化期末复习资料
英国社会与文化期末复习资料英国概况：一、填空1. The full name of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and the Northern Ireland.2. The island of Great Britain is made up of England , Scotland andWales.3. The United Kingdom has a member of European Union since 1973.4. Britain is now a Multiracial society which produce a population ofwhich 1 of 20 are of non-European ethnicity.5. London plays a significant role in Britain’s economic and culturallife.It’s not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of thethree major international financial centers in the world.6. The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis.7. Thames river flows through central London and it is a very importantriver.8. Edinburg is the capital of Scotland.9. Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George Ⅲ) current UnionFlag adopted on Jan.1st ,1801.10. National Day of UK is officially celebrated in Britain on the 2ndSaturday of June each year since February 1952.11. The largest lake in Britain is the Longh Neagh in Northern Irelandwhich covers an area of 396 km2.12. London Eye is the largest Ferris wheel(摩天轮）in Europe.2、选择1. The location of UK is the Europe.A. EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD.Northern2. All the following cities are major deep-water ports of UK , except.A. LondonB. LiverpoolC. BelfastD. Edinburgh3. The national flower of UK is .A.roseB.thistle D.daffodil D.shamrock4. All of the following except for , were tribes from the north whomoved into England in the 400s AD.A. AnglesB.SaxonsC.JutesD.Celts5. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a .A. poem about a hero named BeowulfB.newspaperC. historical recordD.novel6. Beowulf is .A. a long novelB.a long poem written by Geoffrey ChaucerC. a long poem by unknown storytellerD.a long novel written by W.William Shakespeare7. The Canterbury Tales was written by .A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Thomas BecketC. PalamonD.Griselda8. The frame of The Canterbury Tales is .A. the pilgrims telling stories on their tripsB.the conflict between the friar and the summonerC. King Arthur’s courtD.the differences between the knight and the squire9. The Canterbury Tales is an unusual piece of literature from theMiddle Ages because .A. It d escribes the characters’ personalitiesB.it includes middle class charactersC. both A and BD.neither A and B10. There are stories in The Canterbury Tales.A. 5B. 26C. 15D. 6BDADC CAACB3、简答1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, GreatBritain, England, the United Kingdom and the BritishCommonwealth?2. Describe the geographical position of Britain?3. Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?4. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Whichpart of Britain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?英国教育填空1. State Schools are totally funded by the government and free to allBritish children.2. Schooling is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 years :totalof 11 years in UK.3. Co-educated Schools admit both boys and girls.4.All British schools - State & Independent are required to followthe National Curriculum guide-lines set down by the government.5.The children begin secondary education at the age of 11 .6. Grammar schools select the children who get high marks in the “Eleven Plus”examination, or show academic potential.7.British universities receive funds from the central government .8.Two characteristics of University of Oxford and Cambridgeis College system and Tutorial system .9. Open University is U.K.’s largest university for part-time higher education.10.University of London is a federation of colleges.单选1. A are funded by the fees charged to the parents.A. Independent SchoolsB.State SchoolsC.Co-educated SchoolsD.Public Schools2. Those wishing to gain entry to university must complete an additionaltwo years of D studies.A.GCSEB.SATC.Eleven PLusD.A Level3. Before primary schooling some chidren have an opportunity to attendthe few kingdergartens,whi ch are called“ C ”.A. Junior sectionB.Infant sectionC.Nursery SchoolsD.Secondary Schools4. Academic Year in UK begins in September, and is divided into threeterms, with holidays at B .A. Christmas, Easter, and in the winter.B.Christmas, Easter, and in the summerC.Christmas, Halloween, and in the summerD.New Year, Easter, and in the summer5. After 5 years of secondary schooling, at about age 16, the students sittheir C exams.A. GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B. GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C. GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D. A-Level6. After the students sit their GCSE exams, then they can concentrate onvocational training, and attend B exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D.A-Level7. There is only one privately funded university in UK, that isD .A. the University of ManchesterB. the University of CambridgeC. the University of OxfordD. the University of Buckingham8. Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world? CA. the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham9. The amount of funding each university receives is based on D .A. its sizeB. the number of students it teachesC. the research it conductsD. All of the above10. which university is not in Scotland? AA. the University of YorkB.the University of GlasgowC.the University of EdinburghD.the University of Aberdeen简答1. What is the purpose of the British education system?2. What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?3. What is Open University?1 UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.2 It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.3 It is open to everybody.4 Courses are taught through TV,radio,英国政党：I.填空1. In Britian, the citizens aged 18 or over have the right to vote.2. In Britain, a candidate must be at least 21 or over with the deposit of ￡500 .3. The Liberal Demorats is the combination of the Social Democratic Partyand the Liberal Party .4. Currently the three dominant political parties in UK are the Conservativeparty , the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrat .5. The Party which holds a majority of the seats in parliament forms agovernment , with its party leader as Prime Minister .6. Churchill is the member of Conservative party .7. The current leader of liberal democratic party is Nick Clegg , who is thedeputy PM.8. A Hung parliament refers to the condition where no party was able tocommand a majority in the House of Commons .9. The class system does exist in British society , which includes Working-class , Middle-class , hereditary aristocracy .10. The majority of recent immigrants are from south Asia —— India ,Pakistan and Sri Lanka and Caribbean coutries —— Jamaica andTrinidad .Ⅱ选择1. Who has the rights to vote for the Members of Parliament forming theHouse ofCommons of the parliament of UK. DA. lordB.criminalsC.the legally insameD.citizens over 182. On Tuesday 11 May , Gordon Brown announced his resignation asPrime Minister ,marking the end of 13 years of A government.A. LabourB. The Conservative partyC. The Liberal DemocratD.the Libaral Party3. In 2010 , Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ, who then invited B to form agovernment andbecome Prime Minister .A. Cordon BrownB. David CameronC. Nick CleggD.Tony Blair4. Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and Candlasted for five days .A.the Liberal PartyB. Labour PartyC. the Liberal DemocratsD.The Tory5. A Refers to where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .A. hung parliamentB. shadow parliamentC. parliamentD. cabinet6. The Conservative party was foundedin 1834 out of the oldD , whichitselfhad been found in 1678 .A. Labour PartyB. The LiberalC. WhigsD.Tony Party7. She advocated the idea of small government and free-maeketeconomics.During herterm as the Prime Minister , she carried out policies to B and to cut tax rates .A. nationalize the privateB. privatize the nationalized industryC. Establish the private industryD.invest the private industry8. In 1948 ,The Labour government set up the National Health Service toprovide highquality A for all free .A. healthB. educationC. transportD.industry9. If the government loses a B in the House of Commons , that is , if amajority ofMPs agree , then it has effectively lost its ability to govern and is forced to resignand call a general election .A. First-Past-the-PostB. “vote of no confidence”C. Winner-takes-allD.majority of support10.The ideal of the liberal Democrats is to C .A. Provide free welfaresB.cut the taxesC. giving “power to the people”D.solve the unemplaymentⅢ.简答1. What are the effects of Immigramts ?2. What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?3. What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4. What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?英国政府：一、填空1. The UK still keeps an old fashioned government on the basis of constitutional monarchy .2. Coronation is a ceremony of crowning a king or queen .3. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ has crowned since 1952 .4. Elizabeth Ⅱ is the current monarch of UK .5. UK has a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament .6. King John of England agreed to sign The Magna Carta , in 1215 , to the demands of hisbarons.7. The members of House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal .8. Windsor Castle 32 kilometers (20 miles) west of London on the Thames , has been theresidence of England’s royal family for 900 years .9. The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections held at leastevery five years .10. Buckingham Palace in Westminster is the official London residence of the British sovereign.11. The Cabinet meets regularly , usually once a week , in one of the rooms in the PrimeMinister’s official residence No.10 Downing street .12. The House of Commons consists of 651 members elected from the country’s 651constituencies with Mr. Speaker as the chairman in debates .2、选择1. In the United Kingdom , ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation ofC .A.the Lord ChancellorB. the MonarchC.the Prime MinisterD.the King2. During World War Ⅱ,as a war leader , D received massive popular support and led thecountry to final victory in 1945 .A.Harold WilsonB. Margaret ThatcherC.Franklin RooseveltD.Winston Churchill3. On accepting D , the age of constitutional monarchy , of a monarchy with powers limitedby Parliament , began.A.Constitutional LawB. The Declaration of IndependenceC.Civil LawD.Bill of Rights4. In Britain , a B is held when a Member of Parliament dies , retires or resigns .A.civic electionB. by-electionC.popular electionD.general election5. All of the following , except for D were the most imporant provisions of the GreatCharter .A.No tax should be made without the approval of the council.B.No free man should be arrested or imprisoned unless convicted by a jury of his fellowcitizens.C.Merchants should be permitted to move about freely .D.The king renounced his crown .6. Females were allowed to vote in national elections until A .A.1918B. 1916C.1920D.18967. The parliament was a B word for a talking-place ./doc/3a9295007.html,tinB. FrenchC.RomanD.Greek8. Joan of Arc lived during the B century .A.14thB. 15thC.16thD.17th9. Joan lived and fought in B .A.CreeceB.FranceC.RomeD.England10. As soon as William had been crowned , he began to organize the government of England onthe system that had been so successful in Normandy.This is called C system , and it wasbased on the ownership of land.A.the constitutionalB. capitalistC.feudalD.royal3、简答1. Compare the government system of UK with that of UA .2. Describe the power of the queen .3. What are the functions of parliament？4. Elaborate the composition of the parliament.简答题：概况1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles,Great Britain,England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?2. Describe the geographical position of Britain?(1)an island country surrounded by four seasto the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europeto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean(2)located off the northwest coast of Europe ,looking west to America3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?Yes , it does .a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole yearthe temperature varies within a small range.4. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Whichpart ofBritain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?(1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences byheating upthe land in winter and cooling it off in summer.The south-west winds blow over the country all the year round , bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate .The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British isles and warms them .(2)政府1. Compare the government system of UK with that of UA .The System of Government in the UK(1)It is a monarchic 君主政体的 government with the Queen as the head of thestate (constitutional monarchy君主立宪制)(2)It is a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament(Parliamentary Democracy)(3)It is a unitary government with a strong central governmentThe System of Govenment in the USA(1)The United States is federal country with a presidential government .(2) Federalism联邦制度——the division of the powers of government betweenthe nation and the state in the United States .(3)The Separation of Powers ——the separation of powers among the three departments of the Federal Government.2. Describe the power of the queen .The power of the queen is nowhere defined as Britain has no written constitutionand many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions .(1)Theoretically , the Queen has all the power :1 She is the head of the executive branch of government and gives effect to alllaws.2 She may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments .3 She is the commander指挥官- in-chief of the armed forces .4 She is the temporal head of the Church of England.5 She also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges , officers of thearmedforces , governors, bishops主教and diplomats .6 She has the power to conclude treaties , to declare war upon and make peacewith other nations .(2)In practice, the role of the monarchy(symbolic):1 symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state ;2 set standards of good citizenship and fimily life ;3 a confidante知己的女友to the Prime Minister .3. What are the functions of parliament?(1)passes laws;(2)provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation;(3)scrutinizes仔细检查，详审government policy , administration and expenditure;(4)debates the major issues of the day .4. Elaborate the composition of the parliament.(1)the Queen(2)the House of Lords(3)the House of Commons政党5. What are the effects of Immigrants ?Positive:increases the variety and interest within English culture; a varied cuisine;new forms of popular music; different religious beliefs/contributions to society;Relatively tolerant countryNegative:inequality and discrimination do exist ;depends on the attitude of some oftheir white neighbor;view the newcomers as a threat to their way ofliving/troublein the process of assimilating the immigrants;economically poorer than the whitepopulation6. What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?First-Past-the-Post was coined as an analogy类比to house racing(1)The winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point on the track.(2)All other runners automatically and completely lose .(3)The payoff is “winner-takes-all”赢者统吃(4)The candidate must receive the largest number of votes in their favour wins.7. What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4. What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?经济1. What is “British Disease”?(1)a term used to characterize Britain’s economic decline after the wars(2)Britain’s slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation, and large unemployment2. What causes the relative decline of UK Economy?(1)heavily into dedt in order o finance the war(selling many accumulated overseasassest,borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada)(2)the era of the British Empire was over——decolonnization 殖民地独立(lossesof raw material& market)(3)military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)文学4. What does “Byronic Hero” mean ?The “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.With immense superiority in his passions and powers , this Byronic hero would shoulderthe burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society , and would fight aloneagainst any type of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moralprinciples with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict isusually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.5. Comment on Hamlet .Hamlet is the most popular and controversial tragedy.Shakespeare expresses hisgreat praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanistthinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in whichhe lived.Hamlet’s revenge is not a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice,conspiracy and betrayal in the wicked society .Hamlet is tragedy of “blood and thunder”.教育1. What is the purpose of the British education system?2. What is the difference between Chinese&British EducationSystems?6. What is Open University?(1)UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.(2)It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.(3)It is open to everybody.(4)Courses are taught through TV,radio,videos and a network of study centers.。
英国社会与文化习题
Exercises of ChapterⅠⅠ.Filling the blanks.1. The full name of the United Kingdom is ___ and ___.2. The island of Great Britain is made up of ___, ___ and ___.3.The United Kingdom has been a member of ___ since 1973.4.Britain is now a ___ society which produces a population of which 1 in 20 are of___ ethnicity.5.London plays a significant role in ___ economic and cultural life. It’s not onlythe financial ___ of the nation, but also one of the ___ major internationalfinancial centers ___.6.The highest mountain in Britain is___7._____flows through central London and it is a very important river.8.____is the capital of Scotland.9.Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George III) current Union Flag adopted onJan. 1st, _____.10. National Day of UK is officially celebrated in Britain on the 2nd Saturday of_____each year since February 1952.11.The largest lake in Britain is the _____in Northern Ireland which covers an area of 396 km2.12._____is the largest Ferris wheel (摩天轮)in Europe.Ⅱ. Multiple choice1.The location of UK is in the ____ Europe.A.EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD. Northern2.All the following cities are major deep-water ports of UK, except_______.A.LondonB.LiverpoolC. BelfastD. Edinburgh3.The national flower of UK is_______.A.roseB. thistleC. daffodilD. shamrock4.All of the following, except for______, were tribes from the north who movedinto England in the 400s AD.A.AnglesB. SaxonsC. JutesD. Celts5.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a_______.A.poem about a hero named BeowulfB.newspaperC.historical recordD.novel6.Beowulf is __________.A.a long novelB. a long poem written by Geoffrey ChaucerC. a long poem by unknown storytellerD.a long novel written by W. William Shakespeare7.The Canterbury Tales was written by_______.A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Thomas BecketC. PalamonD. Griselda8. The frame of The Canterbury Tales is________.A. the pilgrims telling stories on their tripB. the conflict between the friar and the summonerC. King Arthur’s courtD. the differences between the knight and the squire9. The Canterbury Tales is an unusual piece of literature from the Middle Ages because ________.A. it describes the characters’ personalitiesB. it includes middle class charactersC. both A and BD. neither A nor B10. There are______ stories in The Canterbury Tales.A.5B.26C.15D.6Ⅲ.Questions1.What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?2. Describe the geographical position of Britain?3. Does Britain have a favorable climate? Why?4. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?KeysⅠ.Filling the blanks.1.The United Kingdom of Great Britain ; the Northern Ireland2.England, Scotland, Wales3.European Union4.Multiracial, non-European5.Britain’s, center, three, in the world6.Ben Nevis7.Thames river8.Edinburgh9.180110. June11. Lough Neagh12.The London EyeⅡ. Multiple choice1. B2. D3. A4. D5. C6. C7. A8. A9. C10.B。
英国社会与文化重点
1.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who are the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?1.Romans’s loading(55BC):Celts inhabited the southern England. They helped fight the Romans alongside tribes who had stayed behind in Gaul. This led to the Romans invasion in Britain.. The Romans brought many innovations and ideas to the Britain. One of the great social changes was Christianity.The Romans conquered most of the country.Britain was a part of the Roman empire for almost 400 years.2.The Angelo-Saxons’ invision:the Anglo-Saxons,Angeles,Saxons and Jutes.Anglo-Saxons pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The Angelo-Saxons came to rule most of Britain,except that they never conquered Cornwall and Wales in the west and Scotland in the north.The country was divided into kingdoms.King Alfred the Great from the kingdom of Wessex become the first king to rule most of the England.The Anglo-saxons gradually converted to Christianity after the St.Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD.3.The Vikings and Danish Invision:Vikings.Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, seizing land for their farms (some were fierce pirate raiders who stealed goods and animals or enslaved local people)around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man and parts of Wales.They srarted from three countries of scandinavian:Denmark,Norway,Sweden.they may even reached America.The battle started by Danish Vikings ended with the Vikings conquering all of nothern central and eastern England,and seizing much of the land for their own farms.However the Anglo-Saxons won back most of the England afterwards.4.The Norman conquest(1066):The Anglo-Saxons lost the battle and the King Harold was killed.William became the new king of England.They made French the official language.2. The UK architecture has gone through a variety of phases. Explain it in detail.①Neolithic age, neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury②Anglo-Saxons period，often built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concernthan design or appearance. The most well-known Tower of London,such as those at Stewkley and Buckinghamshire.③The Civil War, after this date houses were built purely for living, and design and appearancewere for ever more important than defense. St Paul’s Cathedral④Early 18th century baroque architecture，a style exemplified by heavy embellishment and masswas very popular in Europe,was an envolved form of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑤18th century The Georgian architecture :was evolved form of Palladianism ,was an envolvedform of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑥In the early 19C the romantic medieval gothic style:appeared as a backlash to the symmetry ofPalladianism.⑦The middle Age of the 19 C:construct was able to develop incorporating steel as a buildingcomponent.⑧The beginning of the 20th century, Arts and crafts in architecture were symbolized by aninformal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables andtallchimneys.This style continued to involve until World War II.⑨Following the Second World War reconstruction was heavily influenced by modernism.Suchas the Hayward Gallery.3. The UK is a two-party nation. How does this kind of system work in terms of the balance of political power?The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a “matter of confidence”.In general,it aims to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism;to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable;to seek amendments to government Bills;and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and puting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committe system.4. The UK has been a leading trading power and financial center in Europe. What are the essential elements that make this possible?Large energy resources:The UK has large coal ,natural gas and oil reserves.highly mechanized agriculture :Agriculture is intensive,highly mechanized,and efficient by European standards,producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Manufacturing;Other factors:The government target measure,state enterprises were nationalized in the 1940s have been privatized. Inflectional banks centralizing many of their European operations in London,5. What significant role does the Sino-British Joint Declaration play in the relations between China and the UK?The declaration led to the sound development of the relations between China and UK. The two countries exchanged of important visits and signed many agreements for cooperation in various field after the declaration.There has been various exchanges of high official visits.At present,close contacts and fequent exchange of visits at a high level are mantained between the two countries.and there is dynamic exchange and cooperation at all levels in the fields of politics ,trade ,economy ,culture ,and military.6. What is the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge and what are their respective strengths?①Both of the 2 are attracting students and experts from around the world to study and work there. Annual Boat Race between them has become one of the greatest sporting events in Britain drawing nationwide atention. The twin stars have always been mentioned in the same breath, known as “Oxbridge”.--nearly a synonym of upper class intelligentsia in England.②Oxford is famous mainly for its social science and humanities, producing numerous political figures; Cambridge is more accomplished in mathematics and sciences, being the Alma Mater of many Nobel Prize winners.In nature ,the two universities share much in common in terms of their size ,culture and even curricula.7. How was Britain converted into Christianity?The Roman legions invaded Britain and brought with Britain Christianity, and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.In 43,the Roman armies conquered England(Aulus Plautius),and then the Roman captured Wales and Scotland ,and started their rules in Britain,lasting as long as 400 years.The roman legions brought with them Christianity and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.Augustine ,an Italian-born missionaryand prelate who was sent in 597 by Pope Gregory I to britain for missionary propaganda,and formally introduced Christianity to southern britain.8. Why was Mary I nicknamed as “Blood Mary”?The Times have been rather independent in views, with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way. It gained public praise in the spheres of politics and finance.She abolished all laws and religions reform laid down by her father and stepbrother.and briught England back under subjection to Vatican,She even married Spanish King Philip II,a Catholic bigot,to show her determination to restore Cathlicism in England.During her resign,she excuted as many as 300 Protestants ,including Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury(who was burnt on the state),and hence earned a nickname as “blood Mary”.10.What factors do you think contribute to the great influence of The Times?(1)It is the earlist national daily newspaper.(2)The very beginning ,the times has been very independent in views,with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way ,yet it is foundamentally a conservative paper.(3)It involves many fields,such as politics and finance,science,literature and arts.(4)It’s guiding principle in running the newspaper remains quite consistant.(5)Rupert Murdoch wished to maintain its traditional style and taste.(6)More city news and more photo reports have been added to it.11. What is the relationship between British popular culture and that in the U.S.?The complicated process of the 2 countries popular culture interaction can be summarized as the early American imitation and absorption of British models and the gradual reversal of the process to a more reciprocal interrelationship.For example,Americans imitated British sports and games and entertainments until the early 20th C.After the world war I,american popular music and motion pictures won a general popularity in british.In 1950s,American rock and roll was imitated by british bands,who then refined it by adding their them own characterists.12. Since the late half of the 20th century, there has been significant change in the British people’s conception of marriage. What are the factors that have contributed to this change?Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticatedcontraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticated contraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.The liberited ethos of the 1960s produced a climate of opinion,which made possible major legislation relating to abortion ,another development which was to effect the average age at first marriage.two other factors which also had a major impact on the average age at first marriage were the longer period of time spent by young women in education and the rise in the employment of women.13. How did the multi-ethic culture come into being in the UK?The multi-ethic culture is a result of a history, which has included invasion, expansion, empire and Commonwealth, and Britain’s role as a haven for people of all races.Britain government has taken steps to tackle problems of discrimination and disadvantage through pioneering such things as race relations legislation which makes racial discrimination an unacceptable ,an illgal, practice,and through policy to redress disadvantage.14.What are the major impacts of the British Empire in the world.The British Empire was the first global power and largest empire in world history. Colonial expansion and imperial holdings spread British influence across the globe and increased wealth and prestige for the mother country.The empire facilitated the spread of british technology,commerce,language,and government around much of the globe.Imperial hegemony contributed to britain’s economic grownth,and greatly strengthed its voice in world affairs.From the perspective of the colonies,the colonies received from britain english language ,an administrative and legal framework on the british model,and technological and economic development.Novertheless,British policies based on comparative advantage left many developing economics dangerously reliant on a single cash crop.15. What significant role does the Commonwealth play in linking its members?The Commonwealth represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious monwealth countries share many links at non-governmental levels ,with over a hundred nn-governmental organizations that are orginazed on a commonwealth wide basis ,notably in the areas of sport,culture ,education,and other charitable sectors.Before the establishment of the commonwealth’s law,the commonwealth collective actions had been limited by the principle of non-interference inthe internal affairs of other members.16.What is the major purpose of primary education in Britain?What is important in this stage is not how many specific things they learnt but the cultivation of their imagination and curiosity.The purpose of all these are to facilitate their studies in junior education which will involve normal curriculum and more class teaching.17.How did Open University come into being and what kind of role does it play in britain education?The idea of Open University was first proposed by the leader of the Labor Party Harold Wilson who declared that once his party won the election ,he would estabish a university of the air to provide educational oppotunities to a larger number of people who were not able to go to collage for one reason or another .succeeding in the 1964 election ,he put it into practice and named it as “Open University”.Open University ,with its great convenience ,high flexibility ,and low expenses,immediately attracted people of all trades to apply for this program and take the training courses in social science ,arts ,and mathmatics.Among the paticipants in open university ,nearly one third are actually not qualified to get enrolled in collage according to the traditional demand in britain.once the originally rigid requrement in diploma is removed ,these people have access to continue their studiesand thus become better equipped for job competition.18.What is impacts of thatcherism on the economic of Britain?Thatcherism's impact on the UK economy?Definition: Margaret thatcher came to power in the party after the emergence of a dominant ideology of the forces of the "new right".Positive impact: promoted the increase the employment rate in a decade or two years, reduces the rate of inflation, fundamentally promoted the prosperity of the economy. Negative effects: after the boom, the British economy in the financial crisisOverall tendency: economic inequality phenomenon more and more serious, resulting in the disparity, in terms of social status and other fields.She surrounded herself with sycophantic adviors and courtiers ,and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax.Microsoft jas black in the 1980 s, when economic downturn in the UK and hughton thatcher, push forward the reform of privatization, including mass privatisation of state-owned industries and utilities, with an iron fist crackdown on the unions, and sweeping cuts in public spending and social welfare.Margaret thatcher administration advocates privatization, monetarism, deregulation, tax cuts, union power and praise creation wealth rather than redistribution, and reforming the welfare system, such as "the Keynesian" concept, with the ocean the other shore "reaganism" from afar: try to rely on the "small government, big market" for the economy. Supporters praised her bold and radical measures not only saved the British society, more think her privatisation measures can improve the overall competitiveness of UK business success, make its economic growth in developed countries in Europe and the United States after the 1980 s.In fact, in 1988, Britain's economy started to improve: the rate of inflation fell from 18% to8%, the employment rate increase, per capita income have improved, fiscal surplus, exports increased, actual economic growth rate of output per capita than the United States, Germany and France; And Britain's international standing, also began to rebound, one of the most famous example, beat Argentina than in the falklands war in 1982, nationalist or cheer "come back" the British empire.Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of European Tian Dewen for "first financial daily" said that Mrs Thatcher's approach over a period of time to the UK economy has very positive, but the tension isn't completely can be attributed to her reform, and debate in academia at present. During her administration, Britain's economic structure changed a lot, from the traditional industrial products trade transformation for the financial industry, the transformation is an important in the development of the thatcher period the UK economy background, Margaret thatcher did reform created relatively good conditions for Britain's economic transformation.And Margaret thatcher as "destroyer" britons argues that Britain's in recent years become more economic collapse, social unrest caused by polarization, and Margaret thatcher that mass privatisation, economic policies such as opposed to tax increases have close relationship.Tian Dewen also said privatisation really in a period is considered to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, but now a lot of debate about this issue, as the British railway privatisation came after a lot of problems, including the old equipment, service quality drop, because the private enterprise pursuit of immediate interests, more investment is insufficient, may cause considerable negative impacts.For a few years ago the financial tsunami, western countries, represented by America and Britain also began to generally think the free market theory is the concrete practice of the problem. "The pursuit of the free market is the capital benefit maximization, rather than the social benefit maximization" voice started to flash, and the London riots happened two years ago, is to let the world marvel at social rage "gentleman"."But anyway, Margaret thatcher as a character of time have a significant impact, she did these is definitely worth to remember, and now she's a set of economic ideology in the world bank and international monetary fund or play a leading role." Tian Dewen said, "thatcherism" until now have been accepted by most of the country's rulers, like the European Union and the United States, to curb inflation and maintain financial balance as the basis of all economic policy. Illustrations/Su Yi。
英国社会与文化知识1
British society and culture Ⅰ
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1. What does British Parliament consist of？ • The sovereign， the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Monarch has the prerogative to summon prorogue, and dissolve parliament.
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2. What are the components of British social welfare?
• Yet today, the problem of housing in Britain is still a major one and a focus of public concern. The house price of London is among the highest in the world.
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4.What is Thatcherism?
Thatcherism describes the conviction politics, economic and social policy, and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used by some to describe the ideology and wider political culture of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister between May 1979 and November 1990. Thatcherism claims to promote low inflation, the small state and free markets through tight control of the money supply, privatization and constraints on the Labor movement. It is often compared with Reaganomics in the United States. Conviction politics： 理想政治（和实干政治对应） conservative 保守的 Reaganomics 里根经济政策（等于Reagan Economics）